Unit-2-Diction(2014)s

1、Unit 2The DefinitionBy “diction” we mean the proper choice of words and phrases in the target language on the basis of accurate comprehension of the source language text. 1 Tension is building up.形勢緊張起來。張力在增大。電壓在增加。壓力在增強(qiáng)。2 In comparison with Chinese，English words are generally more flexible both in

2、form and in meaning，therefore it is often a hard task for a translator to find their Chinese equivalents that are suitable to the occasion. 3 Equivalence between English and Chineseat word levelFull equivalents (correspondence)No equivalents One word with multiple equivalents Of the same meaningOf d

3、ifferent meanings4 Full correspondenceWord for word equivalenceblack hole = 黑洞 the United Nations = 聯(lián)合國 the Pacific Ocean = 太平洋helicopter = 直升飛機(jī)5 One word with multiple equivalents of the same meaning老婆夫人老伴媳婦愛人堂客內(nèi)人、賤內(nèi)、拙荊Wife6 One word with multiple equivalents of different meaningsMarrySistercousinu

4、ncleManI am a man now.Any man can do it.The rights of man should be respected.You cannot share the same bedroom if you are not man and wife.You are the master and I am the man.7 問題question, problem, trouble, point, issue禮ritualcourtesyCeremony家家和萬事興。family家丑不可外揚(yáng)。Domestic shame他家又舊又破。His house8 Equiv

5、alents interwoven with one another Read 讀Study 學(xué)習(xí)Words without corresponding Equivalents9 No equivalentsteenagerplumber 特工mascon 質(zhì)量密集的物質(zhì)chain-smoker 煙鬼hit 引起轟動的事物(如:演出等的成功)10 II. Method of discriminating the original meaning How to judge the meaning?11 1. Methods to Discriminate the Original meaning

6、 of a English word. Judging from the word formationparabiosphericpara bio sphericoutside biologic having the form of a sphere外生物層的cybernaut 網(wǎng)上隨意訪問者 12 Miscarriage錯誤傳送A stranger, with a kiss-me-quick on his head, stood before him.無邊軟帽13 b. Judging from the referencesthird person pronounindefinite pro

7、noun ,definite pronoun 14 He send John to the university and was eager to have him distinguish himself.Demonstrative pronouns, such as this,that, these, those, and demonstrative adverbs such as here,there, now, then, etc. For example:Health is above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness as

8、that. 健康比財富更重要，因為財富不能像健康那樣給人幸福。他送約翰上大學(xué)，巴望能讓兒子出類拔萃15 Reference of comparison. For example:I hate blue shirt; white shirt suits me but gray is the most preferable.我討厭穿藍(lán)襯衫，喜歡穿白襯衫，而最喜歡穿灰襯衫。c. Judging from the Context and CollocationDont water the wine.The smoke made my eyes water.The child watered at th

9、e sight of candy.It /He/She is a fox.16 His plane developed engine trouble only seven miles after takeoff.發(fā)生故障Modern aircraft are so heavy that the wings must develop a very large lift force in order to sustain the aircraft.產(chǎn)生升力Inspired by these ideas, in 1752 Franklin developed a practical lightnin

10、g rod. 發(fā)明避雷針A hypothesis is a specific statement developed by a scientist from observations.得出結(jié)論17 Until the domain theory of magnetism was developed, they did not have much success.提出理論To develop the capabilities of the geophysical prospecting, the renewal of the techniques and equipment is the fir

11、st thing to be considered.提高能力Most of the money came from selling the secret of a new type of potato he had developed.培育新品種18 We must develop all the natural substances in our country which can make us rich.開發(fā)資源Several attempts have been made through the years to develop the deposit.開采礦床In developin

12、g a design, the engineer must apply his knowledge of engineering and material science.進(jìn)行設(shè)計As young Goddard grew into manhood, he developed tuberculosis.患上結(jié)核病19 Collocationa fast carthe fast growthfast musica fast journeyfast colora fast filma fast ovenfast asleepbreak ones fast stick fast in the mud

13、速度很快的車 迅速成長節(jié)奏快的音樂行程緊湊的一次旅行不易褪掉的顏色快速感光膠卷烤箱熟睡開齋牢牢地陷在泥潭里20 good saying good ideagood jokegood looksgood luck good dinnergood contract good debt good eggsgood eyesightgood features good mannersgood brake 豐盛 有把握收回的債款新鮮蛋五官端正得體舉止21 good reason 充足good soil 肥沃good player 高明的棋手good boygood child 孝順的孩子good mat

14、chgood wife 賢惠的妻子good mother 慈愛的母親good neighbor 友善good teacher 盡職good friend 忠實朋友good Christian 虔誠的教徒22 Syntaxagreement an agreementpeople the peoplea peoplehostility hostilitiesuse uses同意 協(xié)定人們?nèi)嗣?民族敵意 戰(zhàn)爭使用 用途 23 Parts of speech He saw a man sawing wood with a saw他看見一個人正用鋸子鋸木頭。Needing some light to s

15、ee by, the burglar crossed the room with a light step to light the light with the light green shade.夜賊輕手輕腳的穿過房間，點亮了那盞有淺綠色燈罩的燈，以便辨別方向。Eat what you can and can what you cannot能吃的吃掉，吃不掉的就做成罐頭。24 d. Judging from different branches of Learning and Specialties.The lathe should be set on a firm base.車床應(yīng)安裝在

16、堅實的底座上（機(jī)械）25 As we all know, a base reacts with an acid to form a salt.眾所周知，堿與酸反應(yīng)生成鹽（化學(xué)）A transistor has three electrodes, the emitter, the base and the collector.晶體管有三個電極，即發(fā)射極，基極和集電極（電子）Line AB is the base of the triangle ABC.AB線是三角形ABC的底邊。（數(shù)學(xué)）He is on the second base.他是二壘。（體育）26 2. Some Techniques

17、 Employed in Translating a Given English word. a. Deduction (推演法)Stopout(AmE.) a student who interrupts his education to pursue some other activity for a brief period 輟學(xué)學(xué)生Communitya social group or class having common interests 派（界）界人士27 b. Transplant (移植法)microwave 微波 supermarket 超級市場splashdown 濺落

18、dataphone 數(shù)據(jù)送話(機(jī))c. Extension (引伸法)bottleneck 瓶頸交通狹口阻塞 (from concrete to abstract)brain trust 腦托拉斯智囊團(tuán) (from specific to general)brain drain 腦排干人才外流人才流失(from concrete to abstract)28 d. Substitution (替代法)Please withhold the handout. 請不要發(fā)這些材料The same is not true with a mortal illness.如果是得了不治之癥（or: 絕癥），

19、情況就不一樣了e. Explanation (釋義法)redshirt 美國大學(xué)中在體育方面有發(fā)展前途的學(xué)生swan song 絕唱，辭世之作，歸天之作a throwaway society 一個大手大腳、浪費(fèi)成風(fēng)的社會29 f. Combination (合并法)so subtle and careful an observer一位如此精細(xì)的觀察者a grim and tragic Christmas.一個慘淡的圣誕節(jié)g. Pictographic Translation (圖形法)H-beam O-ringU-steel V-beltX-brace Y-curve工字梁 環(huán)形圈槽鋼 三角皮

20、帶交叉支撐 叉型曲線30 h. Transliteration (音譯法)The Times泰晤士報Citroen.雪鐵龍（汽車商標(biāo)）Hacker黑客Examples31 IV. Diction in Chinese-English TranslationDiction in Chinese-English translation is somewhat different from that in English-Chinese. If the crux of the latter lies in picking out the right Chinese word from those w

21、e know very well, the former then is much more difficultwe have to deal with an English vocabulary that we are not so familiar with. 32 Another example，the Chinese noun“書”： 申請書 Letter of Application 報告書 Report 協(xié)議書 Agreement 成績通知書 Grade Report（使用）說明書 Directions 旅行委托書 Booking Form 成交確認(rèn)書 Sales Confirma

22、tion 電視機(jī)使用說明書 Television Operation Guide 白皮書 White Book 家書 a Letter from Home33 One more example，the Chinese character 著：zhe、zho、zho、Zhu 爐子著得很旺。The fire is burning briskly in the stove. 她著涼了。 She has caught cold. 上不著天，下不著地。 Be suspended in mid air. 你猜著了。 Youve guessed right. 老李躺下就著了。 Lao Li fell asl

23、eep as soon as he lay down. 他有點兒著慌。 He got alarmed. 他走錯了一著。 He has made a false move.（or： take a wrong step） 老王說，他沒著了。 LaoWang said he was at the end of his tether. 屋頂上全都覆蓋著積雪。 The roofs are all covered with snow. 這些孩子穿著整齊。 These children are all neatly dressed. 再著一把力。 Make one more effort. 這些措施都著眼于

24、進(jìn)一步解放生產(chǎn)力。34 1) 輕重這兩個大石頭輕重相等。這事無足輕重。他總是輕重倒置。處理事情要分清輕重緩急。這件事情的輕重你仔細(xì)掂量掂量。這些年輕人做事不知輕重。2) 意思這篇文章的意思是什么？你究竟是什么意思？我的意思還是不去為好。 跳舞很有意思。 他這個人很有意思。 “夠意思！不過我的意思你還是收下，不要不好意思35 1) 輕重這兩個大石頭輕重相等。These two stones equal in weight.這事無足輕重。This is a matter of no importance.他總是輕重倒置。He always puts the trivial above the im

25、portant.處理事情要分清輕重緩急。Matters should be handled according to priority .這件事情的輕重你仔細(xì)掂量掂量。Just think over the consequences of the matter.這些年輕人做事不知輕重。These young people do not know the proper way to act. 36 2) 意思這篇文章的意思是什么？Whats the central meaning/idea of the passage?你究竟是什么意思？What on earth do you mean?我的意

26、思還是不去為好。In my opinion, its better not to go. 跳舞很有意思。Dancing is of great fun. 他這個人很有意思。He is rather humorous. “夠意思！不過我的意思你還是收下，不要不好意思?！?“Really kind you are! But I insist that you should accept it. Dont feel embarrassed.”37 As Caesar loved me, I weep for him; as he was fortunate, I rejoice at it; as he was valiant, I honor him; but as he was ambit