LessonFourteen

1、Lesson FourteenCommercial Law2022/7/261法律英語保險法Background 保險制度是近代資本主義發(fā)展的產(chǎn)物product，起始于海上保險marine insurance，后來又有了火災(zāi)保險fire insurance和人壽保險life insurance等。在保險法規(guī)方面，歐洲大陸國家發(fā)展較早，而英國到1906年才頒布了“海上保險法”。.美國沒有全國統(tǒng)一的保險法,各州的保險法雖不完全相同，但一般都包括保險公司的成立、保險業(yè)的財務(wù)監(jiān)督、投保人的利益保護等方面的內(nèi)容。各州還設(shè)有專門管理保險業(yè)的行政部門。2022/7/262法律英語在現(xiàn)代美國社會中，保險種類也

2、異常繁多，除了常見的健康保險（Health Insurance)、人壽保險(Life Insurance)、海上保險(Marine Insurance)、火災(zāi)保險(Fire Insurance)、汽車保險(Automobile Insurance)、旅行意外保險（Travel Accident Insurance)等外，還有疾_病保險（Sickness Insurance)、殘廢保險(Disability Insurance)、失業(yè)保險（Unemployment Insurance), 罷工保險（Strike Insurance)、公務(wù)員保險（Government Employee Insur

3、ance)、家畜保險(Livestock Insurance)、雨水保險（Rain Insurance)、冰雹保險（Hail Insurance)等等。美國人的保險意識極強,特別是健康保險,幾乎人人都有。這大概因為美國的醫(yī)療費用太昂責(zé)。2022/7/263法律英語BackgroundCommercial Law ：All the law which applies to the rights, relations and conduct of persons and businesses engaged in commerce, merchandising商品銷售, trade and sal

4、es.In recent years this body of law has been codified in the Uniform Commercial Code統(tǒng)一商法典, which has been almost universally adopted by the states. (/)2022/7/264法律英語Commercial law 商法State law 州法律The National Conference of Commissioners委員；理事 on Uniform State Laws 統(tǒng)一各州法律全國代表大會The Uniform Commercial Co

5、de2022/7/265法律英語A set of statutes governing the conduct of business, sales, warranties保證, negotiable instruments商業(yè)票據(jù), loans secured by personal property以個人財產(chǎn)擔(dān)保的貸款 and other commercial matters, which has been adopted with minor variations by all states except Louisiana.(/)The Uniform Commercial Code

6、統(tǒng)一商法典2022/7/266法律英語General Provisions 總 則 Sales & Leases 銷售與租賃Negotiable Instruments 商業(yè)票據(jù)Bank Deposit and Collections 銀行存款和托收 Funds Transfers 資金過戶Letters of Credit 信用證 2022/7/267法律英語Bulk Transfers 大宗轉(zhuǎn)讓 Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title倉單、提單和其它所有權(quán)憑證 Investment Securitie

7、s 投資證券Secured Transactions 擔(dān)保交易2022/7/268法律英語Part one Article 1, Section 8第一條，第八款 of the Constitution (commercial clause)The Congress shall have power to “regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes”國會有權(quán)“規(guī)制與外國的商業(yè)活動，州際商業(yè)活動，以及與印第安部落的商業(yè)活動?！?022/7/269

8、法律英語The brevity of this clause belies the factIts interpretation has played a significant role in shaping the concepts of federalism and the permissible uses of national power throughout our history.這一條款的簡短性掩飾了一個事實，即:這一條款的解釋在歷史上聯(lián)邦主義概念的形成和允許的國家權(quán)力的運用方面起了重要作用。2022/7/2610法律英語The federal governmentWas gr

9、anted neither a general police power nor the inherent right to act on any subject matter in order to promote the health, safety or welfare of the people throughout the nation.聯(lián)邦政府既沒有被賦予一般公共權(quán)力，也沒有被賦予改善全國人民健康、安全或社會福利方面的天生的行為權(quán)利。The framer(法律)起草人 did grant Congress a power to regulate commerce. 憲法制定者們確實

10、賦予了國會規(guī)制商務(wù)活動的權(quán)力。2022/7/2611法律英語Federalism 聯(lián)邦制度 The power over commerce 管理商業(yè)活動的權(quán)力 might include the power to promote the economic welfare of the citizens throughout the country.增加經(jīng)濟福利2022/7/2612法律英語The grant of power also may be viewed as committing this subject matter to交給；托付 Congress and removing so

11、me of the powers of the states to deal with local matters 給予國會權(quán)力也可以被看成是將這些事項交給國會，并取消州管理地方事務(wù)的某些權(quán)力。2022/7/2613法律英語It can been seen that Absent some further restriction upon the power, it might indeed be the functional equivalent of a generalized “police power” because much of the activity which takes

12、place within the country, and even within a single state, might be said to relate to economic issues and problems.人們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，缺少對國會權(quán)力的進一步限制，這種權(quán)力可能就相當(dāng)于一般化的“公共權(quán)力”，因為許多發(fā)生在美國甚至于某個州內(nèi)的行為都可能與經(jīng)濟問題有關(guān)。2022/7/2614法律英語A broad reading of the clause would not only grant a sweeping power to the federal government but i

13、t would also restrict the ability of individual states to adopt laws which burden the forms of commerce which were committed to the control of the federal government. 對該條款的廣義解釋，不僅賦予了聯(lián)邦政府廣泛的權(quán)力，而且限制了各州采用涉及到由聯(lián)邦政府控制的商務(wù)形式的法律的能力。2022/7/2615法律英語The history of the commerce clause adjudication 商務(wù)條款裁決的歷史The d

14、evelopment of doctrines supporting a specific federal power支撐特定聯(lián)邦權(quán)力原則的發(fā)展史The history of the concepts of federalism聯(lián)邦制度概念的發(fā)展史2022/7/2616法律英語Today the Court will uphold the decisions of Congress支持國會決定So long as there is some rational argument for finding that the items that the Congress regulates fall

15、 within the commerce power.只要有合理的證據(jù)證明，國會管理的事項在商務(wù)權(quán)力的范圍之內(nèi)，最高法院將支持國會的決定。2022/7/2617法律英語Part TwoThe Supreme Court today interprets the commerce clause as a complete grant of power. 現(xiàn)在，聯(lián)邦最高法院將商務(wù)條款解釋為一種完全的授權(quán)。2022/7/2618法律英語The Tenth Amendment is no longer viewed as a reservation of certain subjects for st

16、ate regulation.憲法第10修正案不再被看作是對州就某些事項進行管制的保留。2022/7/2619法律英語Amendment XThe powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. 憲法未授予合眾國、也未禁止各州行使的權(quán)力，由各州各自保留，或由人民保留。X2022/7/2620法律英語Once the justice

17、s began to define the commerce power as an independent grant of power rather than in terms of the Tenth Amendment, the production-commerce and direct-indirect distinctions soon passed away消逝.一旦大法官們將商務(wù)權(quán)力界定為獨立授權(quán)而不是第10修正案中的授權(quán)，生產(chǎn)-商業(yè)和直接-間接的區(qū)分很快就失去了意義。2022/7/2621法律英語The Court now will defer to the legisla

18、tures choice of economic rationale; the possible economic impact of an activity on commerce among the states will bring it within this power.最高法院將遵從立法機關(guān)對經(jīng)濟原理的選擇；聯(lián)邦政府一項行為對州際商務(wù)可能產(chǎn)生的經(jīng)濟影響，將使該行為在聯(lián)邦政府的權(quán)力范圍之內(nèi)。2022/7/2622法律英語 The old concepts of physical connection to commerce and the “current of commerce”

19、theories have been discarded as inappropriate judicial restrictions on the commerce power.與商業(yè)有實質(zhì)聯(lián)系的概念“商業(yè)流”理論對商務(wù)權(quán)力形成不恰當(dāng)?shù)南拗票粧仐?022/7/2623法律英語The Court has finally returned to Marshalls definition of commerce among the states as that which concerns more states than one.最高法院最終采納了馬歇爾的州際商業(yè)活動定義，即涉及到一個以上州的商

20、務(wù)活動是州際商務(wù)活動。John Marshall(1755 - 1835)2022/7/2624法律英語The justices will defer to the legislative choices in this area and uphold laws if there is a rational basis upon which Congress could find a relation between its regulation and commerce.如果國會有合理的根據(jù)，能夠找出其法規(guī)與商業(yè)之間的關(guān)系，那么法官將遵從立法機關(guān)的在這一領(lǐng)域的選擇，并支持該法律。2022/7

21、/2625法律英語Modern Commerce Power Tests現(xiàn)代商務(wù)權(quán)力檢驗標(biāo)準(zhǔn)The Modern Delegation of Power Doctrine現(xiàn)代授權(quán)原則Motive動機2022/7/2626法律英語Modern Commerce Power Tests現(xiàn)代商務(wù)權(quán)力檢驗標(biāo)準(zhǔn)1.國會能夠就允許州際旅游和航運制定法律、條件和限制，；2.國會可以規(guī)制任何與商業(yè)有緊密或?qū)嵸|(zhì)聯(lián)系的行為，；3.如果 “必須且合適”，國會可以規(guī)制對商業(yè)本無影響的單一州的活動。2022/7/2627法律英語The Modern Delegation of Power Doctrine現(xiàn)代授權(quán)原則“

22、Delegation” to States or the Executive Branch向州政府或行政部門的授權(quán)Congress may pass laws that allow states to independently regulate interstate commerce國會可以通過法律允許州獨立規(guī)制州際商務(wù)。2022/7/2628法律英語Such laws involve a federal adoption of varying structures for commerce rather than any unconstitutional delegation of the

23、 commerce power to the states. 這些法律涉及聯(lián)邦采用各種貿(mào)易結(jié)構(gòu)，而沒有任何違反憲法地將商務(wù)權(quán)力授予各州的行為。2022/7/2629法律英語The political process in modern times現(xiàn)代政治進程 Has resulted in federal control of wide variety of intrastate州內(nèi) and multistate多州的 commercial matters; it has become impossible for the Congress to define with precision t

24、he scope and meaning of its commercial statutes.現(xiàn)代政治進程使得聯(lián)邦控制了廣泛的州內(nèi)和州際事務(wù)，國會已無法準(zhǔn)確定義商務(wù)法規(guī)的內(nèi)涵和外延范圍和意義。2022/7/2630法律英語The past half century has witnessed見證Increased congressional use of federal executive agencies to administer federal statutes and to promulgate regulations which effectuate legislative pol

25、icies.半個世紀(jì)以來，國會越來越多地運用聯(lián)邦行政機構(gòu)，由它們管理聯(lián)邦法律、頒布履行立法政策的行政法規(guī)。2022/7/2631法律英語The Congress may delegate both rulemaking and administrative functions to the executive branch or agencies it establishes.國會可以授權(quán)它所建立的行政部門或機構(gòu)制定行政法規(guī)和進行行政管理。2022/7/2632法律英語The Supreme Court will allow Congress to share its legislative

26、power with the executive branch by delegating aspects of that power to executive agencies.最高法院允許國會通過授權(quán)行政機構(gòu)將部分立法權(quán)分配給行政部門。2022/7/2633法律英語Such legislative delegations will be upheld unless Congress abdicates one of its powers to the executive agency or fails to give legislative definition of the scope

27、of the agencys power. 這種立法性授權(quán)將得到最高法院的支持，除非國會將某項權(quán)力放棄給行政機關(guān)，或者沒有就該行政機關(guān)的權(quán)力范圍給出立法性界定。2022/7/2634法律英語If Congress were to grant a private group the power to control its competitors, 如果國會想授予一個私人集團控制其競爭者的權(quán)力，There might be a procedural problem regarding whether the persons regulated were deprived of due proce

28、ss by being subject to the will of entities with interests contrary to theirs.就會出現(xiàn)程序問題，涉及到那些被規(guī)制的人是否因為必須服從于與其利益對立的實體的意志而被剝奪了正當(dāng)程序（權(quán)利）。2022/7/2635法律英語MotiveIf Congress is regulating an activity that may be deemed to come under the three-part test for the commerce power, the motive of the Congress in pa

29、ssing the regulation is irrelevant.如果國會管制的行為被認(rèn)為是符合商務(wù)權(quán)力的三個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，那么國會制定該法規(guī)的動機是無關(guān)緊要的。2022/7/2636法律英語Motive Congress may exercise its commerce power for clearly noncommercial reasons.國會可以出于明顯的非商業(yè)理由行使其商務(wù)權(quán)力。健康法規(guī)刑法民權(quán)法2022/7/2637法律英語If There is a rational basis for finding a sufficient relationship between the

30、 regulation and commerce , the act is within the commerce power.如果有根據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn)法規(guī)與商務(wù)活動之間存在足夠聯(lián)系，那么該法規(guī)就在商務(wù)權(quán)力范圍之內(nèi)。regulationcommerceThe law must be upheld2022/7/2638法律英語Part Three The legal profession, under the leadership of the American Law Institute, has suggested comprehensive codes of laws to be adopted b

31、y the states. 法律界人士在美國法學(xué)會的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，建議各州采納綜合的法典。2022/7/2639法律英語Uniform Commercial Code 統(tǒng)一各州法律全國代表大會美國法學(xué)會發(fā)起、并指導(dǎo)統(tǒng)一商法典的準(zhǔn)備2022/7/2640法律英語In 1942, the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC統(tǒng)一商法典) was designed as a joint project between the American Law Institute and the National Conference of commissioners. 全國代表大會It too

32、k ten years for the appointed editorial board編委會 and drafting committees起草委員會 to produce an official text正式文本.2022/7/2641法律英語All fifty states and the District of Columbia and the Virgin Islands have adopted the UCC in whole or in part.所有五十個州和哥倫比亞特區(qū)以及維爾京群島全部或部分通過了統(tǒng)一商法典Louisiana has adopted only Artic

33、les 1,3,4 and 5.路易斯安那州通過了統(tǒng)一商法典的第一、三、四和第五條。Louisiana2022/7/2642法律英語General Provision 總則Sales 買賣Commercial Paper 商業(yè)票據(jù)Bank Deposit and Collections 銀行存款和收款 Letters of Credit 信用證 Bulk Transfers 大宗轉(zhuǎn)讓 Documents of Title 所有權(quán)憑證 Investment Securities 投資證券Secured Transactions 擔(dān)保交易Effective Date and Repealer 生效

34、日期和廢止2022/7/2643法律英語UCCExpands and codifies the law merchant and common law in order to modernize , clarify, standardize, and liberalize the rules. 擴大商業(yè)習(xí)慣法和普通法，并將其編撰成法典，以促進其現(xiàn)代化，并闡述其法規(guī)，使之標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、自由化。2022/7/2644法律英語The codes Also helps to clarify the legal relationship of the parties in modern commercial transactions.統(tǒng)一商法典還有助于明確現(xiàn)代商務(wù)交易中當(dāng)事人間的法律關(guān)系。2022/7/2645法律英語UCCHelp determine the intentions of the parities to a commercial contrac