環(huán)境工程微生物學(xué) 緒論

1、環(huán)境工程微生物學(xué)Environmental Engineering Microbiology孫賢波辦公室：實驗8樓403室64252395課程的重要性環(huán)境工程專業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)課程應(yīng)用廣泛考核方法平時成績20%考試成績80%平時成績中50%為平時考勤，50%為平時提問成績教學(xué)方式課堂教學(xué)實驗教學(xué)錄像參考書目美Raina M. Maier, Ian L. Pepper, Charles P. Gerba著，張甲耀，宋碧玉，鄭連爽等譯. 環(huán)境微生物學(xué). 北京：科學(xué)出版社，2004Bruce E. Rittman，Perry L. McCarty. 環(huán)境生物技術(shù)：原理與應(yīng)用. 北京：清華大學(xué)出版社，2002

2、周德慶編. 微生物學(xué)教程. 北京：高等教育出版社，2002 Introduction of MicrobiologyWhat is Microbiology? The study of microorganisms, a large and diverse group of organisms that exist as single cells or cell clusters.The Purpose of Environmental Engineering MicrobiologyHow microorganisms are classified(taxonomy).What they l

3、ook like (morphology).How they reproduced so that their functions can be maintained.The biochemical reactions that they mediate (metabolism)The major divisions among microorganisms based upon their function in the environment (trophic group)How information about structure and function of organisms i

4、s transmitted and changed (genetics)An aspect of great importance in environmental biotechnology, that is microbial ecology, or the interactions among organisms and their environment.學(xué) 科微生物研究內(nèi)容空氣微生物學(xué)氣體微粒中病原體和其它微生物的收集和測定農(nóng)業(yè)、土壤微生學(xué)生物控制、固氮、營養(yǎng)循環(huán)生物地理化學(xué)碳與礦物質(zhì)的循環(huán)、酸性礦液的控制、固氮流失的控制生物修復(fù)有機污染物的降解，污染土壤和水環(huán)境中無機污染物固定和去

5、除生物技術(shù)生物環(huán)境中病原體或其它微生物探測，環(huán)境中微生物活性的測定，基因工程食品質(zhì)量病原體的監(jiān)測，病原體的去除資源生產(chǎn)乙醇、單細胞蛋白的生產(chǎn)等資源回收微生物介導(dǎo)的石油和金屬回收廢水處理廢棄物降解，病原體的消減水質(zhì)有機與無機污染物的去除，病原體的測定，病原體的消除表1 環(huán)境微生物的研究范疇Taxonomy（分類學(xué)）傳統(tǒng)分類學(xué)分類單元又稱分類單位、分類階元或分類群。種以上的系統(tǒng)分類單元自上而下可依次分成7級：界Kingdom（拉：Regnum）門Phylum（拉：Phylum）或Division（拉：Divisio）綱Class（拉：Classis）目Order（拉：Ordo）科Family（拉：

6、Familia）屬Genus（拉：Genus）種Species（拉：Species）Three Domains Theory（三域?qū)W說）What are Microorganisms?Virus (病毒） Non-cell microbesBacteria (細菌） Archaea (古細菌）Algae (藻類）Fungi (真菌:酵母、霉菌）Protozoa (原生動物）Eukaryotes (真核生物）Prokaryotes(原核生物)Microorganisms are free-living cellsPlants and Animals arecomposed of many cel

7、ls, these are multicellular.Microorganisms are free-living cells.What are Prokaryotes?Prokaryotes: Bacteria(細菌) Archaea(遠古細菌) Actinomycetes(放線菌)Mycoplasma(支原體)Rickettsia(立克氏體) Chlamydia(衣原體) Cyanobacteria(藍細菌)What are Eukaryotic Microorganisms?AlgaeFungiProtozoaProkaryotic and eukatyptic cellsVirus:

8、The nomenclature of microorganism學(xué)名屬名種的加詞（首次命名人）現(xiàn)名定名人定名年份1大腸埃希氏菌（簡稱“大腸桿菌”） Escherichia coli（Migula）Castellani et Chalmers 1919例2枯草芽孢桿菌（簡稱“枯草桿菌”）Bacillus subtilis（Ehrenberg）Cohn 1872菌株(strain)同種不同來源大腸埃希氏菌的兩個菌株 Escherichia coli K12(最常用的E.coli菌株；基因組已于1997年發(fā)表)E .coli O-157: H7（致病性E.coli，O與H代表其抗原特征；基因組已于

9、2001年發(fā)表）Five Common Characteristics of Microorganisms1. Small volume, large surface area2. Fast absorption and conversion3. Rapid duplication and growth4. Strong adaptability5. Widespread distribution and diversified speciesFive Common Characteristics of Microorganisms1. Small volume, large surface

10、area.Figure on the left:The size of a virus in comparison to a bacterial and animal cell.Five Common Characteristics of Microorganisms2. Fast absorption and conversionFor example:5 g/l of bacteria (cell dry weight) Azotobacter vinelandii can consumed 10 g/l of glucose to double its weight to 10 g/l

11、within less than 5 h.How about you?Five Common Characteristics of Microorganisms3. Rapid duplication and growthAn Echerische coli (大腸桿菌）cell can double itself within 15 minutes, it also means its weight increases one fold within 15 minutes. How fast can you grow?Five Common Characteristics of Microo

12、rganisms4. Strong adaptability (Adapt to extreme environment, such as high salt concentration, high temperature, antibiotic resistant)Five Common Characteristics of Microorganisms5. Widespread distribution and diversified speciesPopulations, communities and ecosystemsAn ecosystemconsists of manycomm

13、unities. A community consists of manypopulations.A population is composed ofcells generally derived from a single parent cell.Important Persons in Microbiology History1684 Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (discovery of bacteria)1857-1864 Louis Pasteur (lactic acid fermentation, yeast alcohol fermentation, sp

14、ontaneous generation theory)1881-1884 Robert Koch (pure culture, cause of tuberculosis, Kochs postulates, cause of (霍亂) cholera）1889 Martinus Beijerinck (concept of a virus)1929 Alexander Fleming (discovery of penicilin)1953 James Watson, Francis Crick (DNA structure)1983 Luc Montagnier (discovery of HIV)Microorganisms as cellsAll cells contain