拒絕轉(zhuǎn)基因食品的十個(gè)理由

1、10 REASONS WHY we dont need GM foods拒絕轉(zhuǎn)基因食品的十個(gè)理由來(lái)源：banGM翻譯：雅慧嘉林With the cost of food skyrocketing - hitting not just shoppers but the poor and hungry in the developing world - genetically modified (GM) foods are once again being promoted as the way to feed the world. But this is little short of a co

2、nfidence trick. Far from needing more GM foods, there are urgent reasons why we need to ban them altogether.隨著食品價(jià)格飛漲，不僅消費(fèi)者還包括發(fā)展中國(guó)家貧窮而饑餓的人們都受此打擊。轉(zhuǎn)基 因食品以其提供食物的方式而再被推崇。然而這并不是保險(xiǎn)的策略，相反，我們應(yīng)當(dāng)聯(lián)合抵 制轉(zhuǎn)基因食品而不是加大對(duì)其的需求量。緊要原因如下：GM foods wont solve the food crisis轉(zhuǎn)基因食品不會(huì)解決食品危機(jī)A 2008 World Bank report concluded that

3、 increased biofuel production is the major cause of the increase in food prices,1GM giant Monsanto has been at the heart of the lobbying for biofuels (crops grown for fuel rather than food) while profiting enormously from the resulting food crisis and using it as a PR opportunity to promote GM foods

4、!2008年世界銀行報(bào)告總結(jié)出食品價(jià)格上漲的主要原因是生物燃料生產(chǎn)的增加1。轉(zhuǎn)基 因巨頭孟山都曾經(jīng)是生物燃料(農(nóng)作物主要用作燃料而非食物)游說(shuō)的核心一一與此同時(shí)， 孟山都從由此導(dǎo)致的糧食危機(jī)中獲得巨額利潤(rùn)并以此作為推銷(xiāo)其轉(zhuǎn)基因食品的機(jī)會(huì)?！癟he climate crisis was used to boost biofuels, helping to create the food crisis; and now the food crisis is being used to revive the fortunes of the GM industry. Daniel Howden, Af

5、rica correspondent of The Independent2氣候危機(jī)曾被用來(lái)推動(dòng)生物燃料的生產(chǎn)，進(jìn)而產(chǎn)生糧食危機(jī)；如今糧食危機(jī)又被用來(lái)促 進(jìn)轉(zhuǎn)基因行業(yè)的復(fù)蘇Daniel Howden,英國(guó)獨(dú)立報(bào)非洲通訊員2“The cynic in me thinks that theyre just using the current food crisis and the fuel crisis as a springboard to push GM crops back on to the public agenda. I understand why theyre do ing it,

6、 but the danger is that if theyre making these claims about GM crops solving the problem of drought or feeding the world, thats bullshit. - Prof Denis Murphy, head of biotechnology at the University of Glamorgan in Wales3“我憤世嫉俗的一面讓我覺(jué)得他們只是利用當(dāng)前的糧食危機(jī)和燃料危機(jī)作為跳板，推動(dòng) 轉(zhuǎn)基因作物重回公共議程。我知道他們?yōu)槭裁催@樣做，但問(wèn)題是他們聲稱(chēng)轉(zhuǎn)基因作物能解決

7、 干旱問(wèn)題和糧食危機(jī)，這是胡說(shuō)?！盌enis Murphy威爾士格拉摩根大學(xué)生物科技教授3GM crops do not increase yield potential轉(zhuǎn)基因食品不會(huì)增加土地潛在生產(chǎn)力Despite the promises, GM has not increased the yield potential of any commercialised crops,4In fact, studies show that the most widely grown GM crop, GM soya, has suffered reduced yields,5A report th

8、at analyzed nearly two decades worth of peer reviewed research on the yield of the primary GM food/feed crops, soybeans and corn (maize), reveals that despite 20 years of research and 13 years of commercialization, genetic engineering has failed to significantly increase US crop yields. The author,

9、former US EPA and US FDA biotech specialist Dr Gurian-Sherman, concludes that when it comes to yield, Traditional breeding outperforms genetic engineering hands down. 6與承諾相反，商業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)基因作物并未增加任何的潛在產(chǎn)量。4事實(shí)上調(diào)查表明最為廣泛 種植的轉(zhuǎn)基因作物一一轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆反而遭受了產(chǎn)量的減少。5有報(bào)道分析了近20年的同業(yè) 評(píng)審對(duì)主要的轉(zhuǎn)基因作物大豆和轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米產(chǎn)量的調(diào)查，調(diào)查顯示，盡管進(jìn)行了為期20年的 研究和13年的商業(yè)推廣

10、，基因工程并沒(méi)有顯著增加美國(guó)的作物產(chǎn)量。該報(bào)道的作者，美國(guó)前 環(huán)境保護(hù)局和食品及藥物管理局生物科技專(zhuān)家Gurian-Sherman博士總結(jié)說(shuō)：“提到產(chǎn)量，傳統(tǒng)的種植方式顯然優(yōu)于基因工程?！?6“Lets be clear. As of this year 2008, there are no commercialized GM crops that inherently increase yield. Similarly, there are no GM crops on the market that were engineered to resist drought, reduce fer

11、tilizer pollution or save soil. Not one. 一 Dr Doug Gurian-Sherman,7“讓我們看清問(wèn)題，如2008年所見(jiàn)，沒(méi)有商業(yè)化的轉(zhuǎn)基因作物增加了產(chǎn)量。同樣，市場(chǎng) 上也沒(méi)有轉(zhuǎn)基因作物可以抵抗旱災(zāi)、減少化肥污染或保護(hù)土地資源?！?一一Doug Gurian-Sherman 博士。7GM crops increase pesticide use轉(zhuǎn)基因作物增加了殺蟲(chóng)劑的使用US government data shows that in the US, GM crops have produced an overall increase, not

12、decrease, in pesticide use compared to conventional crops,8美國(guó)政府?dāng)?shù)據(jù)表明，在美國(guó)，與傳統(tǒng)作物相比，轉(zhuǎn)基因作物導(dǎo)致了殺蟲(chóng)劑用量的增加而 非減少。8“The promise was that you could use less chemicals and produce a greater yield. But let me tell you none of this is true. 一 Bill Christison, President of the US National Family Farm Coalition,9“曾經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)

13、基因作物的承諾是使用更少的化學(xué)藥劑生產(chǎn)更多的作物。但是我來(lái)告訴你們， 這些都不是真的?！盉ill Christison，美國(guó)國(guó)家家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)聯(lián)盟主席。9There are better ways to feed the world有更好的辦法喂養(yǎng)這個(gè)世界A major UN/World Bank-sponsored report compiled by 400 scientists and endorsed by 58 countries concluded that GM crops have little to offer global agriculture and the challeng

14、es of poverty, hunger, and climate change, because better alternatives are available. In particular, the report championed “agroecological farming as the sustainable way forward for developing countries,10一份聯(lián)合國(guó)/世界銀行經(jīng)由400位科學(xué)家匯編、58個(gè)國(guó)家支持的報(bào)道總結(jié)說(shuō)轉(zhuǎn)基因食品并 沒(méi)有對(duì)全球農(nóng)業(yè)和貧窮、饑餓、氣候變化挑戰(zhàn)作出多少貢獻(xiàn)，因?yàn)橐延刑娲鉀Q辦法。特別 地，這篇報(bào)道擁擠“生態(tài)農(nóng)

15、業(yè)”耕作作為實(shí)現(xiàn)各國(guó)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的方法。105.Other farm technologies are more successful其它農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)更成功Integrated Pest Management and other innovative low-input or organic methods of controlling pests and boosting yields have proven highly effective, particularly in the developing world,11Other plant breeding technologies, suc

16、h as Marker Assisted Selection （non-GM genetic mapping）, are widely expected to boost global agricultural productivity more effectively and safely than GM,1213綜合蟲(chóng)害管理和通過(guò)其它創(chuàng)新的低投入或有機(jī)方法控制蟲(chóng)害以提高作物產(chǎn)量被證明是 高效、顯著的，尤其是在發(fā)展中國(guó)家。11其它育種技術(shù)一一如標(biāo)記輔助選擇技術(shù)（非轉(zhuǎn)基 因圖譜），被看作為比轉(zhuǎn)基因科技跟更安全有效的促進(jìn)全球農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)力的提高。1213“The quiet revolution i

17、s happening in gene mapping, helping us understand crops better. That is up and running and could have a far greater impact on agriculture than GM. Prof John Snape, head of the department of crop genetics, John Innes Centre,14（非）轉(zhuǎn)基因圖譜帶來(lái)了無(wú)聲的革命，也讓我們更了解農(nóng)作物。這場(chǎng)革命正在發(fā)展并且 能夠給農(nóng)業(yè)帶來(lái)比轉(zhuǎn)基因工程更深遠(yuǎn)的影響。John Snape教授，Jo

18、hn Innes中心作物遺傳學(xué)部主管。14GM foods have not been shown to be safe to eat轉(zhuǎn)基因食品未被證明可安全食用Genetic modification is a crude and imprecise way of incorporating foreign genetic material （e.g. from viruses, bacteria） into crops, with unpredictable consequences. The resulting GM foods have undergone little rigorou

19、s and no long-term safety testing, but animal feeding tests have shown worrying health effects,15Only one study has been published on the direct effects on humans of eating a GM food,16It found unexpected effects on gut bacteria, but was never followed up.遺傳基因的轉(zhuǎn)變是當(dāng)中合成外來(lái)遺傳物質(zhì)（例如病毒、細(xì)菌），是一種粗糙而不嚴(yán)密的 方式，且后

20、果無(wú)法預(yù)料。由此導(dǎo)致轉(zhuǎn)基因食品并沒(méi)有經(jīng)過(guò)嚴(yán)格的長(zhǎng)期安全檢測(cè)，但是動(dòng)物喂 養(yǎng)測(cè)試結(jié)果卻令人擔(dān)憂(yōu)。15只有一項(xiàng)關(guān)于人類(lèi)食用轉(zhuǎn)基因食品的直接影響的研究被發(fā)表。 16這項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)基因食品對(duì)內(nèi)臟細(xì)菌的意外影響，但沒(méi)有繼續(xù)跟進(jìn)或發(fā)表。It is claimed that Americans have eaten GM foods for years with no ill effects. But these foods are unlabeled in the US and no one has monitored the consequences. With other novel foods li

21、ke trans fats, it has taken decades to realize that they have caused millions of premature deaths.17 “We are confronted with the most powerful technology the world h as ever known, and it is being rapidly deployed with almost no thought whatsoever to its consequences. 一 DrSuzanne Wuerthele, US Envir

22、onmental Protection Agency (EPA) toxicologist.美國(guó)人聲稱(chēng)美國(guó)人已經(jīng)食用數(shù)年的轉(zhuǎn)基因食品而沒(méi)有疾病產(chǎn)生。但是這些食品在美國(guó)并 沒(méi)有被標(biāo)示，也沒(méi)有人監(jiān)測(cè)食用后果。其他新奇的食物如反式脂肪，在被食用了幾十年后才 被發(fā)現(xiàn)會(huì)導(dǎo)致數(shù)以萬(wàn)計(jì)的人過(guò)早死亡。17 “我們正面臨著世界上迄今為止最強(qiáng)大的科技， 這項(xiàng)科技幾乎沒(méi)有經(jīng)過(guò)思考其任何后果就被迅速采用?！?Suzanne Wuerthele博士，美國(guó)環(huán)境保護(hù)局毒理學(xué)家。Stealth GMOs are in animal feed without consumers9 consent未經(jīng)消費(fèi)者許可，動(dòng)物飼料里含有轉(zhuǎn)

23、基因生物Meat, eggs and dairy products from animals raised on the millions of tons of GM feed imported into Europe do not have to be labelled. Some studies have shown that contrary to GM and food industry claims, animals raised on GM feed ARE different from those raised on non-GM feed,18Other studies sho

24、w that if GM crops are feed to animals, GM material can appear in the resulting products,19 and that the animals health can be affected. 20So eating “stealth GMOs may affect the health of consumers.進(jìn)口到歐洲的數(shù)以百萬(wàn)噸由轉(zhuǎn)基因食物飼養(yǎng)的動(dòng)物所產(chǎn)的肉類(lèi)、蛋類(lèi)和乳制品并沒(méi)有被 標(biāo)示出來(lái)。有研究顯示這些由轉(zhuǎn)基因食物喂養(yǎng)的動(dòng)物不同于由非轉(zhuǎn)基因食物喂養(yǎng)的動(dòng)物，這 與轉(zhuǎn)基因和食品行業(yè)的聲稱(chēng)是相反的。18其它研

25、究表明由轉(zhuǎn)基因食物喂養(yǎng)的動(dòng)物所產(chǎn)的食 物也會(huì)留有轉(zhuǎn)基因物質(zhì)。19被飼養(yǎng)動(dòng)物的健康也會(huì)受影響。20由此在不知情的情況下食 用轉(zhuǎn)基因食品也會(huì)影響消費(fèi)者的健康。GM crops are a long-term economic disaster for farmers轉(zhuǎn)基因作物對(duì)農(nóng)民意味著長(zhǎng)期的經(jīng)濟(jì)災(zāi)難A 2009 report showed that GM seed prices in America have increased dramatically, compared to non-GM and organic seeds, cutting average farm incomes for

26、 US farmers growing GM crops. The report concluded, “At the present time there is a massive disconne ct between the sometimes lofty rhetoric from those championing biotechnology as the proven path toward global food security and what is actually happening on farms in the US that have grown dependent

27、 on GM seeds and are now dealing with the consequences. 21一份2009年的報(bào)道顯示，與非轉(zhuǎn)基因作物種子相比，美國(guó)轉(zhuǎn)基因作物種子的價(jià)格急劇上 漲，削減了美國(guó)種植轉(zhuǎn)基因作物的農(nóng)民的人均收入。這份報(bào)道總結(jié)說(shuō)，“美國(guó)現(xiàn)今發(fā)生在依 賴(lài)轉(zhuǎn)基因作物的農(nóng)場(chǎng)的事實(shí)和正在遭受的后果，與經(jīng)常虛夸的言辭聲稱(chēng)的以一流的生物科技 為保證的世界食品安全存在著巨大的差距。” 21GM and non-GM cannot co-exist轉(zhuǎn)基因與非轉(zhuǎn)基因不能共存GM contamination of conventional and organic food is in

28、creasing. An unapproved GM rice that was grown for only one year in field trials was found to have extensively contaminated the US rice supply and seed stocks,22In Canada, the organic oilseed rape industry has been destroyed by contamination from GM rape,23In Spain, a study found that GM maize “has

29、caused a drastic reduction in organic cultivations of this grain and is making their coexistencepractically impossible. 24轉(zhuǎn)基因?qū)鹘y(tǒng)的和有機(jī)食品的污染正在惡化。未經(jīng)批準(zhǔn)的在田間試驗(yàn)了一年的轉(zhuǎn)基因水 稻被發(fā)現(xiàn)廣泛污染了美國(guó)的大米供應(yīng)和種子庫(kù)存。22而在加拿大，有機(jī)油籽油菜產(chǎn)業(yè)已經(jīng) 被轉(zhuǎn)基因油菜的污染所破壞。23在西班牙，研究表明轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米的種植導(dǎo)致了有機(jī)玉米耕 作的劇烈減少，而它們之間的共存實(shí)際上也不可能。24The time has come to choose betw

30、een a GM-based, or a non-GM-based, world food supply. “If some people are allowed to choose to grow, sell and consume GM foods, soon nobody will be able to choose fOod, or a biosphere, free of GM. Its a one way choice, like the introduction of rabbits or cane toads t o Australia; once its made, it c

31、ant be reversed. 一 Roger Levett, specialist in sustainable development,25現(xiàn)在是時(shí)候讓我們選擇轉(zhuǎn)基因食物或非轉(zhuǎn)基因食物，“如果有人被允許選擇生產(chǎn)，出售， 消費(fèi)轉(zhuǎn)基因食物，那么很快就沒(méi)有人能夠選擇擺脫轉(zhuǎn)基因的食物或生物圈。只有唯一的選擇， 就像澳大利亞引進(jìn)兔子和蔗蟾；一旦作出選擇，就再也不可能扭轉(zhuǎn)局面?！盧oger Levett， 可持續(xù)發(fā)展專(zhuān)家。25We can9t trust GM companies我們無(wú)法信任轉(zhuǎn)基因公司The big biotech firms pushing their GM foods have

32、a terrible history of toxic contamination and public deception,26 GM is attractive to them because it gives them patents that allow monopoly control over the worlds food supply. They have taken to harassing and intimidating farmers for the “crime of saving patented seed or stealing patented genes 一

33、even if those genes got into the farmers fields through accidental contamination by wind or insects. 27推廣轉(zhuǎn)基因食物的大公司有著可怕的歷史有毒污染物和欺騙公眾。26轉(zhuǎn)基因之所 以吸引他們是因?yàn)槟塬@取專(zhuān)利從而壟斷世界食品供應(yīng)。他們以“保存得到專(zhuān)利的種子”和“偷 取專(zhuān)利基因”為罪名困擾并威嚇農(nóng)民，即使這些基因僅僅是偶然通過(guò)風(fēng)和昆蟲(chóng)“污染”了這 些農(nóng)民的土地。27Farmers are being sued for having GMOs on their property that they d

34、id not buy, do not want, will not use and cannot sell. 一 Tom Wiley, North Dakota farmer,28“農(nóng)民們將被訴訟，如果他們將沒(méi)有購(gòu)買(mǎi)、不想得到、不能使用和不能出售的有專(zhuān)利權(quán) 的轉(zhuǎn)基因生物產(chǎn)品作為自己的財(cái)產(chǎn)的話(huà)?！?Tom Wiley，北達(dá)科他州農(nóng)民。28ReferenseA Note on Rising Food Prices. Donald Mitchell, World Bank report, 2008. HYPERLINK http:/image.guardian.co.uk/sys-files/Env

35、ironment/documents/2008/07/10/Biofuels.PDF http:/image.guardian.co.uk/sys-files/Environment/documents/2008/07/10/Biofuels.PDFHope for Africa lies in political reforms. Daniel Howden, The Independent, 8 September 2008, HYPERLINK http:/www.independent.co.uk:80/opinion/commentators/daniel-howden-hope-f

36、or-africa-lies-in-political-refor http:/www.independent.co.uk:80/opinion/commentators/daniel-howden-hope-for-africa-lies-in-political-refor ms-922487.htmlGM: its safe, but its not a saviour. Rob Lyons, Spiked Online, 7 July 2008,The adoption of bioengineered crops. Jorge Fernandez-Cornejo and Willia

37、m D. McBride, US Department of Agriculture Report, May 2002, HYPERLINK /publications/aer810/aer810.pdf /publications/aer810/aer810.pdfGlyphosate-resistant soyabean cultivar yields compared with sister lines. Elmore, R.W. et al., Agronomy Journal, V)l. 93, No. 2, 2001, pp. 408 -412Failure to Yield: E

38、valuating the Performance of Genetically Engineered Crops. Doug Gurian-Sherman, Union of Concerned Scientists, 2009, HYPERLINK http:/tiny.cc/eqZST http:/tiny.cc/eqZSTGenetic engineering a crop of hyperbole. Doug Gurian-Sherman, The San Diego Union Tribune, 18 June 2008, HYPERLINK /uniontrib/20080618

39、/news_lz1e18gurian.html /uniontrib/20080618/news_lz1e18gurian.html8.Impacts of Genetically Engineered Crops on Pesticide Use: The First Thirteen Years. Charles Benbrook, Ph.D., The Organic Center, November 2009, HYPERLINK /science.pest.php?action=view&report_id=159 /science.pest.php?action=view&repo

40、rt_id=159Family Farmers Warn of Dangers of Genetically Engineered Crops. Bill Christison, In Motion magazine, 29 July 1998, HYPERLINK /genet1.html /genet1.htmlInternational Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development: Global Summary for Decision Makers (IAASTD). Bein

41、tema, N. et al., 2008, HYPERLINK /index.cfm?Page=IAASTD%20Reports&ItemID=2713 /index.cfm?Page=IAASTD%20Reports&ItemID=2713International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development: Global Summary for Decision Makers (IAASTD). Beintema, N. et al., 2008, HYPERLINK /ind

42、ex.cfm?Page=IAASTD%20Reports&ItemID=2713 /index.cfm?Page=IAASTD%20Reports&ItemID=2713Marker-assisted selection: an approach for precision plant breeding in the twenty -first century. Collard, B.C.Y and D.J. Mackill, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, V)l. 363, 2008, pp. 557-572, 2008Breeding for abiotic stress

43、es for sustainable agriculture. Witcombe J.R. et al., Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, 2008, V)l. 363, pp. 703-716Gene mapping the friendly face of GM technology. Professor John Snape, Farmers Weekly, 1 March 2002, p. 54Here is a small selection of such papers: Fine structural analysis of pancreatic acinar c

44、ell nuclei from mice fed on GM soybean. Malatesta, M. et al., Eur. J. Histochem., Vol. 47, 2003, pp. 385-388; Ultrastructural morphometrical and immunocy to chemical analyses of hepatocyte nuclei from mice fed on genetically modified soybean. Malatesta, M. et al., Cell Struct Funct., Vl. 27, 2002, p

45、p. 173-180; Ultrastructural analysis of testes from mice fed on genetically modified soybean. Vecchio L. et al., Eur. J. Histochem., Vol. 48, pp. 448-454, 2004; A long-term study on female mice fed on a genetically modified soybean: effects on liver ageing. Malatesta M. et al., Histochem Cell Biol.,

46、 V)l. 130, 2008, pp. 967-977; Effects of diets containing genetically modified potatoes expressing Galanthus nivalis lectin on rat small intestine. Ewen S.W. and A. Pusztai, The Lancet, V)l. 354, 1999, pp. 1353-1354; New Analysis of a Rat Feeding Study with a Genetically Modified Maize Reveals Signs

47、 of Hepatorenal Toxicity. S&alini, G.-E. et al., Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., Vl. 52, 2007, pp. 596-602.Assessing the survival of transgenic plant DNA in the human gastrointestinal tract. Netherwood T. et al., Nature Biotechnology, V)l. 22, 2004, pp. 204 -209.Trans Fats: The story behind the lab

48、el. Paula Hartman Cohen, Harvard Public Health Review, 2006, HYPERLINK /review/rvw_spring06/rvwspr06_transfats.html /review/rvw_spring06/rvwspr06_transfats.htmlReport on animals exposed to GM ingredients in animal feed. Professor Jack A. Heinemann, PhD. Prepared for the Commerce Commission of New Ze

49、aland, 24 July 2009, HYPERLINK http:/bit.ly/4HcJuJ http:/bit.ly/4HcJuJDetection of Transgenic and Endogenous Plant DNA in Digesta and Tissues of Sheep and Pigs FedRoundup Ready Canola Meal. Sharma, R. et al., J. Agric. Food Chem.,V)l. 54, No. 5, 2006, pp. 1699 -1709;Assessing the transfer of genetic

50、ally modified DNA from feed to animal tissues. Mazza, R. et al., Transgenic Res., V)l. 14, No. 5, 2005, pp. 775 -784; Detection of genetically modified DNA sequences in milk from the Italian market. Agodi, A., et al., Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health, V)l. 209, 2006, pp. 81 -88Report on animals exposed to GM ingredients in animal feed. Professor Jack A. Heinemann, PhD. Prepared for the Commerce Comm