商務(wù)英語閱讀下冊unit7-77課件

1、 Unit Seven 了解JIT的含義了解JIT的精髓所在理解JIT對現(xiàn)在企業(yè)的意義Teaching ObjectivesJITLean productionLead timeReal time communicationTeaching Emphases Text Fast Reading IFast Reading II Content Pre-reading questions1. Do you know what JIT stands for? 2. Where did JIT originate from? TEXT General Introduction to Logistic

2、s UPPREV.NEXT Typical attention areas of JIT include: * Inventory reduction. * Smaller production lots and sizes. * Quality control. * Complexity reduction and transparency. * Waste minimization. Through the application of Internet and Supply Chain in modern business, companies have extended Just-in

3、-time manufacturing to outside the companies. By demanding from the suppliers to deliver inventory to the factory only when its needed, making JIT manufacturing, ordering and delivery processes even speedier, more flexible and more efficient. In this way, integrated logistics and supply chains are b

4、eing formed. Two basic principles of JIT philosophy are the elimination of waste and improvement of all commercial activities from raw materials to finished product delivery. For both products and processes, JIT focuses on zero inventory, no defects, reduced lead time, and short delivery time. They

5、also focus on smaller lot sizes, employee decision making, supplier involvement, and continuous training. Logistics management plays an equal and important role in JIT activities. The performance of logistics in JIT operations is critical in any context, particularly in an environment where both pro

6、duction and suppliers are spread across the globe. This point is supported by the fact that the success of most JIT operations has depended upon close geographic distance between supplier and manufacturer. In other words, when suppliers are close by or around, lead-time is shorter and transportation

7、 easier to manage. Conversely, when operations are across wide geographies, management of lead times and the supporting logistics is a challenge to JIT operations. Lead-time management in a JIT operation is only one aspect through the supply chain. For JIT to be successful, fundamental changes must

8、occur in areas that include purchasing, manufacturing, distributing and delivering. All must be supported by effective logistics performance. One good JIT operation is smaller size. Although a benefit may be achieved in the area of inventory, a greater expense may be incurred in other areas. For exa

9、mple, smaller lot sizes mean more frequent purchase orders, which will create overload in the purchasing group. JIT principles solve this issue of workload by having an agreed schedule with various suppliers. Needless to say, great potential exists for enhancing the performance with logistics techni

10、ques. In order to operate a schedule-based program with suppliers, logistics must be in a position to coordinate directly with those suppliers. In most cases this is done through a Third Party Logistics (3PL). With this type of operation, the 3PL has to follow-up schedules, coordinate with a number

11、of suppliers, and communicate with all the parties involved. Clearly, coordination of multiple suppliers in this context is very important, particularly as it relates to real-time communication, feedback, supplier performance, shipment prioritization, and orders management. Another goal of JIT is th

12、e elimination of inspections. This is reasonable to achieve in a domestic environment, but it is difficult with international operations. Issues regarding product quality, piece count, weight, and documentation must be addressed before goods leave suppliers factories. It usually assigns logistics an

13、d 3PLs to verify the above points before goods are delivered. Although inspection prior to export will not eliminate product defects, logistics will contribute to minimizing the number of defects. Once merchandise enters the logistics chain, returning process is very difficult and expensive to handl

14、e. JIT operations cannot afford to have compromised shipments at the port of destination. By that time, payables may have been triggered, duties paid, and both materials and capacity are there in the place. If inbound shipments are successfully checked, which includes checking products and process-r

15、elated quality, the need for future inspection can be reduced or shortened. However, for this process to work effectively, operations must be agreed upon in advance between buyer, supplier, and 3PL. Successful supply chain management recognizes the true nature of functional relationships, identifies

16、 key points of interdependency in the chain, and implements mechanisms that will maximize the probability of successful operations. Logistics certainly makes a tangible contribution to JIT application. Just-In-time philosophy originates from Japanese manufacturing organizations and has extended into

17、 the whole process of production from raw materials selection, procurement, manufacturing, till finished product delivery. It also involves all the parties in the whole process to contribute to JIT application. Just in Time 即時(shí)生產(chǎn)（JIT）最先由日本豐田汽車公司的Taiichi Ohno于上個(gè)世紀(jì)70年代初期提出,它是一種生產(chǎn)管理哲學(xué)。JIT要求物料供應(yīng)部門只有在裝配流程

18、需要時(shí)才向組裝廠提供零配件，從而減少浪費(fèi)。JIT理論的核心是看板管理（Kanban），Kanban是日語“卡片”的意思。 當(dāng)生產(chǎn)/裝配線上的原材料、零部件耗盡時(shí)，就會(huì)將Kanban送到倉庫，要求倉儲(chǔ)部門按照Kanban標(biāo)明的定量提供原料、配件。 JIT對精度的要求很高，即正確的部件必須即時(shí)地抵達(dá)準(zhǔn)確的地點(diǎn)（裝配線）。它主要應(yīng)用于大規(guī)模重復(fù)生產(chǎn)流程。 Language pointsUPPREV.NEXT 即時(shí)生產(chǎn)的理論架構(gòu)認(rèn)為，庫存是規(guī)劃不當(dāng)、生產(chǎn)僵硬、設(shè)備錯(cuò)誤以及質(zhì)量問題的一個(gè)可憐借口， JIT的目標(biāo)就是要在盡可能減少庫存的同時(shí)，提高顧客需求反應(yīng)速度。 庫存雖然有助于快速應(yīng)對不斷變化的顧客需求

19、，但是不可避免地將增加成本以及對營運(yùn)資金的需求?，F(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)和競爭的要求, 已經(jīng)使JIT擴(kuò)展到從原材料的采購到生產(chǎn)再到消費(fèi)者手里的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)和過程中, 因此對各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)直接的及時(shí)溝通和緊密配合就顯得尤為重要和關(guān)鍵。UPPREV.NEXT lead time 原指完成一項(xiàng)活動(dòng)所需要的時(shí)間。這種活動(dòng)通常指物料和產(chǎn)品的獲得,包括訂單準(zhǔn)備時(shí)間、排隊(duì)時(shí)間、加工時(shí)間、搬運(yùn)時(shí)間或運(yùn)輸時(shí)間、接收和檢測時(shí)間。我們可以理解為生產(chǎn)周期，即訂貨到交貨的時(shí)間。Language pointsUPPREV.NEXTdelivery time 交貨時(shí)間,在船運(yùn)的階段, 指的是貨物上船離開交貨港口的準(zhǔn)確日期，即船期。 Language

20、 pointsUPPREV.NEXTlot size 在物料計(jì)劃中，通過它來決定怎樣計(jì)算將要購買或產(chǎn)生的物料的數(shù)量。生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃中一方面是數(shù)量上的計(jì)劃lot size, 另一方面就是時(shí)間的安排schedule。 Language pointsPREV.NEXTUP real-time communication 實(shí)時(shí)通訊，為了確保信息不在傳遞的過程中延誤而采取的通訊方法，現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)通過IT技術(shù)來保證實(shí)時(shí)通訊的完成。Language pointsUPPREV.NEXTlean production 1990年，James Womack出版了改變世界的機(jī)器（The Machine that Change

21、d the World）一書，率先提出了“精益制造”（Lean Manufacturing）的概念， 有時(shí)也稱作為“精益生產(chǎn)”（Lean Production）。 精益生產(chǎn)，以豐田汽車公司為代表的新的資本主義生產(chǎn)方式。其主要特征是對市場變化的快速反應(yīng)能力、同一條流水線可以生產(chǎn)不同的產(chǎn)品、適時(shí)供應(yīng)、多技能和具有團(tuán)隊(duì)精神的勞動(dòng)力、對生產(chǎn)過程不斷改進(jìn)的動(dòng)力與能力。 Language pointsUPPREV.NEXTeliminate- vt. 排除, 消除 e.g. the efforts to eliminate the racial discrimination 消除種族歧視的努力Langua

22、ge pointsUPPREV.NEXTafford- v. 提供, 給予 e.g. I cant afford an hour for lunch. 我抽不出一小時(shí)吃午飯compromise- n. v. 妥協(xié), 折衷 e.g. a compromise of morality. 道德的淪喪Language pointsUPPREV.NEXTturnover- n. 流通量, 營業(yè)額, 周轉(zhuǎn)Language pointsUPPREV.NEXTapproach- n. v. 接近, 方法 e.g. The performance approaches perfection. 性能近乎完美Lan

23、guage pointsUPPREV.NEXTassign- vt. 分配, 指派 e.g. The hardest work was assigned to the strongest laborers. 最繁重的工作分配給最強(qiáng)壯的勞工。Language pointsUPPREV.NEXTaccomplish- v. 完成, 達(dá)到, 實(shí)現(xiàn) e.g. to accomplish a purpose 達(dá)到目的Language pointsUPPREV.NEXToriginate- vt. 引起, 發(fā)起, 創(chuàng)辦 vi. 起源, 發(fā)生 e.g. originate the practice of m

24、onthly reports. 開創(chuàng)了每月報(bào)告的慣例 All theories originate from practice and in turn serve practice. 任何理論都來源于實(shí)踐,反過來又為實(shí)踐服務(wù)。Language pointsUPPREV.NEXTverify- v. 校驗(yàn), 核實(shí) e.g. conducted experiments to verify the hypothesis 實(shí)驗(yàn)以證實(shí)這個(gè)假設(shè)Language pointsUPPREV.NEXT1. Which industry did JIT originate from at first？ Just-

25、In-Time (JIT) is a Japanese management philosophy which has been firstly applied in Japanese manufacturing organizations.It was developed in Toyota manufacturing plants by Taiichi Ohno as a means of meeting consumer demands with minimum delays. I. Answer the following questions based on the text.Ref

26、erenceI. Answer the following questions based on the text.2. What is the significance of JIT application?Just-in-time (JIT) is defined as a philosophy of manufacturing based on planned elimination of all waste and on continuous improvement of productivity.It also has been described as an approach wi

27、th the objective of producing the right part in the right place at the right time, in other words, “just in time”. ReferenceI. Answer the following questions based on the text.3.What areas does JIT cover in the whole process of production?Typical attention areas of JIT include: Inventory reduction.

28、Smaller production lots and sizes. Quality control. Complexity reduction and transparency. Waste minimization. ReferenceI. Answer the following questions based on the text. 4.What are the two basic principles of JIT philosophy?Two basic principles of JIT philosophy are the elimination of waste and i

29、mprovement of all commercial activities from raw materials to finished product delivery. . ReferenceI. Answer the following questions based on the text.5. What does JIT mean in logistics and supply chain management?By demanding from the suppliers to deliver inventory to the factory only when its nee

30、ded, making JIT manufacturing, ordering and delivery processes even speedier, more flexible and more efficient. In this way, integrated logistics and supply chains are being formed.Reference6. Who can contribute to the JIT application? Through the application of Internet and Supply Chain in modernbu

31、siness, companies have extended Just-in-time manufacturing tooutside the companies. I. Answer the following questions based on the text.Reference1. JIT2. productivity 3. transparency 4. lead-time 5. Interdependency 6. lean 7. complexity 8. lean production 9. faulty production 10. workload a. the amo

32、unt of work assigned to or expected from a worker in a specified time period b. products found to be defective c. containing little excess or waste d. difficult to understand or explain e. renamed as stockless production f. a Japanese philosophy of manufacturing based on planned elimination of all w

33、aste and on continuous improvement of productivity g. amount of output created in terms of goods produced or services h. considered to be a good character as it shields people from complexity i. the period between a customers order and delivery of the final product j. depending heavily on each other

34、 II. Read the following terms and match each with its proper definition. 1. f 2. g 3. h 4. i 5. j 6. c 7. d 8. e 9. b 10. a Just-in-time (JIT) is defined as a philosophy of manufacturing based on planned elimination of all waste and on continuous improvement of productivity.It also has been describe

35、d as an approach with the objective of producing the right part in the right place at the right time, in other words, “just in time”. Waste results from any activity that adds cost without adding value, such as the unnecessary moving of materials, the excess inventory, or the use of faulty productio

36、n that s requires rework. JIT (also known as lean production or stockless production) should improve profits and return on investment by reducing inventory levels, increase the inventory turnover rate, improve product quality, reduce production lead time and delivery time.III. Translate the followin

37、g passage into Chinese 即時(shí)生產(chǎn)是一種基于減少廢品，持續(xù)提高生產(chǎn)效率的管理哲學(xué)。通常描述為,在要求的時(shí)間內(nèi),在合適的地點(diǎn),生產(chǎn)出合格的產(chǎn)品的一種方法。不合格的產(chǎn)品可能來自于任何增加了成本而未創(chuàng)造價(jià)值的環(huán)節(jié)中，例如不必要的物料移動(dòng)，過多的庫存，以及由于使用了不合格的產(chǎn)品而造成的再加工等。即時(shí)生產(chǎn)也被稱為精益生產(chǎn)或無庫存生產(chǎn)，通過降低庫存水平，提高庫存周轉(zhuǎn)率，提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，減少生產(chǎn)時(shí)間和交貨時(shí)間等方式來提高利潤和投資回報(bào)率。 Reference1. 即時(shí)生產(chǎn)是一種基于減少廢品，持續(xù)提高生產(chǎn)效率的管理哲學(xué)。 Just-in-time (JIT) is defined as a

38、philosophy of manufacturing based on planned elimination of all waste and on continuous improvement of productivity.IV. Please put the following sentences into English.Reference2.即時(shí)生產(chǎn)最初應(yīng)用于日本的生產(chǎn)制造企業(yè)。 JIT was firstly applied in Japanese manufacturing organizations.IV. Please put the following sentence

39、s into English.Reference3. 即時(shí)生產(chǎn)強(qiáng)調(diào)零庫存, 零缺陷,降低生產(chǎn)周期, 縮短交貨時(shí)間。JIT focuses on zero inventory, no defects, reduced lead time, and short delivery time. IV. Please put the following sentences into English.Reference4.即時(shí)生產(chǎn)的另一個(gè)重要目的是排除檢驗(yàn)。 Another goal of JIT is the elimination of inspections. IV. Please put the

40、following sentences into English.Reference5.即時(shí)生產(chǎn)的理念已延伸至整個(gè)生產(chǎn)過程。 Just-In-time philosophy has extended into the whole process of production. IV. Please put the following sentences into English.ReferenceFocus on Public Transportation Fast Reading I UPPREV.NEXT The government is gearing up to play a bigg

41、er role in developing public transportation, according to a document jointly released by four ministries on Saturday. The document, released by the National Development and Reform Commission and the ministries of construction, finance and labour and social security, describes the development of publ

42、ic transportation as a priority and calls for favourable policies to promote its expansion. Qiu Baoxing, vice-minister of construction, said at the National Conference of Public Transport Development on Saturday that public transportation is the surest way to ease traffic congestion, which has plagu

43、ed Chinas major cities in recent years. The document says the government should be the main investor in construction projects in the public transportation sector. It calls on the government to set up investment, subsidy and compensation systems to promote its development The central government is al

44、so looking to subsidize public transport enterprises to offset the burden of future increases in petroleum prices. The government will also do an annual audit and appraisal of public transport enterprises operations and implement a performance-based subsidy system to reward those enterprises that do

45、 well in the appraisals. Qiu said the average speed of vehicles on Beijing s main roads had fallen by half in the past decade, and that 60 per cent of the citys main intersections suffer from serious traffic congestion. The rapid increase in the number of automobiles on the roads has placed great pr

46、essure on Beijings traffic conditions, resources and environment, said Ji Lin, vice-mayor of Beijing. Treating the development of public transportation as a priority is one of the citys long-term strategies.” Ji said the number of vehicles plying Beijings streets has hit 2.82 million and is still in

47、creasing at the rapid rate of 1,000 new cars per day. It is unrealistic to attempt to resolve the citys traffic jams simply by widening roads because any effort to widen the roads would lag behind the increase in automobiles, said Wang Fengwu, an official with the Ministry of Construction. Wang said

48、 the ministry wanted public transportation to account for a third of the transportation available in the countrys main cities within the next five years. At present, public transportation accounts for only about 10 per cent. Wang said the ministry was considering changing the traffic signal system i

49、n some cities to favour public transportation. For example, buses could get longer green lights at intersections. According to statistics from the World Bank , the average speed of vehicles on the main roads between Beijings second and third ring roads during rush hours fell to 10 kilometre-per-hour

50、 (kph) last year from 45 kph in 1994. That is slower than bicycles. The economic losses caused by traffic congestion reached 250 billion Yuan (US$31.25 billion), accounting for 2 per cent of the years GDP 1.( ) According to a joint-release, the public is recognized to play an important role in trans

51、portation. 2.( ) Chinese government should be the main investor in construction projects.3.( ) The average speed of vehicles on Beijings main roads had fallen in the past decade, and 60 per cent of the past in terms of speed. 4. ( ) Treating the development of public transportation as a priority is

52、one of the citys long-term strategies.5. ( ) The national economy is geared up by more automobiles on the road according to the article. I. Determine whether the following statements are True or False according to the text. Write “T” for true and “F” for false in the brackets.1.F 2.T 3.F 4.T 5.F1. A

53、ccording to the 4 ministries, _ is a favorable policy to promote national expansion. A. manufacturing of vehicleB. public road constructionC. rapid increase in the number of automobilesD. development of public transportationII. Choose the best answer to complete each of the sentences.2. _ causes the

54、 economic losses of China nowadays along the development. A. Disordered investment B. The policies from the 4 national ministries C. Traffic congestion D. Public roads construction II. Choose the best answer to complete each of the sentences.3. The government promotes its traffic development through

55、 _. A. national investment B. government subsidy C. setting up traffic priority D. investment, subsidy and compensation systems II. Choose the best answer to complete each of the sentences.4. _ is plaguing Chinas major cities in recent years from the article. A. Public transportation B. Too many aut

56、omobiles on road C. Government subsidy and compensation on traffic D. Traffic congestion II. Choose the best answer to complete each of the sentences.5. The central government subsidized public transport enterprises _.A. to ease the public traffic burden B. to widen the public roadsC. as a long term

57、 strategy D. to offset the burden of future increases in petroleum prices II. Choose the best answer to complete each of the sentences.Premium Freight Makes JIT FitFast Reading IIUPPREV.NEXT Just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing is a tremendous advantage when everything works perfectly. But what happens

58、when the supply chain falls out of sync - when an overseas supplier has equipment problems, environmental factors delay deliveries, or defective parts are discovered on the assembly line? How do suppliers avoid chaos and keep JIT production rolling?UPPREV.NEXT One solution is premium freight - last-

59、minute rush shipments to bring in materials or components. Manufacturers generally view premium freight as a costly, but unavoidable, nuisance. But they see these shipments only as a large number of one-time events. Because its a given that premium freight will always be part of the manufacturing pr

60、ocess, especially with the proliferation of JIT plants, companies should use the service strategically.UPPREV.NEXT Companies should employ advanced planning that makespremium freight an integral part of the production process. Thisensures maintenance of the customers schedule and budget, andreduces