美國投票、選舉終極版課件

1、Voters and VotingName : American citizens generally register to vote at the local courthouse in their hometowns when they turn 18 years old. Some states require them to register their political affiliation, usually Democrat ,Republican, or Independent .Citizens in some states can also register at li

2、braries when they sign up for a lending card, at police stations when they get a drivers license, or by mail when they move outside the city, county, or state. 美國公民一般年滿十八周歲時,在他們家鄉(xiāng)當?shù)氐姆ㄔ哼M行注冊投票。有些州要求他們登記他們的政治派別，通常是民主黨，共和黨，或者是獨立的。一些州的公民也可以在登記處注冊一個貸款卡，在警察局他們得到駕駛執(zhí)照，或通過郵寄的方式當他們搬家搬出這個市，縣或者州。voters Because A

3、mericans move a lot, they must often re-register in a new city or state. Once registered ,Americans can vote in the many separate or combined elections to pick school board members, mayors, members of city councils, sheriffs, draft board members, judges, secretaries of state, lieutenant governors, g

4、overnors, highway commissioners, state legislators, US senators and representatives, and the President of the United States. 由于美國人經(jīng)常搬家，他們必須經(jīng)常重新注冊一個新的城市或州。一旦注冊成功，美國人可以在許多獨立或聯(lián)合選舉中投票去選舉學校董事會成員，市長，市委員會成員，警長，征兵局成員，法官，國務(wù)卿，副州長，州長，高速公路委員，州議員，美國參議員和代表，以及美國總統(tǒng)。2004年11月2日，美國選民在弗吉尼亞州阿靈頓縣一個投票站外排隊等待參加大選投票。這是美國弗吉尼亞

5、州阿靈頓縣一個投票站內(nèi)的觸摸屏投票機。2004年美國大選大約有三分之一的投票在這種電子觸摸屏投票系統(tǒng)上進行。11月2日，美國選民在弗吉尼亞州阿靈頓縣一個投票站內(nèi)用電子觸摸屏為大選投票。 In the contemporary United States, the right to vote is a universal right, whereas in the past voting was viewed more as a privilege. In 1787, Constitution did not make a specific requirements, but decided b

6、y the states, states stipulated that white, male, and there is a certain amount of property citizens have the right to vote. In the1830s, most states abolished the restriction who own the property have the right to vote. 在當代美國，投票權(quán)是一項普遍的權(quán)利，而在過去的投票被更多地視為一種特權(quán)。1787年憲法對選民資格沒有做具體規(guī)定，而是由各州決定，各州則一般規(guī)定白人，男性，有一

7、定數(shù)量財產(chǎn)的公民有選舉權(quán)。19世紀30年代，絕大部分州取消了把財產(chǎn)作為享有選舉權(quán)的資格限制。 After the Civil War, according to the 1870 Constitution, the restrictions of race and color was abolished， black men won the right to vote.In the 1920s, the womens movement rising, states relaxed restrictions of gender, women get the right to vote for t

8、he first time. In 1970, Constitution stipulated the conditions of voters : 18 years old, lived in residence for 30 days, a U.S. citizen, a person who didnt be deprived the political power. At this point, the American people finally get the universal suffrage. 南北戰(zhàn)爭之后，根據(jù)1870年憲法修正案，取消了種族，膚色的限制，黑人男性獲得了選

9、舉權(quán)。20世紀20年代，婦女運動高漲，各州放寬了性別限制，婦女第一次取得了選舉權(quán)。1970年的選舉權(quán)法案規(guī)定選民的條件是：年滿18歲，在住所居住滿30天，美國公民，沒有依法被剝奪政治權(quán)利者。至此，美國人民終于基本上取得普選權(quán)。 But in fact, because of the different state laws, there are still some restrictions, such as: There are six states require voters must own property; There are 12 states require beggars,

10、the homeless can not be a voter; There are 19 states require voters must have a certain education; most states have the restriction of residence, requiring stay a number of years in the state. 但事實上，由于各州法律的不同，仍存在一些限制，如：有6個州規(guī)定選民必須擁有財產(chǎn)；有12個州規(guī)定乞丐，流浪者不能成為選民；有19個州規(guī)定選民必須有一定的文化程度；大部分州都有居住地限制，要求在本州居住一定年限.Vot

11、ing In addition to deciding on leaders, voters vote directly on the issues. Nearly half the states allow their citizens to vote for or against state laws and 49 states require a popular vote on any change in the states constitution. When state legislatures put a proposal to the peoples vote instead

12、of deciding matters themselves the vote is called a referendum. 除了決定領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人，選民直接投票的問題。將近一半的州允許他們的公民投票贊成或反對州的法律并且有49個州要求對在該州的憲法的一些變化上讓民眾投票。州立法機關(guān)只是向人民投票提供建議， 而不是決定他們自己事，投票被稱為公民投票。 In addition to a legislatures power to call for a referendum, 23 states allow the people to initiate a referendum from the gra

13、ssroots level without going through a city council decision, state legislature, judicial ruling, or congressional procedure. Advocates for a new law often go door-to-door, collecting signatures on petitions. Once enough signatures are gathered from 1,000 to 60,000 according to jurisdiction the “init

14、iative” is placed on the ballot. 除了一個要求公民投票立法機關(guān)的權(quán)力外，有23個州允許人們開始從基層公投，不通過市議會，州議會，司法裁決，或國會的程序。提倡一項經(jīng)常逐戶上門的新的法律，在請愿書上征集簽名。一旦有足夠的簽名收集從1,000到60,000，按照司法權(quán)，主動權(quán)放置在選票上。 In 1978, Californians initiated and voted to reduce property taxes by half, even though state politicians were firmly against it; in 1994, Ca

15、lifornians stunned the nation by supporting Proposition 187 to deny medical benefits to illegal immigrants and their children. 1978年，加利福利亞州人發(fā)起和投票使財產(chǎn)稅減半，盡管國家政客們堅決反對;在1994，加利福利亞州人他們支持187號提案拒絕非法的移民和他們的孩子提供醫(yī)療福利震驚了全國。 In 1996, 20 states held referenda based upon citizens initiatives; the most prominent w

16、as California Proposition 209 to end Affirmative Action programs for minority students an action with which the US Supreme Court later agreed. While referenda based upon populist petitions are democratic ,the peoples judgment and knowledge of issues might be better served by legislators and professi

17、onal government employees. 1996年，20個州舉行基于公民倡議的公投;最突出的是加州209提案結(jié)束了為少數(shù)民族學生贊助性計劃行動 這一行動后來獲得美國最高法院同意。而基于民粹主義的請愿公投是民主的，通過立法者和專業(yè)的政府雇員,人們的判斷和知識問題可能被得到更好的服務(wù)。 In 2003, Californians voted to recall incumbent Governor Gray Davis and to replace him with Hollywood superstar Arnold Schwarzenegger in a muscular dem

18、onstration of direct democracy ,Votes in eleven states approved of state constitutional amendments banning gay marriage in 2004 and demonstrating popular support for traditional family constructions. 2003年，加州投票罷免現(xiàn)任州長格雷戴維斯，取代他的是以肌肉著名的好萊塢巨星阿諾德施瓦辛格，直接民主支持。2004年在國家批準的11個州投票憲法修正案禁止同性婚姻，體現(xiàn)了對傳統(tǒng)家庭結(jié)構(gòu)的廣泛支持。 A

19、dditional concerns swarm around the question of who votes. In the 1830s, Alexis de Tocqueville wrote glowingly of American democracy: “In countries in which universal suffrage exists, the majority is never doubtful, because neither party can reasonably pretend to represent that portion of the commun

20、ity which has not voted” .Tocqueville could not have imagined that well over half of Americans would regularly abstain from casting their vote at the start of the twenty-first century. 圍繞著那些選票問題的額外關(guān)注蜂擁而上。在19世紀30年代，托克維爾在暢談美國的民主中寫道：“在存在普選的那些國家中，大部分是從來沒有懷疑的，因為任何一方黨派都可以合理地假裝代表那些沒有投票的社區(qū)的一部分”。托克維爾可能沒有想到的是，在二十一世紀的開始已經(jīng)有超過一半的美國人會定期從他們的選票中投棄權(quán)票。 Americans have long agreed on the principle that all citizens have the right to vote; but that in no way implies that Americans see voting as a dut