中國-歐盟就業(yè)和社保政策對話與研討會

1、中國-歐盟就業(yè)和社保政策對話與研討會China-EU Employment and Social Security Policy Dialogue &Workshop2016年4月26日 北京 Beijing, April 26, 2016Relations between Employment and Social Security Policies in Europe 歐洲就業(yè)和社保政策之間的關(guān)系(bilingual version)（雙語版）Based on the Report by Jean-Yves Hocquet, Ecole nationale suprieure de scu

2、rit sociale jyhocquet根據(jù)法國國家高等社保學(xué)院讓-伊夫奧凱先生的報告Presented by Xavier CoyerSocial Affairs Adviser , Expertise Francejyhocquet演講人：澤維爾科瓦耶，法國國際專業(yè)技術(shù)署社會事務(wù)顧問Social security as a major prerequisite of the European single labour market 社會保障是歐洲單一勞動力市場的一項主要先決條件Free movement of workers, with free movement of goods a

3、nd services, at the basis of the EU to:以歐盟為基礎(chǔ)，工人以及商品和服務(wù)的自由流動 ，其目的是： improve the matching of labour market needs by removing obstacles for workers mobility across Europe and by enabling a better anticipation of skills demand and national labour market shortages; 通過消除工人在整個歐洲流動的障礙，更好地實現(xiàn)技能需求，彌補國家勞動力市場短缺

4、，提高勞動力市場 需求的匹配性； pave the way for European citizenship. 為取得歐洲公民身份鋪平道路。Even if the first 6 founding countries shared some common references about social security, mostly based on the professional activity, social security, coordination was necessary to make mobility attractive (regulations 3 and 4 19

5、58)即使最初的六個創(chuàng)始成員國有一些共同的社會保障指引（大多基于職業(yè)活動），社會保障協(xié)調(diào)對于實現(xiàn)流動性來講也是很必要的。（1958年條例3和4）。Freedom of movement of workers was to be secured within the Community through the abolition of any discrimination based on nationality between workers of the Member States as regards employment, remuneration and other condition

6、s of work and employment. 要保障工人在共同體范圍內(nèi)自由流動，主要措施為：消除成員國工人之間在就業(yè)、薪酬和其他勞動就業(yè)條件方面存在的所有國籍歧視。Coordination and not harmonization (since social security systems are a part of the national identity) adjusts social security systems in relation to each other to protect the entitlements of migrants while leaving

7、the national schemes intact in other respects. 應(yīng)采取協(xié)調(diào)而不是統(tǒng)一（因為社會保障制度是國家身份的一部分）措施，調(diào)節(jié)各國相互之間的社會保障制度，以保護流動人口的權(quán)利，同時保護各國計劃在其他各個方面的完整性。 Equal treatment: person residing on the territory of a Member State (MS) is subject to the same obligations and benefits from the same rights as the citizens of that MS, 平等待

8、遇：居住在一成員國領(lǐng)土內(nèi)的人員，享有與該成員國公民同等權(quán)利的社保義務(wù)和待 遇； Rules are laid down to determine which member countrys legislation the person is subject to, 出臺了明確該人員應(yīng)遵守哪個成員國法律的規(guī)定； Rights in the course of acquisition are protected through aggregation of periods of insurance, residence or employment spent in each of the resp

9、ective countries to establish a right in another Member State. 對于個人權(quán)利的確認(rèn)過程，需要匯總其在各國不同階段的保險、居住期或就業(yè)期來提供保 護，以實現(xiàn)其在另一成員國的權(quán)利。 rights already acquired are protected by allowing certain benefits to be exported. 通過部分待遇的轉(zhuǎn)出來實現(xiàn)對既得權(quán)益的保護。An ongoing process of adaptation當(dāng)前的應(yīng)對措施successive enlargements with new mode

10、ls, more residence based 不斷擴大應(yīng)用新模式，更多地基于居住地原則introduction of new benefits: early retirement, long term care, Active Labour Market Policies (ALMP) 引入新待遇：提前退休，長期照護，積極勞動力市場政策（ALMP）Major changes in the working conditions which mirror the challenges faced on national labour markets 勞動條件發(fā)生重大變化，反映了國內(nèi)勞動力市場面

11、臨的挑戰(zhàn)50 years ago most of the workers were migrants workers who settled in another country at least for their work period and eventually retired in their home country. 50年前，工人流動大多僅是在工作期間居住別國，最后在本國退休。today the mobile worker is more often a frontier worker who comes back home every night or a worker wh

12、o can alternate in the same year periods in the home country or in several EU countries as wage earner, self employed, or be jobless. 目前，流動工人往往是每天回家的邊界工人，或者可以作為工資勞動者、自營職業(yè)者或失業(yè)者，每年在本國或多個歐盟國家之間輪流停留的工人。working conditions have changed e.g. teleworking, self-employment. 勞動條件發(fā)生變化，如遠(yuǎn)程辦公、自營職業(yè)等等。the model of

13、the family with a male bread winner disappears. 靠男人養(yǎng)家的家庭模式正在消失。workers mobility leads to new approach of the collection of contributions and taxes and of the assessment of the rights of the recipients. 工人流動性帶來新的繳費和稅收征繳方式，并帶來受益人權(quán)利評估的新辦法。importance of prevention of social dumping in relation with post

14、ing. 預(yù)防由“貼?！睅淼摹吧鐣A銷”。 The EU single labour market functions with very different national situations regarding social protection:歐盟單一勞動力市場的運轉(zhuǎn)，在社會保障方面各國大相徑庭： percentage of social protection (SP) spending in the GDP : EU average 29%, highest DK 34%, lowest LV15,1%. 社會保障（SP）占GDP百分比：歐盟平均（29%），丹麥最高（34%），

15、拉脫維亞最低（15.1%）。 large differences in the breakdown of social spending among the EU countries : 歐盟國家之間在社會支出明細(xì)方面存在巨大差異：the countries of Southern Europe dedicate about 50% of their social protection spending to retirement benefits 南歐國家社會保障支出近50%用于退休金family or child benefits are at the highest in the Nor

16、dic countries , Germany and Ireland 北歐國家、德國和冰島的家庭或兒童福利最高the Nordic countries are prone to a high coverage of invalidity risk 北歐國家傾向于高度保障殘障風(fēng)險a high level of spending for housing and inclusion in Netherlands and UK 荷蘭和英國對住房和社會融入支出水平高 two main models : professional, linked to work with contributions on

17、 wages (bismarckian) and universal or residence-based relying upon taxes (beveridgian) 兩種主要模式：工作的模式（貝弗里奇模式）中基于工資繳費相關(guān)聯(lián)的職業(yè)模式（俾斯麥模式）和依賴稅 收的普享型或基于居住地 No direct link between SP spending model or level and unemployment.社會保障支出模式或水平與失業(yè)無直接聯(lián)系。DK (beveridgian) which ranks at the top for SP spending with 34,2 %

18、 of GDP had a 6.6% unemployment versus UK(beveridgian) with 27.3%SP spending of GDP and 6.1 % for unemploymentand Germany (bismarckian) with 29.4 % for SP spending enjoys the lowest unemployment rate in EU with 5%.丹麥（貝弗里奇模式）社保支出最高，占GDP的34.2%，失業(yè)率6.6%；相比之下，英國（貝弗里奇模式）社保支出占GDP的27.3%，失業(yè)率6.1%，德國（俾斯麥模式）社保支

19、出占GDP的29.4%，失業(yè)率為歐盟最低，僅有5%。Much room for policy makers especially because employment dynamics are not the same in the EU Members.公共政策制定者有很大空間，原因尤其體現(xiàn)在歐盟成員國之間就業(yè)機制的差別上。 Social protection as a part of the policy to tackle unemployment 社保是解決失業(yè)問題的政策的一部分Main interactions between social protection and labour

20、 market:社保和勞動力市場之間的相互關(guān)系主要有：facilitate labour market participation 促進勞動力市場參與 prevent and protect against risks throughout the lifecourse 預(yù)防和保護人生歷程中的風(fēng)險In relation with other actions :相關(guān)的其他行動：tax system and job creation 稅收制度和創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機會wage moderation 工資調(diào)節(jié)investment in education and training 教育培訓(xùn)投資 school t

21、o work transition 從學(xué)校向就業(yè)過渡reintegration of long term unemployed 長期失業(yè)者重新融入社會 better social dialogue 改善社會對話 JOINT EMPLOYMENT REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION AND THE COUNCIL委員會及理事會聯(lián)合就業(yè)報告Social protection systems must better protect against social exclusion and poverty and become encompassing instruments at

22、the service of individual development, labour market and life-course transitions and social cohesion. 社保制度應(yīng)更好地保護人們免于社會排斥，防止貧困，成為服務(wù)于個人發(fā)展、勞動力市場和生命周期轉(zhuǎn)換以及社會凝聚力的有力手段。to secure pension, have longer and fuller careers with active ageing policies sufficiently covering health and training. 保障養(yǎng)老金，實現(xiàn)更長和更全面的職業(yè)生

23、涯覆蓋，運用積極的老齡化政策，充分覆蓋健康和培訓(xùn)計劃。investment in the working age population, including especially for women, disabled and older workers. 投資勞動適齡人口，特別是婦女、殘疾人和老年工人。encourage the provision of, and access to effective primary health care services. 鼓勵供給和普及有效的基本醫(yī)療保障服務(wù)。Focus on some changes :聚集于部分變革措施：Redesign of s

24、tructural conditions: global increase in the part of the public contributions versus social contributions especially in bismarckian countries: 重新設(shè)計結(jié)構(gòu)性條件：在全球范圍內(nèi)，公共資金來源相對社會繳費的比例在提升，尤其是在俾斯麥模式國家：to deal with social change e.g. single parent household 解決社會變化問題，如單親家庭to alleviate the direct labour costs of

25、 targeted categories of workers 降低特定目標(biāo)工人群體的直接勞動力成本New management of social benefits 社會福利新管理restriction to early retirement or retirement benefit (conditions, level) 對提前退休或退休金的限制（條件，水平）active labour market policies (ALMP) with impact on benefit. 影響福利的積極勞動力市場政策（ALMP）Unemployment, invalidity or disabil

26、ity benefits would be granted only to people who are willing to undergo measures aiming a reintegration into the labour market.失業(yè)、失能或殘障待遇僅限于那些有意愿重新融入勞動力市場的人員。Evolution of the part of public contribution in the financing of social protection公共資金占社會保障融資比例的變化ALMP expenditure by type of action and by Me

27、mber State (2010, in % GDP)失業(yè)補助和積極勞動力市場政策支出（占GDP百分比）與失業(yè)ALMP expenditure by type of action and by Member State (2010, in % GDP)積極勞動力市場政策支出，按行動類別和成員國（2010年，占GDP百分比）Social protection as a necessary component社保是必不可少的組成部分By reducing direct labour costs with targeted social contributions reductions on les

28、s productive categories young people or categories with peculiar difficulties (long term unemployed people or ageing people) or low paid employees通過有針對性地削減低生產(chǎn)力青年群體、特殊困難群體（長期失業(yè)人員或老年人）或低收入雇員的社保繳費，降低直接成本By investing to alleviate the charge on employees for example in prevention (health) to allow people

29、 working older ( charge of retirement pension) or to speed up the retun into employment invalidity,disability,unemployment benefits recipients through active labour market policies 通過投資，降低對雇員的收費，例如在預(yù)防（健康）方面，促進人們工作的更長（退休金繳費），或者通過積極勞動力市場政策，使失能、殘障、失業(yè)金領(lǐng)取者盡快重返就業(yè)By making employees less mobility adverse w

30、ith more secured unemployment benefits 通過更有保障的失業(yè)補助，減少雇員的流動性厭惡By tackling special needs as single parent households by childcare facilities 通過發(fā)展兒童保育設(shè)施，解決單親家庭的特殊需求Trial of experience rating for contribution (unemployment benefit, occupational disease or occupational accident benefit)評估繳費的試點試驗（失業(yè)補助、職業(yè)病或職業(yè)事故補助）An intermediate conclusion from the European exp