《制冷與低溫原理》課件B第二章 制冷與低溫工質(zhì)的性質(zhì) 1 (2.1 - 2.2)24

1、2 Properties of refrigeration and cryogenic working substances2.1 Introduction2.1.1 The history of working substances2.1.2 Classification and denomination of working substances 第二章 制冷與低溫工質(zhì)的性質(zhì)第一節(jié) 概 述一、工質(zhì)簡史二、工質(zhì)的分類和命名8/1/202222.1 Introduction 第一節(jié) 概 述2.1.1 History of working substances 一、工質(zhì)簡史Ether(Culle

2、n/Perkins)1755/1834NH3, CO2, SO218601900SO2Refrigerators1925 (USA)Freon(Thomas Midgley)1930Substitutes(Molina/Rowland)1974Natural substancesnow1987 關(guān)于消耗大氣臭氧層物質(zhì)的蒙特利爾議定書1997 聯(lián)合國氣候變化框架公約的京都議定書8/1/202232.1.2 Classification and denomination of working substances 二、工質(zhì)的分類和命名非共沸混合工質(zhì)共沸混合工質(zhì)無機(jī)化合物有機(jī)化合物非均相混合物均相混

3、合物烷烴類環(huán)烷烴類烯烴類有機(jī)氧化物含氮氧化物純工質(zhì)(純凈物)混合工質(zhì)(混合物)制冷工質(zhì)(化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu))：水、“永久氣體”：碳?xì)浠衔?、氟里昂：芳香族、環(huán)狀有機(jī)物：不飽和有機(jī)物：醇、醚、酮、酸、酯：脂肪族胺：非等溫相變：等溫相變8/1/20224Denomination of working substances 工質(zhì)的命名A personFormal nameFamily nameEnglish nameAliasNicknameH2ORWater冰生命之泉水difluoromonochloromethane：R228/1/202252.1.2 Classification and denomin

4、ation of working substances 二、工質(zhì)的分類和命名非共沸混合工質(zhì)共沸混合工質(zhì)無機(jī)化合物有機(jī)化合物非均相混合物均相混合物烷烴類環(huán)烷烴類烯烴類有機(jī)氧化物含氮氧化物純工質(zhì)(純凈物)混合工質(zhì)(混合物)制冷工質(zhì)(化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu))：水、“永久氣體”：碳?xì)浠衔?、氟里昂：芳香族、環(huán)狀有機(jī)物：不飽和有機(jī)物：醇、醚、酮、酸、酯：脂肪族胺：非等溫相變：等溫相變：R-7：R-：RC-：R-1：R-6：R-6：R-4：R-58/1/20226Denomination of working substances 工質(zhì)的命名CmH2m+2 HydrocarbonCmHnFxClyBrz Freon？=

5、 m -1？= n +1？= x？= zn + x + y + z = 2m + 2CmHnFxClyBrz R - ？B ？CH4R-50C2HF3Cl2R-123C2H6R-1708/1/20227Denomination of working substances 工質(zhì)的命名CmH2m+2 HydrocarbonCmHnFxClyBrz Freonm = ？+ 1n = ？-1x = ？z = ？n + x + y + z = 2m + 2R - ？ B ？ CmHnFxClyBrzCF2Cl2R-12CHF2ClR-22C2H2F4R-134a8/1/20228hydrochlorof

6、luorocarbon工質(zhì)分類和命名的新方法HCCs 氫氯烴類FCs 氟烴類 CFCs 氯氟烴類 HCFCs氫氯氟烴類CCs 氯烴類 HFCs氫氟烴類 HCs烴類 8/1/20229New denomination of working substances工質(zhì)分類和命名的新方法(1) HCFCs : 氫氯氟烴類(2) CFCs: 氯氟烴類(6) FCs: 氟烴類(4) HFCs: 氫氟烴類(3) HCCs: 氫氯烴類(7) HCs: 烴類(碳?xì)浠衔?(5) CCs: 氯烴類hydrochlorofluorocarbonR-12R-22R-134aCFC-12HCFC-22HFC-134a2

7、 Properties of refrigeration and cryogenic working substances2.1 Introduction2.2 Properties of working substances2.2.1 Properties of ideal working substances2.2.2 Properties of real working substances第二章 制冷與低溫工質(zhì)的性質(zhì)第一節(jié) 概 述第二節(jié) 工質(zhì)的性質(zhì)一、理想工質(zhì)的性質(zhì)二、實際工質(zhì)的性質(zhì)8/1/2022112.2.1 Properties of ideal working substanc

8、es一、理想工質(zhì)的性質(zhì)Cost = f(E, M, S) = g(Type of the cycle, Kind of the refrigerant)OptimizationIdeal CyclesIdeal vehiclesIdeal refrigerantGoal（Maximum）Q0TimeQ0Cost（Minimum）E（Exergy）M （Money）S （Safety） E （Exergy） M （Material） S （Safety）8/1/2022122.2.2 Properties of real working substances一、實際工質(zhì)的性質(zhì)2.2.2.4 Ec

9、onomic properties （四）經(jīng)濟(jì)性2.2.2.3 Chemical properties（三）化學(xué)性質(zhì)2.2.2.1 Physical properties（一）物理性質(zhì)2.2.2.2 Physicochemical properties（二）物理化學(xué)性質(zhì)8/1/2022132.2.2.1 Physical properties（一）物理性質(zhì)2.2.2.1 Physical properties（一）物理性質(zhì)a. Thermodynamic properties1. 熱力學(xué)性質(zhì)b. Transmission characteristics2. 遷移性質(zhì)c. Electrical

10、insulating properties3. 絕緣性質(zhì)8/1/2022142.2.2.2 Physicochemical properties（二）物理化學(xué)性質(zhì)2.2.2.2 Physicochemical properties（二）物理化學(xué)性質(zhì) a. Water solubility 1. 溶水性 b. Oil solubility 2. 溶油性8/1/2022152.2.2.3 Chemical properties（三）化學(xué)性質(zhì)2.2.2.3 Chemical properties（三）化學(xué)性質(zhì) a. Thermostability 1. 熱穩(wěn)定性 b. Corrosiveness 2

11、. 腐蝕性 c. Toxicity 3. 毒性8/1/2022162.2.2.3 Chemical properties（三）化學(xué)性質(zhì)2.2.2.3 Chemical properties（三）化學(xué)性質(zhì) a. Thermostability 1. 熱穩(wěn)定性 b. Corrosiveness 2. 腐蝕性 c. Toxicity 3. 毒性 d. Flammability 4. 可燃性8/1/2022172.2.2.3 Chemical properties（三）化學(xué)性質(zhì)8/1/2022182.2.2.3 Chemical properties（三）化學(xué)性質(zhì)2.2.2.3 Chemical pr

12、operties（三）化學(xué)性質(zhì) a. Thermostability 1. 熱穩(wěn)定性 b. Corrosiveness 2. 腐蝕性 c. Toxicity 3. 毒性 d. Flammability 4. 可燃性 e. Environment harmony 5. 環(huán)保性8/1/2022192.2.2.3 Chemical properties（三）化學(xué)性質(zhì)H: FlammabilityF: StabilityCl: Toxicity8/1/2022202.2.2.3 Chemical properties（三）化學(xué)性質(zhì)TEWI (Total Equivalent Warming Impac

13、t)總等效溫室效應(yīng) ODP （Ozone Depletion Potential）臭氧層消耗潛能 GWP（Global Warming Potential）全球變暖潛能8/1/2022212.2.2.3 Chemical properties（三）化學(xué)性質(zhì)8/1/2022222.2.2.3 Chemical properties（三）化學(xué)性質(zhì)TEWIDWIIWIMRGWPWmCO2TEWI (Total Equivalent Warming Impact)總等效溫室效應(yīng) ODP （Ozone Depletion Potential）臭氧層消耗潛能 GWP（Global Warming Potential）全球變暖潛能8/1/2022232.2.2.4 Economic properties（四）經(jīng)濟(jì)性 Cheap (Easy to be gained and to be made)價廉（容易得到和制造）2.2.2.4 Economic properties （四）經(jīng)濟(jì)性2.2.2.3 Chemical properties（三）化學(xué)性質(zhì)2.2.2.1 Physical properties（一）物理性質(zhì)2.2.2.2 Physicochemical properties（二）物理化學(xué)性質(zhì)8/1/202224Homework_77