演講文體特點(diǎn)

1、關(guān)于演講的文體特點(diǎn)第一張，PPT共四十五頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月What is Pubic Speaking?Public speaking is the way of making your ideas public, of sharing them with other people and influence them.Types of Public SpeakingInformative 信息性演講Persuasive 勸說性演講第二張，PPT共四十五頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月Qualification of a Good SpeechA proper topic with a clea

2、r purpose選題合適，意圖明確Wealthy contents and convincing materials內(nèi)容豐富，有理有據(jù)Reasonable structure and logical development展開得當(dāng)，布局合理Appropriate Rhetoric修辭得體第三張，PPT共四十五頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月Basic Structure of a SpeechIntroductionBodyConclusion第四張，PPT共四十五頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月Beginning the SpeechGet the Audiences AttentionEstablish

3、 the needReveal the topic and your interest or point of viewEstablish credibility and goodwill with the audiencePreview the body of the speech第五張，PPT共四十五頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月How to open your speechAsking rhetorical question 設(shè)問Creating a suspense 懸念Relating a story/an example 講故事/舉例Citing a quotation 引言Acknow

4、ledging audience/ referring to the audience 致謝/點(diǎn)題Reviewing history 回顧歷史第六張，PPT共四十五頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月Development of the BodySupporting Materials Examples 事例 Statistics 數(shù)據(jù) Testimony/Quotation 證言/引言Transitions 第七張，PPT共四十五頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月Organizational Patterns Topical Chronological Past/present/future SpatialCla

5、ssificationProblem/solution Cause/effect/solution 第八張，PPT共四十五頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月TopicalWhat issues will determine the 2004 Presidential Election?-Health Care-Economy-National Security 第九張，PPT共四十五頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月classificationWho will win the 2004 Presidential Election?-Independence-Democrats-Republicans第十張，PPT

6、共四十五頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月Conclusion/ending the speechSummarizeSignal the end of the speechMotive the audience第十一張，PPT共四十五頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月How to concludeSumming up gist 總結(jié)要點(diǎn)Citing a quotation 引言Referring to the introduction 首尾呼應(yīng)Issuing a challenge or an appeal 提出挑戰(zhàn)，呼吁行動(dòng)第十二張，PPT共四十五頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月Language styleClarit

7、y and Economy 簡潔、清晰Precision 準(zhǔn)確Vividness 生動(dòng)Appropriate 恰當(dāng)?shù)谑龔垼琍PT共四十五頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月Clarity of languageAvoid polysyllabic words.Use foreign words and phrases sparingly.Avoid technical language when speaking to listeners out of your profession.第十四張，PPT共四十五頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月Precision of languageUse “omnibus” w

8、ords sparinglyAvoid hazy wordsAvoid words that have become emotionally charged labels (Synonyms)第十五張，PPT共四十五頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月Concrete and precise具體準(zhǔn)確Taxes will go up.Taxes will increase by 22 percent.She is wealthy.She makes 400,000 a year, has a winter home in San Diego and a summer home in Switzerland,

9、 and owns four different sports cars.第十六張，PPT共四十五頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月用alarmingly （貶義）代替surprisingly（中性）使聽眾體會(huì)的巨大危險(xiǎn)或不愉快來臨時(shí)的吃驚，緊張得情緒。用turnout(貶義）代替result(中性）使聽眾體會(huì)到結(jié)果得出人意料和不知所措。用challenging(褒義)代替difficult(中性）使聽眾感受到困難的相對(duì)有趣和積極性。用determined(褒義)代替unyielding(中性)時(shí)聽眾感受到講話人堅(jiān)決地毫不動(dòng)搖的決心。第十七張，PPT共四十五頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月Vividness o

10、f languageAvoid the overworked words and expressionsUse personal pronouns.Vary the sentence.Use figurative language occasionally.Use assertive sentenceUse active voice第十八張，PPT共四十五頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月vividness形象的描繪色彩、聲音、光、味覺、嗅覺等的感性語言稱之為生動(dòng)的語言（Beebe,1994:294）富蘭克林羅斯福于1941年在日本偷襲珍珠港后在國會(huì)所做的演講A date which will live

11、 in world history.A date which will live in infamy.(一個(gè)遺臭萬年的日子)美國人們的憤慨和對(duì)日本侵略者的譴責(zé)第十九張，PPT共四十五頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月Assertive sentenceThe committee rejected the proposal.The proposal was favored by management第二十張，PPT共四十五頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月Active voiceManagement favored the proposal.The proposal was favored by managemen

12、t.第二十一張，PPT共四十五頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月Vary the sentence“It is in vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen may cry, Peace, Peace- but there is no peace. The war is actually begun! The next gale that sweeps from the north will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms! Our brethren are already in the f

13、ield! Why stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? What would they have? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty or give me death!”第二十二張，PPT共四

14、十五頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月“先生，大事化小，小事化無的做法無濟(jì)于事。各位先生可以呼喊和平，和平！但是和平并不存在。事實(shí)上戰(zhàn)爭已經(jīng)開始！不久北方刮起的風(fēng)暴即將帶來震耳的隆隆炮聲。我們的弟兄已經(jīng)開赴戰(zhàn)場，為什么我們還在這里投閑置散？諸君究竟希望什么？他們會(huì)得到什么？難道生命真的這樣可貴，和平真的這樣美好，竟值得用枷鎖和奴役為代價(jià)？全能的上帝啊，制止他們這樣做吧！我不知道別人選擇什么樣的道路，但對(duì)我來說，不自由，毋寧死！”不自由，毋寧死帕特里克.亨利第二十三張，PPT共四十五頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月里根總統(tǒng)就挑戰(zhàn)者號(hào)航天飛機(jī)失事做的悼詞：This is a truly national loss.

15、 Nineteen years ago almost to the day, we lost three astronauts in a terrible accident on the ground. But weve never lost an astronaut in flight. Weve never had a tragedy like this. And perhaps weve forgotten the courage it took for the crew of the shuttle.第二十四張，PPT共四十五頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月appropriateness oc

16、casion/purpose/audienceCheck to make sure that the words you are using are not going to offend anyone.Sexist, ageist, racist第二十五張，PPT共四十五頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月Tips for Effective SpeakingOvercoming Stage FrightVocal EffectsVisual AidsNonverbal Means of Communication Types of Delivery第二十六張，PPT共四十五頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月Vo

17、cal EffectsVolumePronunciation and ArticulationPitch and InflectionsRatePause第二十七張，PPT共四十五頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月Nonverbal Means of CommunicationPersonal appearanceEye contactPostureGestureFacial Expression第二十八張，PPT共四十五頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月Types of DeliveryManuscript Delivery 念稿演講Memorized Delivery 背誦演講Impromptu Delive

18、ry 即興演講Outline/Extemporaneous Delivery 提綱演講第二十九張，PPT共四十五頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月Figures of speechSimileMetaphorPersonificationAntithesisClimaxSynecdocheMetonymyAlliterationonomatopoeia第三十張，PPT共四十五頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月Simile“Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emanc

19、ipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity.”“100年前，一位偉大的美國人今天我們就站在他象征性的身影下簽署了解放宣言。這項(xiàng)重要法令的頒布，對(duì)于千百萬灼烤于非正義殘焰中

20、的黑奴，猶如帶來希望之光的碩大燈塔，恰似結(jié)束漫漫長夜禁錮的歡暢黎明?！蔽矣幸粋€(gè)夢(mèng)想 馬丁路德金第三十一張，PPT共四十五頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月Metaphor “But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later,

21、 the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languished in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land. And so weve come here today to dramatize a shameful condition.” “1

22、00年后，黑人依然沒有獲得自由。100年后，黑人依然悲慘地蹣跚于種族隔離和種族歧視的枷鎖之下。100年后，黑人依然生活在物質(zhì)繁榮翰海的貧困孤島上。100年后，黑人依然在美國社會(huì)中間向隅而泣，依然感到自己在國土家園中流離漂泊?！?我有一個(gè)夢(mèng)想 馬丁路德金第三十二張，PPT共四十五頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月PersonificationBooks cannot be killed by fire. People died, but books never die. No man and no force can abolish memoryIn this war, we know, books ar

23、e weapons. -by Franklin D. Roosevelt第三十三張，PPT共四十五頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月Antithesis “I do not shrink from this responsibility - I welcome it. I do not believe that any of us would exchange places with any other people or any other generation. The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor w

24、ill light our country and all who serve it. And the glow from that fire can truly light the world. And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. My fellow citizens of the world, ask not what America will do for you, but what together we

25、can do for the freedom of man.” “在世界的悠久歷史中，只有很少幾個(gè)世代的人賦有這種在自由遭遇最大危機(jī)時(shí)保衛(wèi)自由的任務(wù)。我決不在這責(zé)任之前退縮；我歡迎它。我不相信我們中間會(huì)有人愿意跟別人及別的世代交換地位。我們?cè)谶@場努力中所獻(xiàn)出的精力、信念與虔誠、將照亮我們的國家以及所有為國家服務(wù)的人，而從這一火焰所聚出的光輝必能照明全世界。所以，同胞們：不要問你們的國家能為你們做些什么，而要問你們能為國家做些什么。” 約翰肯尼迪就職演講第三十四張，PPT共四十五頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月AntithesisMy love are many, my enemies are few.

26、 It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.第三十五張，PPT共四十五頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月Climax層進(jìn)But no president, no Congress, no government can undertake this mission alone. -by Bill Clinton第三十六張，PPT共四十五頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月SynecdocheThe glory of the Lord will be revealed and all flesh see it together. -Martin Luther

27、 King第三十七張，PPT共四十五頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月Metonymy第三十八張，PPT共四十五頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月AlliterationAnd from our roots, we have drawn tremendous power from two great forces-faith and freedom. -by Ronald Reagan第三十九張，PPT共四十五頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月Onomatopoeia第四十張，PPT共四十五頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月Other kinds of rhetorical devicesParallelismWord repetitionRhetorical questionPeriodic sentence第四十一張，PPT共四十五頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月Parallelism“With this faith, we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith, we will be able to transform the jangling discords