高三語(yǔ)法學(xué)案改

1、 三英語(yǔ)總復(fù)習(xí) 學(xué)案 PAGE 19 高三英語(yǔ)總復(fù)習(xí)學(xué)案 20122013學(xué)年學(xué)期 班級(jí)： 姓名：高三英語(yǔ)備課組編印一、助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞課前篇：對(duì)標(biāo)梳理，明確任務(wù)考綱要求動(dòng)詞： 助動(dòng)詞 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞課上篇：精于傳道 專(zhuān)于解惑情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can couldmay might shall should 表示推 測(cè)must will would 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 ought tohave to 不表示推 測(cè)dare (darent)need (neednt) used to一、表示推測(cè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的重要用法1. You must be Mr. SmithI was told to expect you here.2.

2、He must have known what we wanted.3. We may have read the same report.4. He cant have slept through all that noise.5. Theres someone outsidewho can it be?6. What can they be doing?7. These pills might help to cure your disease.8. You could be right, I suppose.表示推測(cè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的重要用法情態(tài)動(dòng) 詞對(duì)將來(lái) 對(duì)現(xiàn)在 對(duì)過(guò)去肯定的推 測(cè)+ V.

3、常見(jiàn)must be+ be doing + V. + have done可能的 推測(cè)+ V. 可以用not表示“可能不” + be doing+V. + have done 否定的 推測(cè)+V. + be doing+V. + have done疑問(wèn)的 推測(cè)+ V. + be doing+V. + have done1. I dont know where she is, she _ be in Wuhan.2. At this moment, our teacher _ our exam papers.3. The road is wet. It _ last night.4. Your mo

4、ther _ for you.5. Philip _ seriously in the car accident. 菲利普可能在車(chē)禍中受了重傷.6. Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here.She _ (go) by bus.7. Mike _ his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.邁克一定還沒(méi)有找回他的車(chē)，因?yàn)樵缟纤亲财?chē)來(lái)上班的。不同的“肯定”程度可按下列層次排列： He is at home. (事實(shí)) He must be at home.（非常肯定的推

5、斷） He could be at home.（很可能） He ought to be at home.（很可能） He may be at home.（僅僅可能而已） He might be at home.（或許, 非常不確定） He might not be at home.（也許不在家）He may not be at home. （比might可能） He couldnt be at home.（很可能不在家） He cant be at home.（一定不在家）He isnt at home.（事實(shí)） 二、在不表示推測(cè)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞中, 我們要注意以下考點(diǎn):1.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞與完成時(shí)的使用

6、= 1 * GB3 should(ought to)+have+過(guò)去分詞：肯定句表示過(guò)去本應(yīng)發(fā)生的事卻沒(méi)有發(fā)生；否定句表示已發(fā)生了本不該發(fā)生的事。前者可譯為“本應(yīng)”,后者為“本不該” .You _to her for not soon replying to the letter. 你本應(yīng)向她道歉，說(shuō)明為什么沒(méi)能及時(shí)回信。(可你沒(méi)這么做) You _him so much money only because he asked for.A.ought not to give B.ought to not giveC.ought not to have given D.ought to not

7、have given = 2 * GB3 “could (not)+have+過(guò)去分詞”除了表示對(duì)過(guò)去 某個(gè)動(dòng)作的否定和疑問(wèn)推測(cè)外,還表示對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬(與might相似)，肯定句表示本來(lái)可以做但卻未做;否定句表示某事過(guò)去本來(lái)不應(yīng)該做但做了。My mother came here by bus, but she could have taken a taxi.I stay at a hotel while in New York.Oh,did you? You _with John.A.could have stayed B.could stay C.would stay D.must have

8、 stayed = 3 * GB3 neednt+have+過(guò)去分詞：表示對(duì)過(guò)去不必做的事情卻做了，可譯為“其實(shí)不必” Look,you neednt have bought those sweaters for me, I have just knitted(織) one.I _ to him because he phoned me shortly afterwards.need have written B.neednt have writtenC. must have written D.should have written2. 表示能力、許可的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法 = 1 * GB3 表

9、示能力: can, could, be able to*be able to 能用于各種時(shí)態(tài)。 can / could 只能表示現(xiàn)在或過(guò)去的能力。 *was / were able to : “設(shè)法做成某事” 相當(dāng)于 managed to do sth.或succeeded in doing sth.1. A computer _ think for itself; it must be told what to do. A. cant B. couldnt C. may not D. might not2. The fire spread through the hotel very qui

10、ckly but everyone _ get out. A. had to B. would C. could D. was able to3. They will _ run this machine on their own in three months.A. can B. could C. may D. be able to4. That big cinema _ seat 2,000 people.A. can B. should C. ought to D. is able to = 2 * GB3 表示許可: may / might, can / could * might,

11、could 比較委婉, 一般多用于疑問(wèn)句.* can, may 表達(dá)的語(yǔ)言比較隨便.* 在以could, might 表示征詢(xún)對(duì)方意見(jiàn)或表示請(qǐng)求時(shí)，回答應(yīng)相應(yīng)使用can, may.5. Could I borrow your dictionary? Yes, of course you _. A. might B. will C. can D. should6. Might I watch TV after supper? Yes, you _. A. may B. must C. might D. can3. 表示否定的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法:部分情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的否定式是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞中的考點(diǎn)之一。mustnt

12、 不準(zhǔn), 禁止 neednt 沒(méi)必要 ( = dont have to )cant 不能; 不可能may not 不可以; 可能不shouldnt 不應(yīng)該 ( = ought not to )7. You _ return the book now. You can keep it till next week if you like. A. cant B. mustnt C. neednt D. may not8. Johnny, you _ play with the knife, you _ hurt yourself. A. wont ; cant B. mustnt ; may C.

13、 shouldnt ; mustD. cant ; shouldnt9. -Will you stay for lunch? -Sorry, _. My brother is coming to see me. A. I mustnt B. I cant C. I neednt D. I wont10. -May I pick a flower in the garden? - _. A. No, you neednt B. Not, please. C. No, you mustnt D. No, you wont4. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：shall, will 的多種意義: = 1 * GB3 sh

14、all / will+ 動(dòng)詞原形:* 均可表示將來(lái)。 過(guò)去時(shí)為 should, would.* shall 用于第二、三人稱(chēng)陳述句時(shí)可表示說(shuō)話(huà)人的承諾、命令,指示, 用于第一,三人稱(chēng)疑問(wèn)句時(shí)表征詢(xún)意見(jiàn).* will 可表示意愿、常出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)作、在疑問(wèn)句中表示請(qǐng)求和建議.11. He _ be punished if he disobeys.如果他不服從, 就要受到懲罰.12. We are not going to quarrel at all if you _only let me speak. 只要你讓我說(shuō)話(huà), 我們根本就不會(huì)吵架.13. -Sir, _ he go or stay? -Le

15、t him go. A. will B. shall C. might D. could14. The door _ open. 這門(mén)經(jīng)常打不開(kāi).15. Ronald _ stay in his small garden for a long time every day in the past. A. could B. might C. should D. would16. You _ have the book after I read it. 我看完以后一定把這本書(shū)給你.5. used to 的用法:used to 表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，現(xiàn)在已不存在.在否定陳述句中，一般用didnt

16、 use to,也可用used not to；在疑問(wèn)句中一般用“Diduse to”。 He used to smoke. (He doesnt smoke now.)He didnt use to smoke. He used not to smoke. 否定句Did he use to smoke? 疑問(wèn)句在帶有used to 的陳述句后面, 附加疑問(wèn)句可以用did/didnt 也可以用used/usedntHe used to smoke, _? 或 _?注意used to與be used to的不同，后者表示be accustomed to “習(xí)慣于某種狀態(tài)”，而且跟接名詞或v-ing

17、形式，而used to后接動(dòng)詞原形，試比較: He used to drink. 表示“他過(guò)去經(jīng)常喝酒”而現(xiàn)在不喝了。 He is used to wine (He is used to drinking wine) at each meal. 表示“他現(xiàn)在已養(yǎng)成習(xí)慣，每頓飯喝點(diǎn)葡萄酒?！比?、可兼做行為動(dòng)詞的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：need 、 dare 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 (+動(dòng)詞原形)行為動(dòng)詞 needdare1.無(wú)人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的變化; 多用于肯定句;(sb.) need to dodare to do(sth.) need tobe done(sth.) need doing 2.一般用于：*否定句及疑問(wèn)句中;*在

18、if/whether之后;*或與hardly, never, no one, nobody連用;3.常以neednt 和darent 的形式出現(xiàn);4.dare有其過(guò)去時(shí)dared.I darent ask her for a rise.How did you dare to tell her that? I wonder whether he dare stand up in public. I dont know how she dares to wear that dress. Do you need any help?I wonder whether he need send it im

19、mediately.I need hardly tell you that the work is dangerous.The garden doesnt need watering at the moment.You neednt finish that work today.判斷正誤:1.How dare you say such a thing?How dare you to say such a thing?2.He darent to speak English before such a crowd, did he?He darent speak English before su

20、ch a crowd, dare he?3.Nobody need to be afraid of catching the disease.Nobody need be afraid of catching the disease.4.These dishes need be cleaned carefully.These dishes need to be cleaned carefully.These dishes need cleaning carefully. 二、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞課前篇：對(duì)標(biāo)梳理，明確任務(wù)考綱要求非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞：動(dòng)詞不定式動(dòng)詞的-ing形式動(dòng)詞的-ed形式課上篇：精于傳道 專(zhuān)

21、于解惑非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在句中充當(dāng)不同成分動(dòng)詞不定式的基本形式主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done進(jìn)行式to be doing 完成進(jìn)行式to have been doing 分詞的基本形式主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)現(xiàn)在分詞一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done過(guò)去分詞 done一、作主語(yǔ): (一)不定式做定語(yǔ) To obey law is everyones duty.(1)不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù),為了平衡句子，通常用it作形式主語(yǔ),構(gòu)成句型:Its +n.(adj.)

22、+ for(of) sb. +to do sthEg. To find out who stole the money is not easy.=Its not easy (for you )to find out who stole the money.如果要表示不定式動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,要在不定式短語(yǔ)前加上一個(gè)for sb.的短語(yǔ)，語(yǔ)法上稱(chēng)為不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu).It is useful for you to learn some spoken English.(2)在某些形容詞如clever, good ,nice, kind ,foolish, careless, right, wrong, r

23、ude, impolite等詞之后的不定式前，常加of短語(yǔ),這是對(duì)人做某事的贊揚(yáng)，責(zé)備或感激等。It is very kind of you to come here.It is foolish of him to do such a thing.It would be rude of us to refuse their invitation.(3)動(dòng)詞不定式（短語(yǔ)）做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，可用it做形式主語(yǔ)，通常是一些特定的形容詞，動(dòng)詞和名詞adj.做表語(yǔ)常見(jiàn)的adj.有important, difficult, easy, hard, possible, impossible等Eg. It is im

24、possible to do it well.）V.做謂語(yǔ)常見(jiàn)的v.有take, require, need, cost, amuse, delight, irritate(激怒), annoy(打擾，擾亂)Eg. It took us three hours to finish the work.It requires another three persons to do the work.3) n.做表語(yǔ)Eg. Its a great pleasure to help you.Its an honour to be invited to you birthday party.Its a

25、good idea to do the work in another way.（二）動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)it也可作形式主語(yǔ)用于這種形式的是一些特定的adj.和n.，但這類(lèi)次較少.adj.:enjoyable, good, worthwhile, nice ,worth, useless, 等；n.:no use, no good, fun, a hard/difficult job, a wonder, a waste of time等Eg. Its worthwhile doing it.Its no use doing it.Its a waste of time trying to persu

26、ade him not to smoke.二、作賓語(yǔ)（一）不定式做賓語(yǔ)Im preparing to take the examination next week.When the boy was only four, his father decided to make an artist of him.以不定式做賓語(yǔ)的常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞有attempt, afford, agree, aim, arrange, beg, care，choose, decide, demand, determine, enable, expect, hope , intend , long, learn , mana

27、ge, offer, plan, pretend, prepare, promise , refuse ,seek, wish, want , etc.(二)動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)以動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)的常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞有allow, mind, miss, excuse, enjoy, doubt, escape, consider, admit(承認(rèn))，advise, appreciate=enjoy（欣賞）, avoid, finish, face, practise, suggest, delay（延遲）, imagine, include, keep, quit（離開(kāi)）, resist(抵抗), risk（冒

28、險(xiǎn)）, understand, be used to, look forward to（期望）, object to, pay attention to, etc.以及介詞后接動(dòng)名詞doing有些動(dòng)詞后既可接不定式做賓語(yǔ)，也可接動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ),兩者意義差別不大.這些詞有begin, start, love, continue等注意：（1）有些動(dòng)詞后既可接不定式做賓語(yǔ)，也可接動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ),兩者意義差別不大.這些詞有begin, start, love, continue等start, begin后面，一般接不定式和動(dòng)名詞無(wú)多大區(qū)別。但在下列情況下，多用動(dòng)詞不定式：a. 自然界變化：It start

29、ed to rain.Snow started to melt as spring came.b. 心理活動(dòng)，在understand, know, realize等詞前I began to realize my mistakes.c. begin, start本身為進(jìn)行時(shí)：People are beginning to take some measures to stop pollution.（2）有些動(dòng)詞后既可接動(dòng)詞不定式做賓語(yǔ)有可接動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)，但意義截然不同。go on doing go on to do regret to do regret doingcant help to do

30、cant help doing注：這組短語(yǔ)后接不定式時(shí)一般表示將來(lái)，此動(dòng)作還沒(méi)有發(fā)生；而接動(dòng)名詞時(shí)，常表示過(guò)去，此動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去（3）need, require, want譯作“需要”時(shí)，跟v-ing作賓語(yǔ)，主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)，相當(dāng)于to be done.（4）動(dòng)詞+疑問(wèn)詞+不定式I dont know what to do next.We havent decide where to spend our holiday.這類(lèi)詞有: advise, decide, discuss , explain, know, learn , show, tell, teach, understand（5）不定式既

31、可作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)也可作介詞的賓語(yǔ).不定式作介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí),介詞之后一般不直接接不定式，一般都是:疑問(wèn)詞+不定式作賓語(yǔ).Im worrying about what to do next.Marx gave some advice on how to learn a foreign language.個(gè)別介詞例外: 需要注意的是,此句型中but/ except 前必須要有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，but / except后的不定式to才能省略，否則to則不省.我們用一句話(huà)概括就是： 有do無(wú)to，有 to無(wú) do She has no choice but to wait for the news.There

32、 was nothing she could do but cry.He had no choice but to wait.He could do nothing but wait.三、作表語(yǔ)不定式：具體的，將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作動(dòng)名詞：抽象的，習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作分詞：現(xiàn)在分詞：令人的過(guò)去分詞：感到的The situation is encouraging.He felt encouraged by the teachers words.She looked disappointed.The news is very disappointing.Our work is serving the people

33、.His hobby is collecting stamps.四、做定語(yǔ)(一)不定式做定語(yǔ)1. 不定式做定語(yǔ)時(shí)常放在被修飾的名詞或代詞之后 She was very busy and had no time to visit her friends.Ladies and gentlemen ,I have something important to tell you .2. 當(dāng)名詞被the first ,the last以及the only 等序數(shù)詞以及形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)，常用不定式作定語(yǔ)，而不管動(dòng)作是否已完成 He is the only person to know the truth

34、. She is always the first to come and the last to leave.3. 不定代詞something, nothing, little, much, a lot, anything 等習(xí)慣上用不定式做賓語(yǔ)I have nothing to do but wait.Do you have anything to say?4. 以“即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作”修飾事物時(shí)，可用不定式做定語(yǔ)He will write more books in the years to come.The students are preparing for the examinatio

35、n to take place soon.（二）分詞做定語(yǔ)：1. 分詞前置：We can see the rising sun.He is a retired worker.2. 分詞后置： There was a girl sitting there.This is the question given.There is nothing interesting.3. 動(dòng)名詞與分詞做定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：a sleeping baby a sleeping carthe boiling water the boiled waterthe surprised people the surprising n

36、ewsa swimming pool a reading roomthe changing world the changed world4. 作定語(yǔ)的不定式與被修飾的名詞或代詞往往存在著兩種邏輯關(guān)系，即被修飾的名詞和代詞是不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)或邏輯賓語(yǔ)Alice is always the first student to come to school. (主謂關(guān)系)The teacher gave me some English books to read. (動(dòng)賓關(guān)系)Mr. Brown has a large family to support.(動(dòng)賓關(guān)系)當(dāng)被修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式邏輯

37、上的賓語(yǔ)，而該不定式動(dòng)詞又是不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，應(yīng)在該動(dòng)詞后加上一個(gè)介詞以形成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系Please pass me some paper to write on.Theres nothing for us to worry about.She has a nice pen to write with.He bought a flat for the family to live in.五、不定式,分詞做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的區(qū)別:“動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞不定式”ask, get, allow, forbid, prefer, force, announce, press, inspire, request,

38、 advise, remind, beg, report, invited, command, show, drive, mean, train, cause, instruct, require, tell, direct, order, warn, enable, need, encourage, want, lead, teach, permit, wish, etc.在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，不定式則由賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)變成了主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)Teacher ask him to clean the blackboard.He was asked to clean the blackboard.His boss

39、order him to go there at once.He was ordered to go there at once. 注意：在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中不定式一律帶to，不存在省略問(wèn)題不定式在感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，要省略to，但當(dāng)以上的動(dòng)詞用于被動(dòng)式，to要還原： They saw the boy fall suddenly from the tree.The boy was seen to fall suddenly from the tree.（表示感覺(jué)或心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞see / watch / notice /observe / look at , hear / listen

40、 to , feel / think / find/ want / like ；使役動(dòng)詞 have , make , get , keep） = 2 * GB3 with + 賓語(yǔ)賓補(bǔ)to do doing done 需要注意1. have, make的用法：I wont have him cheat me.“允許,讓,使”I have a lot of work to do.“有”His story made us laugh.“使”Father made a kite for his son to fly.“制造, 做”2. 在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞think ,consider , prove, fi

41、nd, suppose ,believe, imagine,等后面跟to be作賓補(bǔ)，不跟to do.Imagine yourself (to be) in his place.We found him (to be) honest.3. have, get后接三種形式做賓補(bǔ)時(shí),表示”使,讓,叫”have sth. done= get sth. done讓某人做某事Ill have/get my bike repaired tomorrow.此外，have sth. done還表示“使遭受” Tom had his leg broken while playing football.Mr. S

42、mith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday. = 2 * GB3 have sb./ sth. doing讓使某人/物持續(xù)地做 某事 get sb./sth. doing使某人開(kāi)始行動(dòng)起來(lái)The peasants had the tractor working day and night at the harvest time.The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short time.have sb. do sth./get sb.

43、to do sth. 使/讓/叫某人去做某事.Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt.I cant get him to stop smoking. He wont listen to me .4. leave 后接幾種形式 作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，其中的 leave保留了原來(lái)的意思“留下”但表達(dá)的 確切之意應(yīng)是“使處于某種狀態(tài)”Its wrong of you to leave the machine running.(主動(dòng)，進(jìn)行）The guests left most of the dishes untouched, because they di

44、dnt taste delicious.(被動(dòng)，完成）He left ,leaving me to do all the rest work . (主動(dòng)，進(jìn)行）We hurriedly ended our meeting. Leaving many problems to be settled. (被動(dòng)，將來(lái)）5. 能用現(xiàn)在分詞做賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：see ,find, discover, look at, observe, notice, watch, hear, listen to, feel, smell, keep, bring, imagine, sense, set.She sensed

45、 the danger coming near.His words set us laughing.We smell something burning in the next room.6. 能用過(guò)去分詞做賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有have, get, see, hear, find, make, want, feel, keep等You should make yourself heard (understood).Youd better get your mistakes corrected.試比較：Did you hear someone knocking at the door?Yes, I di

46、d. I heard him knock three times.Yes, I did. I heard the door knocked three times.六、作狀語(yǔ)（動(dòng)詞不定式與分詞）（一） 動(dòng)詞不定式做狀語(yǔ)He came here to attend an important meeting.（目的）He went home to find his old friend George waiting for him.（結(jié)果）She was very surprised to hear the news.（原因）I hurried to the station, only to fi

47、nd the train had left. (結(jié)果)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)用的不定式常表示一種意料之外的結(jié)果，（經(jīng)常與only連用） 出乎意料不定式用作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，還可以用: (主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)) “so as to/suchas to(如此以致于)” Jim got up so early as to catch the first bus.“too to” The maths problem is too difficult for us to work out.“adj./adv./n. + enough to do The boy is old enough to go to school.注意：1.

48、 在某些形容詞做表語(yǔ)，表示喜怒哀樂(lè)后跟不定式表示原因。I am glad to see you.I am so sorry to hear your mother is ill.2. 主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義的不定式句型：主語(yǔ)be +adj. +to do E.g.: The question is very difficult to answer. The problem is difficult to deal with.能用于此句型的形容詞有：difficult ,easy, comfortable ,fit, hard, pleasant, tiresome(使人疲勞的), light in

49、teresting, nice , heavy, dangerous, important, etc.3. 在there be結(jié)構(gòu)中，作定語(yǔ)用的不定式如修飾主語(yǔ)時(shí)，即使表示被動(dòng)的意義，也可用主動(dòng)式來(lái)表示There is a lot of work to do/to be done.There are three letters to answer/to be answered this morning.4. there be的非謂語(yǔ)形式1)there to be :做賓語(yǔ)（expect ,like, mean, intend, want, prefer ,hate, etc.)和介詞for的賓

50、語(yǔ)They hate there to be long queues everywhere.It is not uncommon for there to be problems of communication between the old and the young. 2）there being 做狀語(yǔ) 和介詞賓語(yǔ)（除了for）There being mo classes, they decided to have a picnic.John was relying on there being another opportunity.（二）分詞做狀語(yǔ)邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是一致的，否

51、則，分詞應(yīng)有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)，構(gòu)成分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)不是句子，因?yàn)闆](méi)有實(shí)際的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般放在句首或句尾，做狀語(yǔ)表示時(shí)間，原因，方式等例如：The meeting being over, they went home.(時(shí)間)Mother being ill in bed, he couldnt go to work.（原因）Time permitting , I shall stay here for another two days（條件）She lay against the wall, the sun shining upon her face.（伴隨）

52、She sat still in the chair, with her eyes closed.（伴隨）難點(diǎn)內(nèi)容：用分詞做狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)必須與句子的主語(yǔ)保持一致的，否則，就應(yīng)使用狀語(yǔ)從句，調(diào)整句子的主語(yǔ),獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)或例如：1）If we are given more help, the project will be completed earlier.(狀語(yǔ)從句)Given more help, we will complete the project earlier.2）His leg broken, he couldnt go to school.（獨(dú)立主格結(jié)

53、構(gòu)） He couldnt go to school with his leg broken. 注：1. 現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞做狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別Having finished their work, they had a rest.Walking along the street, I met a friend of mine.Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.Given more time, she could do it better.2. 當(dāng)and或or連接同一概念的不定式時(shí)， 或者當(dāng)它們之間的關(guān)系并列時(shí)，可將and或

54、or后面的to省去Id like to go and see a film.He had to have a job or go hungry 三、虛擬語(yǔ)氣課前篇：對(duì)標(biāo)梳理，明確任務(wù)考綱要求虛擬語(yǔ)氣課上篇：精于傳道 專(zhuān)于解惑語(yǔ)氣的分類(lèi)語(yǔ)氣(mood)是一種動(dòng)詞形式，用以表示說(shuō)話(huà)者的意圖或態(tài)度。在英語(yǔ)中隨著說(shuō)話(huà)人意圖的不同，動(dòng)詞需用不同的形式，稱(chēng)為語(yǔ)氣。英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)氣有三種：陳述語(yǔ)氣 祈使語(yǔ)氣 虛擬語(yǔ)氣陳述語(yǔ)氣：表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)是現(xiàn)實(shí)的、確定的或符合事實(shí)的，用于陳述句、疑問(wèn)句和某些感嘆句。 There are two sides to every question.祈使語(yǔ)氣：表示說(shuō)話(huà)人對(duì)對(duì)方的請(qǐng)求、邀請(qǐng)

55、、命令、警告或勸告等。Please be careful. 請(qǐng)細(xì)心點(diǎn)。虛擬語(yǔ)氣：表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)不是客觀存在的事實(shí)，而是表示說(shuō)話(huà)人的一種愿望、建議、命令、要求、有時(shí)是一種非真實(shí)的假設(shè)、料想，或是不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的與事實(shí)相反的愿望。I wish you were more careful. 但愿你更細(xì)心些。If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鳥(niǎo)，我就能在空中飛行。May you succeed! 祝您成功！虛擬語(yǔ)氣在條件狀語(yǔ)從句中的應(yīng)用條件狀語(yǔ)從句分為真實(shí)條件句和非真實(shí)條件句。 如果假設(shè)的情況與事實(shí)相反，或根本不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)，或發(fā)生的可能性很小，就

56、是非真實(shí)條件句，即虛擬條件句。兩種條件句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式各不相同。真實(shí)條件句用陳述語(yǔ)氣的動(dòng)詞形式，而非真實(shí)條件句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣的動(dòng)詞形式。1) If he has time,he will go shopping tonight.2) If I had time,I would visit you. 與事實(shí)相反1. 與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反：虛擬條件句主句 did; bewereshould/would/could/might + doEg. If I were you, I would study English harder.If it were not raining, we should go for

57、 a picnic.2. 與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反虛擬條件句主句 had doneshould/would/might/could +have +doneEg. If you had been there last night, nothing would have happened.If I had got there earlier, I would have caught the bus.3. 與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反虛擬條件句主句did/should do were to doshould/would/could/might +doEg. If it should fail, I would try ag

58、ain.If it were Sunday tomorrow, we wouldnt have an exam.注意一：含有虛擬語(yǔ)氣的條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，如果有had, should, were可以將if 省略，再將句子的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)實(shí)行部分倒裝。eg: If it should be fine,we would go for an outing.Should it be fine, we would go for an outing.eg: If they had had time, they would have come and helped us. Had they had time, th

59、ey would have come and helped us.eg. If it were to rain tomorrow, the football match would be put off. Were it to rain tomorrow, the football match would be put off.Exercises: 1. I _ (come) too if I had time to spare. 2. I didnt see your sister at the meeting. If she _ (come), she would have met my

60、brother. 3. If the hurricane had happened during the daytime, there _ (be) more deaths. 4.If it _ _ (rain) tomorrow, we _(not go out). 5._(be) I in good health, I _ (go) with you tomorrow.注意二：當(dāng)條件狀語(yǔ)從句表示的行為和主句表示的行為所發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致時(shí)，被稱(chēng)為“錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句”，動(dòng)詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表示的時(shí)間作出相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。Eg. If he had set out earlier, he would b