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1、Chapter 2. Arguments Based on Emotion: Pathos appeal to human emotions= affection, anger, contempt, delight, despair, disgust, embarrassment, envy, excitement, fear, guilt, hope, horror, humiliation, humor, jealousy, joy, love, royalty, passion, pity, pride, remorse, ridicule, sadness, shame, shock,

2、 shyness, sorrow, vengeance *often stronger than LOGOS4Greek for suffering or experienceTo make the audience feel something about what is presented to itChildren, animals, illness, memories, etc“Tugs at your heart strings”EFFECT: Evokes an emotional response LEGITIMATE & APPROPRIATE NOT forced, NOT

3、faked, NOT manipulativeWith RESTRAINT NOT exaggerated, NOT overdone with wild hystericsWith a SENSE of AUDIENCE6FRIENDS:peer pressureteasingSCHOOL:to argue a grade, to submit a late assignmentappeal to your bad day, death in the familythe evil computer (“the computer ate my homework”)your race or ge

4、nder, the teachers race or gender8PARENTS:guilt-trips by/to your motherprevious events or relationshipsother siblings playing one parent against the other (Mom lets me eat ice-cream before dinner)RELATIONSHIPS:guilt-trips by/to your significant otherprevious events or relationshipsother boy/girlfrie

5、nds (Jimmy bought Janey a new car but you only got me a .)9CAR:to buy or keepattraction, sentimentality, frustrationto try to get out of a speeding ticketappeal to your bad day, death in the family, race or gender, to the officers race or genderflirt, act dumb or innocent10WORK:to argue with your bo

6、ss (raise, promotion, break)use your family, dedication, years of service, long shiftas a customer:to argue a price, repair work, warranty coverageuse your years of customer loyalty, justifiable anger or indignationthreaten to take your business elsewhere, to write or call the supervisor, to take yo

7、ur issue up the “food chain”11Sentimentality-Pity: save the children commercials, donate to the poorHatred: mobs, gangs, voters, anti-? demonstrationsPatriotism: rallies, parades, songs, flagLove: Valentines Day, mercials, Web sitesSex: mercials (cars, TAG), Web sitesHumor: stand-ups, late-night sho

8、ws, cartoons12To Create Sympathy or Stir Passion“We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be, we sha

9、ll fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender!” -Winston Churchill extreme expressionsfigurative languagestarkest termsno subtletyTo build bridges:“My second story is about love a

10、nd loss at thirty, I was out, and very publicly out.I didnt see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me. The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It f

11、reed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life.”-Steve Jobsbuilding connectionsfeel connectedHumorWhether it is gentle tongue-in-cheek teasing or bitter irony, humor may help a writer to make a point without, for instance, seeming to preach to the audience or take himself or herself to

12、o seriously.in-class practise1.One thing about understanding argument is about trying to understand the contexts. To understand this argument, what kinds of background research would you do?2.What is Marcuss argument? How did she use pathos in her argument?Emily PostWalden PondTo sustain an argument

13、To make arguments easier to takeDANGERS:manipulative: can sway readers from their better judgmentmob mentalityoften uses loaded languageemotionally charged words or phraseswords with strong connotations“We dont want the smoking gun to be a mushroom cloud.” Condoleeza Rice, National Security Advisor29HomeworkEverything is an argument P931Mac McClelland Goodbye, Columbus1. Whats the authors arguments?2. How about social contexts for this argument?3. How did MM use emotional appeals to persuade people to pay attention to growing e inequality in the United States?4.Did the author use