英語中的句法課件

1、英語中的句法 -周慧娟 第1頁，共49頁。 陳述句 一般疑問句 按用途分- 疑問句 - 特殊疑問句 祈使句 反義疑問句 感嘆句 選擇疑問句句子的分類- 主語從句 賓語從句 名詞性從句- 表語從句 簡單句 同位語從句 并列句 定語從句- 限定性定語從句 按結(jié)構(gòu)分- 非限定性定語從從句 復(fù)合句- 讓步狀語從句 目的狀語從句 地點(diǎn)狀語從句 狀語從句- 時間狀語從句 原因狀語從句 結(jié)果狀語從句 方式狀語從句 條件狀語從句 比較狀語從句第2頁，共49頁。簡單句定義：由一個主語（或并列主語）和一個謂語（或并列謂語）構(gòu)成的句子叫簡單句。E.g. I get up at six in the morning.

2、 My mother and I often go shopping. We help and learn from each other.第3頁，共49頁。簡單句的基本句型簡單句共有六個基本句型。主語+連系動詞+表語（S+V+P） Im a teacher. He looks angry. The weather gets warmer and warmer. The trees turns green.(連系動詞：帶表語表示主語的身份、狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)或特征的動詞叫系動詞。Be動詞/感官系動詞/保持狀態(tài)系動詞keep,remain,etc./漸變狀態(tài)系動詞become, get, turn, g

3、row,etc.)第4頁，共49頁。主語+謂語（S+V） The baby smiled. She dances well.主語+單賓及物動詞+賓語（S+V+O） You must finish your homework on time. The children are watering the flowers. 主語+雙賓及物動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語（S+V+O+O） My mother gave me a dictionary. My mother gave a dictionary to me. (to:給) My mother bought me a dictionary. My

4、mother bought a dictionary for me. (for:為)第5頁，共49頁。主語+及物動詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語 （S+V+O+C） They call him little Tom. (名詞作賓補(bǔ)) We found the room empty. (形容詞作賓補(bǔ)) I saw the children playing in the garden. (現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)) I saw the man knocked down by a car. (過去分詞作賓補(bǔ))There be句型第6頁，共49頁。并列句定義：由并列連詞把兩個或兩個以上的簡單句連在一起構(gòu)成的句子叫做并列句

5、。（有時也可以用分號連接）表示并列關(guān)系的連詞：and, so(也), neither/nor(也不),besides(而且),etc. Mary can swim, so can I. She doesnt like math, neither/nor do I. It is late, besides, Im too tired to go out.第7頁，共49頁。表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連詞：but, however, yet, while(表示對比), etc. She worked hard, yet she still failed. Tom likes coffee, while I pr

6、efer tea.表示選擇關(guān)系的連詞：or, otherwise, or else, etc. Hurry up, or else youll miss the train. 第8頁，共49頁。復(fù)合句名詞性從句定語從句狀語從句第9頁，共49頁。名詞性從句第10頁，共49頁。定義：起名詞作用，作主句的主語、賓語、表語或同位語的句子叫名詞性從句。引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連詞： 從屬連詞：that, if/whether, as if/though, because,etc.連接代詞：who, whom, whose,which, what, whoever, whomever, whichevr, wha

7、tever,etc.連接副詞：when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however, etc.第11頁，共49頁。主語從句定義：在主句中作主語的句子叫主語從句。從屬連詞that引導(dǎo) That she will go is certain. 為了平衡句子，用it作形式主語，將真正的主語that從句放在主句后構(gòu)成 “It is/was that”句型, 共有以下幾種句型。 （that不能省略）It is+形容詞+that主語從句 It is necessary/important that we should help each other.It i

8、s+名詞+that 主語從句 It is a pity that you missed a good changce.It is+過去分詞+that主語從句 It is reported/said/believed/thought/etc.+ that主語從句It seems/appears/happens/turns out+ that主語從句第12頁，共49頁。從屬連詞whether引導(dǎo) Whether he will come or not is still unknown.連接代詞引導(dǎo) What is happening outside doesnt concern me. Who w

9、ill go makes no difference.連接副詞引導(dǎo) When he will come back is not decided yet. Why he didnt go to school is not quite clear.第13頁，共49頁。賓語從句定義：做主句賓語的句子叫賓語從句。 I believe that we will win the game.注意：有些動詞后面的that賓語從句是否定時，否定要轉(zhuǎn)移到主句的謂語動詞上，這種語言現(xiàn)象叫否定轉(zhuǎn)移。（think, believe, expect, consider, etc.）That賓語從句之后有形容詞或名詞作賓語

10、補(bǔ)足語時，用it作形式賓語，將that賓語從句置于句尾。 I think it important that we learn English well. I consider it a pity that we missed the party.第14頁，共49頁。表語從句定義：作主句表語的句子叫表語從句。 The trouble is that I have forgotten her address. He is hungry. That is why he ate so much.第15頁，共49頁。同位語從句定義：跟在表示事實(shí)或抽象的名詞之后，對前面的名詞加以解釋說明的句子叫同位語從

11、句。 The thought that he might fail in the exam worries him. They asked me the question whether the work was worth doing. I have no idea what has happened to him.第16頁，共49頁。定語從句第17頁，共49頁。定義:在復(fù)合句中用來用來修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。先行詞：被定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞。關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞 關(guān)系代詞：Who, whom, whose, which, that, as等 關(guān)系副詞： When,

12、where, why等第18頁，共49頁。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的作用：1、引導(dǎo)作用2、替代作用3、在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)某個成分的作用Those who want to go please sign your names here. This is the house where he was born. Bill, who was here yesterday, asked me a a lot of questions. 第19頁，共49頁。關(guān)系代詞的用法指 代所作成分是否可省略ThatWhichWhoWhomwhose人；物物人人人、物主語；賓語主語；賓語主語；賓語賓語定語作賓語可省作賓語可省作

13、賓語可省可省不可省第20頁，共49頁。關(guān)系副詞的用法指代所作成分是否可省略WhenWherewhy時間狀語否地點(diǎn)狀語否原因狀語否第21頁，共49頁。 判斷下列引導(dǎo)詞在句中的用法 Eg:1.He is such a man who never tells a lie. 2. He is the model worker whom/who we should learn from. 3. A dictionary is a book which often helps us to know the meanings of the words. 4. This is the film which I

14、 like best. 5. The boy whose father is a professor is one of my best friends.指代、所作成分、是否可省略第22頁，共49頁。 6. The house whose roof was blown away by the storm will be rebuilt soon.7. It was 11 oclock when the accident happened last night.8. This is the village where I was brought up.第23頁，共49頁。關(guān)系代詞必須用that的

15、情形1) 先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級所修飾時。2）先行詞被the only,the very,the same,the last修飾時。3) 先行詞是不定代詞all,few,little,much,something,nothing,anything等.4）先行詞被all,any,every,each,few,little,no,some等修飾。5）先行詞既有人又有物時。6) 主句是以who/which引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句第24頁，共49頁。This is the best film that I have ever seen.The first man arrived at the class

16、 was our headteacher.This is the only ticket that I got yesterday.This is the very book that Im looking for.Is there anything that I can do for you?All that you have to do is to press the button.There is no time that we can waste.The car and its driver that knocked down the old lady have been taken

17、to the police station.Who is the man that is standing under the tree?第25頁，共49頁。B. 指物時，作介詞的賓語，關(guān)系代詞只能用which This is the question about which weve had so much discussion.第26頁，共49頁。關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的用法1.Do you still remember the day when we went to visit the museum together?Do you still remember the

18、day on which we went to visit the museum together? 2.This is the factory where my father once worked. This is the factory in which my father once worked. 3.This is the reason why he was late. This is the reason for which he was late.第27頁，共49頁。Summarize:在定語從句中關(guān)系副詞都等于一個適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~加上which，在從句中作狀語When=in/at/o

19、n/+which;Where=in/at/on/+which;Why=for /+which第28頁，共49頁。注意：如果表示時間、地點(diǎn)、原因的先行詞在從句中不是作狀語而是作主語或賓語時，則要用關(guān)系代詞which/that來引導(dǎo)定語從句。This is the park which/that we visited last year.This is the park where we held a birthday party.Thats the date which/that she wont forget for ever. Thats the date when we went to t

20、he college. The reason which/that he gave us was unacceptable. The reason why he was late was still unknown.第29頁，共49頁。限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句定義： 限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的修飾成分，否則主句的意思不完整或不成立。非限制性定語從句只對所修飾的詞作進(jìn)一步的說明，去掉之后主句的意思照樣完整。Compare the following sentences: A man who does not try to learn from others cant achieve

21、 much.Therere many plays (that) Id like to see.This note was left by Xiao Wu, who was just here.第30頁，共49頁。Yesterday Mr Brown paid a visit to Hangzhou, which is famous for its West Lake.They have invited me to visit their country, which is very kind of them. Summarize:1. 限制性定語從句常和先行詞緊密相連；非限制 性定語從句與先行

22、詞之間常用逗號分開。2.非限制性定語從句不能用that來引導(dǎo)。3.非限制性定語從句有時可以用來修飾整個句子。第31頁，共49頁。狀語從句第32頁，共49頁。定義：在復(fù)合句中作主句狀語的句子叫做狀語從句。狀語從句有9種：時間、目的、地點(diǎn)、讓步條件、比較、結(jié)果、方式和原因狀語從句。狀語從句位于主句前時后面加逗號，位于主句后時不加逗號。第33頁，共49頁。1.時間狀語從句引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的連詞有：When, while, as （當(dāng)時） when/as 即可指 “點(diǎn)”時間又可指“段”時間；while 只指 “段”時間 (“點(diǎn)”時間只用瞬間動詞；“段”時間用延續(xù)性動詞) When/while/as S

23、am was reading, his father was listening to the redio. When/as the clock struck twelve, all the lights went out.第34頁，共49頁。once (一旦就) Once you begin, you must continue.as soon as, the moment, the instant, the minute, instantly, immediately （一就 ） The thief ran away as soon as he saw the policeman.no s

24、oonerthan, hardly/scarcelywhen/before (一就)主句用過去完成時，從句用一般過去時 He had no sooner seen me than he ran away. No sooner had he seen me than he ran away. They had hardly/scarcely reached home when/before it rained. Hardly had they reached home when it rained.第35頁，共49頁。until/till （到時為止；直到時才） 兩者可以互換，但若在強(qiáng)調(diào)句中或句

25、首，只用untill.延續(xù)性動詞+untill/till從句：直到止否定的瞬間動詞+untill/till從句：直到才 We waited here untill/till the street lights turned on. We didnt leave here untill/till the street lights turned on.第36頁，共49頁。before/after I must finish the composition before the teacher come. He joined the army after he left school.since/

26、ever since 自從. 主句多用現(xiàn)在完成時，從句用瞬間動詞的一般過去時 He has worked in this school since he graduated from the college/since 2005.every time, each time 每次.都. Every/each time he comes to Beijing, he will see me.Whenever 無論什么時候 Whenever he comes to Beijing, he will see me. 第37頁，共49頁。2.地點(diǎn)狀語從句引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語從句的連詞有：where/wherev

27、er Where there is a will, there is a way. He is welcome wherever he goes. 第38頁，共49頁。3.目的狀語從句引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句的連詞有：so that, in order that 為了. They get up early so that/in order that they can catch the first bus. lest, for fear (that), in case 以防、以免 從句通常用虛擬語氣 Take an umbrella with you in case it (should)rain.

28、They spoke in whisper for fear that they should wake the baby. 第39頁，共49頁。4.原因狀語從句引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句的連詞：because since as for (由左向右語氣漸弱)because:語氣最強(qiáng)，用來表示別人不知道的原因，強(qiáng)調(diào)原因。（注意：回答why的問句，必須用because; 在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中強(qiáng)調(diào)原因的時候必須用because） The swimming pool wont be open today because they are making repairs. Why do you move to Paris?

29、 Because my father work in Paris. It is because he was too careless that he failed in the exam.Since “既然” （表示對方已知的事實(shí)或理由，側(cè)重主句。） Since he cant answer the question, lets ask someone else.第40頁，共49頁。as “由于” （表示明顯的原因，主從句并重） As it is late today, lets talk about it tomorrow.for “因?yàn)椤?（語氣最弱，表示附加或推斷的理由） He mus

30、t be ill, for he is absent today. (推斷) It rained last night, for the ground is wet.now that, seeing that “既然” （與since/as 相當(dāng)，可以互換。） Now that everybody is here, lets begin. Seeing that its raining, you should stay at home.第41頁，共49頁。5.結(jié)果狀語從句引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句的連詞：so, that, so that “所以，結(jié)果” He violated the regulati

31、ons, so he was punished. The mother worries about her son that she hardly sleeps these days. 注意： so, that, so that 既可以引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句又 可引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句，可根據(jù)句子的邏輯關(guān)系來判斷。 We started early so that we could get there on time. We started early, so that we got there on time. (情態(tài)動詞，逗號也是區(qū)別兩種句型的重要信息) 第42頁，共49頁。Sothat/suchth

32、at “如此以致于”SothatSo +形容詞/副詞+that 從句 Mr Brown is so busy that he cant leave his house. He left so quickly that we didnt have time to say goodbye to him.So many/much/few/little/+名詞+that 從句 I made so many mistakes that I failed in the exam. He has so much work to do that he cant go with us.so+形容詞+a/an+單

33、數(shù)名詞+ that從句 He is so kind a man that everybody likes him.第43頁，共49頁。SuchthatSuch+形容詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞+that從句 They are such lovely boys that we all like them.Such+a/an+形容詞+單數(shù)名詞+that（=so+形容詞+a/an+單數(shù)名詞+ that從句) It is such a hot day that I cant sleep. It is so hot a day that I cant sleep.Such +名詞+ that從句 The c

34、hild had such a fever that he nearly died.第44頁，共49頁。6.條件狀語從句引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的連詞和連詞詞組：If “如果” If we start at six, well be there on time. (真實(shí)條件句：主將從現(xiàn)) If you had put on more cloth, you wouldnt have caught a cold. (非真實(shí)條件句：虛擬語氣)Oncondition/provided/providing/suppose/supposing+that從句（suppose/supposing只在疑問句使用） Il

35、l lend you the room provided that you keep it tidy. Suppose that it rains, what shall we do?Unless “除非” You wont succeed unless you work hard. 第45頁，共49頁。in case 假設(shè)，萬一 （作“以免，以防”講時，引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句。） You may call this number in case Im not at home. Take an umbrella with you in case it (should) rain.as long as/ so long as “只要就” As/so long as you k