飛機(jī)起落架設(shè)計(jì)中英文對(duì)照

1、 TOC o 1-5 h z Aircraft Landing Gear Layouts飛機(jī)起落架設(shè)計(jì)（中英文對(duì)照?qǐng)D）發(fā)布人：圣才學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng) 發(fā)布日期：2010-06-25 14:36 共292人瀏覽大中小Most aircraft today have three landing gear.許多現(xiàn)代飛機(jī)使用三點(diǎn)式起落架。Two main landing gear struts located near the middle of the aircraft usually support about 90% of the plane s weight while a smaller nose st

2、rut supports the rest.重心附近的兩個(gè)大的主輪，承擔(dān)約 90% 的重量，小輪子承擔(dān)余下部分。This layout is most often referred to as the tricycle landing gear arrangement. Howeverthere are numerous other designs that have also been used over the years, and each has itsown advantages and disadvantages. Let s take a closer look at the v

3、a rious undercarriageoptions available to engineers .目前的飛機(jī)以前三點(diǎn)起落架為主，讓我們來回顧一下后三點(diǎn)起落架及其優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)。(意譯)Tail wheel or Tail dragger Gear 后三點(diǎn)尾輪式與后三點(diǎn)尾橇式起落架 Though the tricycle arrangement may be most popular today, that was not always thecase . The tail wheel undercarriage dominated aircraft design for the first f

4、our decades of flight and is still widely used on many small piston engine planes .雖然前三點(diǎn)起落架比較普遍，但是在幾十年前的飛機(jī)，及當(dāng)今的許多小型飛機(jī)是使用后三點(diǎn)起落架的。The taildragger arrangement consists of two main gear units located near the center of gravity (CG) that support the majority of the plane s weight后三點(diǎn)起落架，由兩個(gè)在重心靠前位置的主輪支持大部分

5、的飛機(jī)重量。A much smaller support is also located at the rear of the fuselage such that the plane appears to drag its tail , hence the name .一個(gè)非常小的尾輪裝置在機(jī)身，看上去這個(gè)小輪子是被拖著走，所以，英文Taildragger也因此而得名。This tail unit is usually a very small wheel but could even be a skid on a very simple design它即可以是一個(gè)小尾輪，也可以是一個(gè)尾橇。

6、后三點(diǎn)起落架What makes this form of landing gear most attractive is its simplicity后三點(diǎn)起落架最吸引人的優(yōu)點(diǎn)就是簡潔The gear are usually relatively lightweight, and the two main gear can also be easilyencased in streamlined fairings to produce low drag in flight.后三點(diǎn)起落架通常重量都比較輕。兩支主輪子可以配置整流置用來減小飛行中的阻力。Another potential adva

7、ntage results from the fact that the plane is already tilted to a large angle of attack as it rolls down the runway.另一個(gè)潛在的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，是飛機(jī)在跑道滑行時(shí)，機(jī)翼已經(jīng)有一個(gè)較大的迎角。This attitude helps to generate greater lift and reduce the distance needed for takeoff or landing .合適的大迎角，有利于在較低的速度下產(chǎn)生足夠的升力，以便于減少起飛滑跑距離。This attitude i

8、s also an advantage on propeller driven planes since it provides a largeclearance between the propeller tips and the ground.對(duì)于牽弓I式螺旋槳飛機(jī)，機(jī)頭向上抬起,使螺旋槳不會(huì)接觸跑道。（意譯）Furthermore , taildragger planes are generally easier for ground personnel to maneuver around in confined spaces like a hangar.同時(shí)，后三點(diǎn)起落架的飛機(jī)，更便

9、于地勤人員把飛機(jī)拖到停機(jī)棚等窄小的空間里。However , the greatest liability of this landing gear layout is its handling characteristics另一方面，后三點(diǎn)起落架也有一個(gè)最大的缺陷著陸時(shí)的操縱（handling characteristicsThis design is inherently unstable because the plane s center of gravity is located behindthe two main gear .造成此天生缺陷的原因，是因?yàn)閮芍恢鬏喸谥匦牡那懊妗f

10、 the plane is landing and one wheel touches down first, the plane has a tendency toveer off in the direction of that wheel.如果著陸時(shí)起落架只有一只主輪前觸地，這時(shí)，飛機(jī)有向此輪子一邊轉(zhuǎn)彎傾向。This behavior can cause the aircraft to turn in an increasingly tighter ground loop that may eventually result in scraping a wingtip on the gr

11、ound, collapsing the gear , or veeringoff the runway .嚴(yán)重時(shí)，這種轉(zhuǎn)彎的傾向(ground loop )將可能使翼尖觸地、起落架受損、滑出跑道。Landing a taildragger can be difficult since the pilot must line up his approach very carefully while making constant rudder adjustments to keep the plane on a straight path until it comes to a stop .這

12、就要求在飛機(jī)著陸觸地前，需要使用方向舵修正自己的航線，使它能夠筆直的滑翔直到安全觸地。Many taildragger designs alleviate these handling problems by fitting a tailwheel that can be locked instead of swiveling on a castor. Locking the tailwheel helps keep the plane rollingin a straight line during landing.使用尾橇，能減輕這種現(xiàn)象。（意譯）前三點(diǎn)起落架與后三點(diǎn)起落架的安定性對(duì)比An

13、other disadvantage of the taildragger is poor pilot visibility during taxiing since he is forced to peer over a nose that is tilted upward at a steep angle.后三點(diǎn)起落架的另一個(gè)缺點(diǎn)，許多飛機(jī)在地面滑跑，機(jī)頭向上翹起時(shí)，會(huì)影響飛行員的視線。（意譯）It is also often difficult to load or unload heavy cargos because of the steep slope of the cabin f

14、loor .對(duì)于貨機(jī)，飛機(jī)的迎角不利于貨物的裝卸。Similarly , pilots and passengers are forced to walk uphill during boarding and downhill after arrival .此問題，對(duì)于乘客來說，也是一樣的道理。（意譯）Many aircraft also rely on gravity to bring fuel from tanks to the engine, and some planeshave been known to have difficulty starting the engine bec

15、ause it is uphill from the fuel supply發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)抬起，有時(shí)也不利于供油，造成啟動(dòng)困難。道格拉斯DC 3的后三點(diǎn)起落架Good examples of taildragger aircraft include the Spitfire and DC 3 of World War II后三點(diǎn)起落架的典型例子：噴火戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)、道格拉斯DC3。Tricycle or Nosewheel Gear前三點(diǎn)起落架Now the most popular landing gear arrangement, the tricycle undercarriage includes t

16、womain gear just aft of the center of gravity and a smaller auxiliary gear near the nose前三點(diǎn)起落架，由兩支在重心后的主輪，與一個(gè)在機(jī)頭的輔助前輪組成。（意譯）The main advantage of this layout is that it eliminates the ground loop problem of the taildragger .4 / 8前三點(diǎn)起落架最大的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是不會(huì)像后三點(diǎn)那樣，著陸時(shí)容易打轉(zhuǎn)。This arrangement is instead a stable desig

17、n because of the location of the main gear with respect to the center of gravity.這得益于主輪子在重心后部的設(shè)計(jì)。As a result , a pilot has more latitude to land safely even when he is not aligned with the runway .這樣，就算著陸時(shí)飛機(jī)沒有對(duì)準(zhǔn)跑道，飛行員還是有辦法修正方向的前三點(diǎn)起落架Furthermore , the tricycle arrangement is generally less demanding

18、on the pilot and is easier to taxi and steer .前三點(diǎn)起落架更容易操縱。（意譯）The tricycle gear also offers much better visibility over the nose as well as a level cabin floor to ease passenger traffic and cargo handling.水平的機(jī)身，使視界比較好，而且便于裝貨及乘客行走。A further plus is that the aircraft is at a small angle of attack so t

19、hat the thrust of the engine is more parallel to the direction of travel, allowing faster acceleration during takeoff機(jī)翼的小迎角，螺旋槳在水平方向產(chǎn)生的力，有助于飛機(jī)更快獲得速度。（意譯）In addition , the nosewheel makes it impossible for the plane to tip over on its nose during landing , as can sometimes happen on taildraggers.另外，由

20、于前輪距重心較遠(yuǎn)，就不會(huì)出現(xiàn)后三點(diǎn)起落架容易發(fā)生的拿大頂”現(xiàn)象。（意譯）The greatest drawback to tricycle gear is the greater weight and drag incurred by adding the large nosewheel strut .前三點(diǎn)起落架最大的缺點(diǎn)是，較重的重量及較大的阻力。（意譯）Whereas many taildraggers can afford to use non retracting gear with minimal impacton performance , planes with nosewhe

21、els almost always require retraction mechanisms to reduce drag .另一方面，固定式后三點(diǎn)起落架耐沖擊性能較強(qiáng)。而前三點(diǎn)起落架，需要收放式以減小飛行時(shí)的阻力。Some planes with tricycle gear also have difficulty rotating the nose up during takeoff because the main wheels are located so close to the elevator, and there may be insufficientcontrol effe

22、ctiveness . Similarly , the closeness to the rudder reduces its effectiveness in counteracting crosswinds .前三點(diǎn)起落架影響舵效。（意譯）Another critical factor when designing tricycle gear is to properly balance the load carried by the main gear versus the nosewheel. Too little load on the main wheels reduces the

23、irbraking effectiveness while too little on the nosewheel reduces its steering effectiveness . Careful balancing of weight is also important to prevent the plane from tipping back on its tail while at rest on the ground.前三點(diǎn)起落架對(duì)飛機(jī)重心的要求也比較高747 加油次序不當(dāng)，造成機(jī)尾觸地的危險(xiǎn)。There are many examples of aircraft with

24、tricycle landing gear, including the F 16 andCessna 172F16與Cessna 172都是前三點(diǎn)起落架的經(jīng)典案例。Summary總結(jié)Landing gear serves three primary purposes起落架的三個(gè)主要任務(wù)： TOC o 1-5 h z to provide a support for the plane when at rest on the ground,一、把飛機(jī)停放在地面。to provide a stable chassis for taxiing or rolling during takeoff a

25、nd landing,二、起飛及著陸時(shí)提供穩(wěn)定的支持。and to provide a shock absorbing system during landing.三、著陸時(shí)減震。Regardless , all of these tasks are secondary to the plane s primary role as an efficientmode of travel through the air飛機(jī)的飛行性能還是很重要的。（意譯）To aircraft designers , landing gear are nothing more than a necessary ev

26、il since planes are designed primarily for their performance in flight rather than on the ground.飛機(jī)的飛行性能比在地面的性能重要的多。（意譯）There have even been attempts over the years to eliminate landing gear entirely. Themost extreme case was a study done by the Royal Navy to see if a jet plane could make a belly landing on the deck of an aircraft carrier coated with a rubberized surface.有人嘗試過不使用起落架，直接用機(jī)腹在航母甲板上著陸。（意譯）If successful , the method would eliminate the need for the very strong and heavy landing gear used on carrier based aircraft . Unfortunately , the method proved impract