新視野大學(xué)英語第三版第二冊課文Spendorsave—Thestudentx27sdilemma語法講解-Unit5

1、新視野三版讀寫 B2 U5 Text ASpend or save The students dilemmaDo you feel as confused and manipulated as I do with this questio ShouldI spend or should I save? I think that the messages we get from our environment seem to defy common sense and contradict each other The government tel s us to spend or wel ne

2、ver get out of the recession. At thesame time, they tel us that unless we save more, our country is in grave danger.Banks offer higher interest rates so we increase savings. Then the same banks send us credit card offers so we can spend more.Heres another familiar example: If we dont pay our credit

3、card bil on time,we get demanding, nasty emails from the credit card company sayingsomething like: Your failure to pay is unacceptable. Pay immediately or youlbe in trouble! Then, as soon as we pay, we get a fol ow-up email in acharming tone tel ing us how valuable a customer we are and encouraging

4、usto resume spending. Which depiction is correct: a failing consumer in troubleor a valued customer? The gap between these two messagesis enormous.The paradox is that every day we get two sets of messages at odd witheach other. One is the permissive perspective, Buy, spend, get it now. Youneed this!

5、 The other we could cal an upright message,which urges us,Work hard and save. Suspend your desires. Avoid luxuries. Control your appetite for more than you truly need. This message comes to us frommany sources: from school, from parents, even from political figuresreferringto traditional values. Har

6、d work, family loyalty, and the capacity to postponedesires are core American values that have made our country great.*4But the opposite message, advertisings permissive message, is inescapable. Though sometimes disguised, the messages are everywhere welook: on TV , in movies on printed media and ro

7、ad signs, in stores, and onbuses, trains and subways.Advertisements invade our daily lives. W areconstantly surrounded by the message to spend, spend, spend. Someonerecently said, The only time you can escapeadvertising is when youre in yourbed asleep!5 Its been calculated that by the age of 18, the

8、 average American w haveseen 600,000 ads; by the age of 40, the total is almost one mil ion. Eachadvertisement is doing its utmost to influence our diverse buying decisions,from the breakfast cereal we eat to which cruise line we wil use for ourvacation. There is no shortage of ideas and things to b

9、uy! Now, of course, wedont remember exactly what the products were, but the essential messageis cemented into our consciousness, Its good to satisfy your desire Youshould have what you want. You deserve the best. So, you should buy it now! A famous advertisement said it perfectly, I love me. Im a go

10、od friend tomyself. I do what makes me feel good. I derive pleasure from nice things andfeel nourished by them. I used to put things off. Not anymore. Today Il buynew ski equipment, look at new compact cars, and buy that camera Ivealways wanted. I live my dreams today, not tomorrow.6 What happens as

11、 we take in these contradictory but explicit messages? What are the psychological and social consequencesof this campaign to control our spending habits? On one hand, we want morethings because we want to satisfy our material appetite. Most of us derivepleasure from treating ourselves. On the other

12、hand, a little voice insideus echoes those upright messages: Watch out, take stock of your li dont letyour attention get scattered. Postpone your desires. Dont fal into debt.Wait! Retain control over your own life. It wil make you stronger.7 Anyway, many of the skil s you need as a successful studen

13、t can appliedto your finances. Consider your financial wel -beings a key ingredient of youruniversity education as money worries are extremely stressful and distracting. They can make you feel terrible and hinder your ability to focus onyour prime objective: successful y completing your education.*8

14、 How can you be a smart and educated consumer? Many schools,community organizations, and even some banks offer financial literacyclasses.Consider consulting with your schools financial aid office orseek input from your parents or other respected adults in setting up budget. An additional option is f

15、inding a partner to help you stay on track andfind pleasure in the administration of your own financial affairs. Mostimportantly, if you find yourself getting into financial trouble, dont letyour ego get in your way; urgently get help with tackling your problem before itspins out of control and land

16、s you in legal troubles.9 Al this wil help you become an educated consumer and saver. As you learnto balance spending and saving, you wil become the captain of your own ship,steering your life in a successful and productive direction through the choppy waters.Language Points：Do you feel as confuseda

17、nd manipulated as I do with this question, “ Should Ispend or should I save? ” (Para. 1)Meaning: When asking yourself whether you should spend or save, do you feel puzzled and control ed as I do?Meaning beyond words: According to the conventional concept, we are the master orthe boss of the money we

18、 have earned. It is up to us to decide how to use our money. However, the sentence gives us the hintthat we are actual y no longer in control of our money.I think that the messages we get from our environment seem defy commonsense and contradict each other. (Para. 1)Meaning: In my opinion, the messa

19、ges we get in our daily life about the question “ ShouldI spend or should I save? ” are against common seenyseofatennd don t agree with each other.Usage note:defy, denydefy 和 deny 都是及物動詞，詞形相近，但實際上兩者詞義有別，用法也不同。1 defy 主要表示 “違抗；反抗；蔑視” ，后接名詞；而deny 主要表示 “否認(rèn)；拒絕承認(rèn)” ，后接名詞或 that 引導(dǎo)的從句。*Nearly 11 thousand peo

20、ple have been arrested for defying the ban on street trading.近一萬一千人因違抗在街上交易的禁令而被捕。The government has denied that the authorities have uncovered a plot to assassinate the*president. 政府已否認(rèn)當(dāng)局發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個暗殺總統(tǒng)的陰謀。2 defy 后接動詞不定式表示 “挑戰(zhàn)；刺激某人做某事 ” 時，不能用動名詞形式； deny 表示 “否認(rèn)；拒絕承認(rèn)” 時，后面不能接動詞不定式，只能接動名詞形式。*I defy you to c

21、ome up with one major accomplishment of thecurrent prime minister.我倒要看看你能否講出一項現(xiàn)任首相作出的重大成就。He denied doing anything il egal. 他否認(rèn)做過任何違法的事。The government tells us to spend or we ll never get recession. (Para. 1)Meaning beyond words: To help the country recover from the economic recession, thegovernment

22、 is encouraging people to spend, which will help stimulate production, jobmarkets and bank liquidity.At the same time, they tell us that unlesswe save more, our country is in gravedanger. (Para.1)Meaning: Meanwhile, they warn us that if we don st ave more money the economicrecession wil grow and sev

23、erely harm our country.Usage note:unless1 unless作連叫 表示 除非一；如果不”，引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句，意為 “如果某個條件不出現(xiàn)，某件事就不會進行”。使用 unless 時必須留意從句中動詞的時態(tài)。雖然unless 所說的條件都是未出現(xiàn)或未發(fā)生的，但必須用一般現(xiàn)在時或過去時，不能用表示將來的時態(tài)。例如：*I will not go to Beijing unless the company pays for the trip.如果 公司不支付旅費，我不會去北京。 （不能用 wil pay ）She wouldn t do that unless I

24、allowed her. 果我不允許，她不會去做那件事。 （不能用would allow )*She wil keep on singing unless she is told to stop.她 會一直唱下 去，除非有人叫她停止。(不能用 wil be told )She would not come to work as before unless her mother hsealth condition turned for the*better. 她不會像以前那樣來上班了，除非她母親的病情好轉(zhuǎn)。 （不能用 would turn ）unless和if not都可以3腎條件狀語從句，但適

25、用情況不 同，很容易混淆，要注意區(qū)別。指將來可能發(fā)生或可能真實的情況用unless;如果知道事情沒有發(fā)工或不真實則用ifno t可以說 If you weren t always in such a hurry, your work would b much better。不說 Yourwork would be much better unless you were always in such a hurry 。 見更多例句：Unless they get protection, they will not testify. (= If they do not get protection

26、, they will not*testify.） 如果得不到保證，他們不會作證的。*I would go out if it wasngoing out.） 我就出去了。t raining. (= But it is raining, so I 要是不下雨，Banks offer higher interest rates so we increase savings. The the same bankssend us credit card offers so we can spend more. (Para. 1) Meaning beyond words: Here is the “

27、 spend or save ” parone hand, thegovernment tells us to spend, and, on the other hand, they want us t save more. Whilethe banks offer high interest rates to attract us to deposit money, the send us credit cardsto encourage us to spend.Here asnother familiar example: If we don tpay our credit card bi

28、ll on time, weget demanding, nasty emails from the credit card company saying something like:“ Your failure to pay is unacceptable. Pay immediately or you be in trouble! ” (Para.2)Meaning: If we fail to pay our credit card bil on time, the credit card company will send usharsh and unfriendly email m

29、essages to warn us that either we payonce or we l getpenalties.Sentence structure note 祈使旬 + or/and + 陳述旬金威翱,+襄油整覲WI表示“.否則其中，0r還可以 應(yīng)的變化，羨不 如果工就”。對連詞or或者and的選擇, 主要根據(jù)相應(yīng)連詞前后句表達(dá)的意義，如果前后句有轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，就用 or ，一般表達(dá)一種負(fù)面的結(jié)果；如果前后句表示意義順承，無轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，就用 and。例如：*Listen to the teacher careful y in class, or you cansaying.上課時要仔

30、細(xì)聽老師講課，否則你就無法了解他在說什么。*Walk down our street, and you l see kidS卷闋喝走上 街 頭，就會看到孩子們在玩耍。2 在 “祈使句 + or/and +陳述句”結(jié)構(gòu)中；陳述句通常用將來時態(tài) ,即 “wil +動詞原形” ，也可用情態(tài)動詞 can， may 等。但通常不能用一般現(xiàn)在時或現(xiàn)在進行時。例如：*Work hard, and you can make rapid progress in your study. 努 力 吧，你會在學(xué)業(yè)上突飛猛進的。*Fol ow the advice of the doctor, or you won t

31、 be well遵從醫(yī)生的叮囑，否則你的身體就不會很快好起來。3 “祈使句 + or/and + 陳述句”結(jié)構(gòu)可與 if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句互換。例如 :快點起*Get up quickly, or you will be late. (= If you don you will be late.) 床，不然你會遲到的。Work hard, and you will pass the exam. (= If you work hard, you wil pass the exam.)如果 你努力學(xué)習(xí)，你就會通過考試。4“祈使句 + or/and + 陳述句 ”結(jié)構(gòu)中，祈使句有時可以省略動詞。例

32、如：Make more effort, or you won t be successful. (= More effo won t be successful.) 如果不多些努力，你就不會成功。Give me one more hour, and I l get the work finished. (= On hour, and I l get the*work finished.) 再給我一個小時，我就能把工作做完。Then, as soon as we pay, we get a follow-up email in a charming tone telling ushow valu

33、able a customer we are and encouraging us to resume spending. (Para. 2)Meaning: To lure us into more spending, once our credit card bil is paid, a fol ow-upemail in an entirely different tone wil be sent to us, claiming that we are valuablecustomers.Note: The word resume can be used either as a tran

34、sitive or intransitive verb. As atransitive verb, it may be fol owed by a noun or av.-ing form.Which depiction is correct: a failing consumer in trouble or a valued customer?The gap between these two messages is enormous. (Para. 2) Meaning beyond words: As there is such a huge difference betwee the

35、two emailmessages, we feel confused about who we are: a failing consumer i trouble or a valuedcustomer?The paradox is that every day we get two sets of messages at odds with each other. (Para. 3)uy, spen“ BuyMeaning: The contradiction is that every day we get two sets of messages disagreeing with ea

36、ch other.One is the “ permissive ” perspective, You need this! ”(Para. 3)Meaning: One reflects a viewpoint of tolerance, now. You need this! ”Note: The word permissive is an adjective, a derivative from permit.Being “ permissive ”implies a very easy and too relaxed position on something and usua y l

37、acks goodjudgment. For example:They were permissive parents and their children grew up to be spoiled and il -behaving*adults. 他們是太過放任的父母，他們的孩子長大后會變成被寵壞、行為舉止欠妥的成年人。Usage note:permissive, tolerantThe synonym of permissive is tolerant, but tolerant is positive in meaning. Permissive carries a negative

38、connotation.Tolerant implies good judgment witha right balance of perspective or actions. For example:The employee s tolerant position on the differences in working sty meant that the team*performed well. 員工對工作作風(fēng)的差異持寬容的立場意味著這個團隊表現(xiàn)出色。The other we could call an “ upright ” message, wh “ Work hard ands

39、ave. Suspend your desires. Avoid luxuries. Control yourappetite for more thanyou truly need. ” (Para. 3)Meaning: We could cal the other one an“ honest ” mes advises us to workhard and save money, stop having too many desires, avoid spendin too much, and limitour purchases to what we real y need.Usag

40、e note:urge, persuade1 從詞義上說， urge 的基本意思是 “力勸；敦促” ，引申可表示“強烈要求 ”等，比較正式；persuade主要表示 說服；勸說:指通過勸說、感情交流等使對方做勸說者所希望的事。urge語氣強，但不一定 力勸；敦促”成功；persuade語氣不如urge 強，但強調(diào)不僅 “勸 ” ，而且使之 “服” 。例如：We will urge them to adhere to the Paris Agreement. 我 們 將 敦促他們遵守巴黎協(xié)議 。My husband persuaded me to come. 我丈夫勸我來的。2從用法上掠，urg

41、e和persuade都可用作及物制詞。urge可用于 urge sb. to do sth.結(jié)構(gòu)，意為 “催促某人做某事 ” ； persuade 表示 “說服 ”時， 可用于 persuade sb. to do stlh吉構(gòu)，也可用于 persuade sb. into doing sth. 結(jié)構(gòu)，都表示 “說服某人做某事” 。它們也都可以引出that從句 。 urge 引 出 的 that 從句 中 用 （ should） +verb ， 而persuade 用于persuade sb. that結(jié)構(gòu)，不用（should） +verbo 例如：His father urged him t

42、o speak his mind. 他父親敦促他說出心里話。We re trying to persuade manufacturers to sel their products here 我們正在努力說服制造商在這里銷售他們的產(chǎn)品。Sir Fred urged that Britain （should） join the European MonetarySystem. 弗雷德爵士敦促英國加入歐洲貨幣體系。We had managed to persuade them that it was worth working withus. 我們已設(shè)法說服他們，與我們合作是值得的。This me

43、ssagecomesto us from many sources:from school, from parents, evenfrom political figures referring to“ traditional valuesMeaning: We get this kind of message from many sources such as school, parents, andadvertisings permissive meven politicians who like to talk about traditional values.But the oppos

44、ite message, inescapable.(Para. 4)Meaning: But you cannot escape from the opposite message, advertisements that push you to spend more.Though sometimes disguised, the messages are everywherelook (Para4)Meaning: Though these messages are sometimes subtle and chan in form, they canbe found everywhere

45、we live.Advertisements invade our daily lives. We are constantly surrounded by themessage to spend, spend, spend. (Para. 4)Meaning: Our daily lives are flooded with advertisements. Very often we find ourselvesenclosed by advertisements that lure us into spending.It bseen calculated that by the age o

46、f 18, the average American will have seen600,000 ads; by the age of 40, the total is almost one million. (Para. 5)Meaning beyond words: Americans grow up seeing countless advertisements, and thiscontinues throughout their life time.Each advertisement is doing its utmost to influence our diverse buyi

47、ngdecisions, from the breakfastcereal we eat to which cruise line we will use for ourvacation. (Para. 5)Meaning beyond words: Advertisements are everywhere and have invaded people s everyday lives.There is no shortage of ideas and things to buy! (Para. 5) Meaning: There are plenty of ideas of what t

48、o buy and how to spen money.Now, of course, we don t remember exactly what the p were, but theessential message is cemented into our consciousness, to satisfy yourdesires. You should have what you want. You deserve the best. you should buyit now!” (Para. 5)Meaning beyond words: Advertisements are ve

49、ry effective in talking people into buyingthings. Though it hsard to remember all of the products in advertisements, thesemessages have already been hammered into our heads. The messages tell us that wedeserve the best and we are entitled to what we want.A famous advertisement said it perfectly, “ I

50、love me. I ma good friend to myself.I do what makes me feel good. I derive pleasure from nice thing and feel nourishedby them. I used to put things off. Not anymore. Today I ll bu new ski equipment,look at new compact cars, and buy that camera I vealways wanted. I live mydreams today, not tomorrow.

51、” (Para. 5)Meaning beyond words: The advertisement is trying to send out th message: It is notwrong for people to be self-centered and buy everything they want right now. Enjoy lifetoday! The underlying purpose is to persuade people to spend.What happens as we take in these contradictory but explici

52、t messages? Whatare the psychologicaland socialconsequencesof this campaign to control ourspending habits? (Para. 6)Meaning beyond words: Since people are surrounded by these contradictory but clear messages, there must be some psychological and social consequences. For instance, some people may spe

53、nd more while others may save more, depending on how much they get influenced.On one hand, we want more things because we want to satis our materialappetite. Most of us derive pleasure from treating ourselves. (Para. 6)Meaning: Most of us become happy when we treat ourselves, so w always want to hav

54、e more things to satisfy our material desires.On the other hand, a little voice inside us echoes those uprig messages:“ Watch out, take stock of your life, don t let your atscattered. Postponeyour desires. Don t fall into debt. Wait! Retain control over own life. It willmake you stronger. ” (Para. 6

55、)Meaning beyond words: From a more traditional point of view, we should be cautiousabout spending money. We should be focused on our life in order no to fall into debt.Being in control of our life wil make us stronger.24 Anyway, many of the skills you be applied toneed as successful student your fin

56、ances. Consider your financial well-being as a key ingredient of youruniversity education as money worries are extremely stressful and distracting.(Para. 7)Meaning beyond words: It is not difficult to avoid a financialdisaster if you apply theskil s you already have for being a successful student. B

57、e aware tha financial stability is ofcrucial importance to your col ege life since money worries couldbring you down.25 They focus oncan make yo your primeu feel terrible and hinder your ability toobjective: successfully completing your education. (Para. 7)Meaning: Money worries can make you feel te

58、rrible and distract you from your mainobjective: successful y completing your education at col ege.Usage note:hinder, prevent*hinder 和 prevent 都 有 “阻 礙 ； 阻 止 ” 之 意 ， 都 可 以 用 于 hinder/prevent sb. from doing sth.結(jié)構(gòu)，但兩者有區(qū)別。hinder表示 使 受阻；使, ,做 起來困難”(make sth.difficult ) 。例如：His poor health hindered him

59、from going to work daily. (=Hecontinued to work but with*difficulty.) 身體欠佳讓他每天上班很困難。prevent 表示 使,不發(fā)生；使 不做”(make sth. impossible)例如：他的健康不佳，*His poor health prevented him from going to work. (=He stopped working.) 令他無法外出工作。How can you be a smart and educated consumer? Many schools, communityorganizations, and even some banks offer financial literacyclasses. (Para. 8)Meaning: To become a