(完整版)機械工程專業(yè)英語課件

1、機械工程專業(yè)英語Subject-Based English for Mechanical Engineering機械與電氣工程學院2022/7/22教學要求及目的 了解專業(yè)英語的語法特點，熟悉專業(yè)詞匯，逐步培養(yǎng)學生具有比較熟練的專業(yè)文獻閱讀理解能力、翻譯能力和英文學術論文的寫作能力。掌握國外英文專利和文獻資料的查詢方法，能以英語為工具，獲取本專業(yè)所需信息。了解國際學術交流的常用表達方式。 教學方式課堂講授、討論與自學相結合。以教師講授為主，引導學生積極閱讀指定參考文獻，完成課外作業(yè)，參與課堂討論。有意識地積累與自己研究方向相關的詞匯與文獻資料，掌握專業(yè)英語學習方法。教材及參考文獻教材：施平 機

2、械工程專業(yè)英語教程（第二版）北京：電子工業(yè)出版社，2008參考文獻：葉邦彥，陳統(tǒng)堅編：機械工程英語北京：機械工業(yè)出版社，2006唐一平主編：先進制造技術北京：機械工業(yè)出版社，2004；王慧莉，賈衛(wèi)國編國際學術交流英語大連：大連理工大學出版社，2005 主要教學內(nèi)容Lesson 1 Basic Concept in MechanicsLesson 2 Forces and Their EffectsLesson 3 Overview of Engineering MechanicsLesson 4 Shafts and CouplingsLesson 5 Shafts and Associate

3、d PartsLesson 6 Belts, Clutches, Brakes, and ChainsLesson 7 Fasteners and SpringsLesson 14 Physical Properties of MaterialsLesson 29 Tolerances and Surface RoughnessLesson 35 Coordinate Measuring MachineLesson 36 LathesLesson 37 Milling Machines and Grinding MachinesLesson 38 Drilling OperationsLess

4、on 44 Nontraditional Manufacturing ProcessesLesson 62 The Computer and ManufacturingLesson 63 Computers in Design and ManufacturingLesson 64 Computer-Aided Analysis of Mechanical SystemsLesson 65 Computer-Aided Process PlanningLesson 66 Numerical ControlLesson 71 Industrial RobotsLesson 77 Technical

5、 Report ElementsLesson 78 Writing the Technical ReportExtra lesson 1 English for International Academic ExchangeExtra lesson 2 Expression of Numbers, Signs, Equations and Graphs in EnglishExtra lesson 3 Professional Literature and Patent Retrieval課外學習內(nèi)容通過學校圖書館網(wǎng)頁上“電子資源”欄查詢與自己研究方向相關的英文文獻。重點是“EI工程索引 （）

6、”、“ELSEVIER （）”和“IEL（IEEE/IEE） （）”通過“小木蟲”、“科學網(wǎng)”、“學問社區(qū)”等網(wǎng)站查找專業(yè)英語學習資料，學習科學研究方法。學習使用參考文獻的管理軟件如EndNote。通過“google學術搜索（）”和“google 專利檢索（/patents）”查詢英文文獻和英文專利。掌握一些在線翻譯軟件作為輔助工具。如“有道”。專利檢索資源薈萃（一）新！百度專利搜索網(wǎng)址：/1.因特網(wǎng)專利數(shù)據(jù)庫介紹（中華人民共和國國家知識產(chǎn)權局）： /sipo/wxfw/ytwzlsukjs/ytwzlsjkjs/200508/t20050816_67485.htm 2.中國專利檢索：/sip

7、o/zljs/3.中國專利法律狀態(tài)檢索：/sipo/zljs/searchflzt.jsp 4.中國專利實施數(shù)據(jù)庫（中國專利信息中心）：/aboutus/actualize/shishiku/tuiguang_edit.asp 5.專利信息服務平臺試驗系統(tǒng)（數(shù)據(jù)含中、美、日、歐、WO、德、法、英、俄、加、印、瑞士、韓國、澳大利亞）：/pubpisfts/index.do 6.中外專利數(shù)據(jù)庫報務平臺：:8080/cnipr/index.htm 7.中國專利數(shù)據(jù)庫檢索系統(tǒng)：/Search/CN/ 專利檢索資源薈萃（二）8.美國專利檢索：/patft/index.html 9.歐洲專利檢索：/ 10

8、.從ESPACENET數(shù)據(jù)庫提取世界各國專利文獻的方法（國知局提供）：/sipo/wxfw/ytwggsjkjs/ytwzlsjkjs/ESPACENET.doc 11.歐洲專利局免費專利數(shù)據(jù)庫（含歐洲各國家入口）：/access/index.en.htm 12.歐洲專利局專利數(shù)據(jù)高級檢索（含歐洲、PCT和世界范圍三個數(shù)據(jù)庫）：/advancedSearch?locale=en_ep 13.歐洲專利法律狀態(tài)查詢：/portal/public/registerplus 14.PCT專利檢索：/pctdb/en/ 15.英國專利檢索：.uk/search/index.htm 專利檢索資源薈萃（三）

9、16英國專利法律狀態(tài)查詢：.uk/patent/p-find/p-find-number.htm 17.德國專利檢索1：http:/www.deutsches-patentamt.de/suche/patentdatenbanken.html 18德國專利檢索2：http:/publikationen.dpma.de/set_lng.do?loc=en 19.瑞士專利檢索：https:/client.ip-search.ch/?c=login&a=client&l=1 20.俄羅斯專利檢索（英文）：http:/www.fips.ru/ensite/ 21.臺灣專利檢索：.tw/ 22. 韓國專

10、利檢索（英文）：http:/eng.kipris.or.kr 23. 加拿大專利檢索：http:/patents1.ic.gc.ca/intro-e.html 24. 法國專利檢索：http:/www.boutique.inpi.fr/inpiboutic/index_anglais.htm 25. 印度同族專利庫（多國、多組織）：http:/patinfo.nic.in/ 專利檢索資源薈萃（四）26. 印度專利數(shù)據(jù)庫：.in/db/db.htm 27.新加坡綜合專利數(shù)據(jù)庫（含美國、新加坡、PCT、歐洲專利、英國、中國、加拿大、韓國、中國臺灣、日本、泰國）：.sg/ 28.香港專利檢索：.hk

11、/inx.html 29.澳門專利檢索： .mo/web/DSE/public?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=Pg_ES_AE_QE_PATENT&locale=zh_CN 30. google專利搜索：/patents 31.日本專利檢索：http:/www.jpo.go.jp/quick_e/index_search.htm http:/www4.ipdl.inpit.go.jp/Tokujitu/tjftermena.ipdl?N0000=114 機械工程專業(yè)信息檢索ASME-American Society of Mechanical Engineers美國機械工程師協(xié)會

12、SAE-Society of Automobile Engineers美國汽車工程師協(xié)會EI-Engineering Index工程索引IEEE-Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (美國)電機及電子工程師學會 IET-The Institution of Engineering and Technology英國工程技術學會（IET）系英國電氣工程師學會（IEE）和英國企業(yè)工程師學會（IIE）于2006年初合并組建而成 NTIS-National Technical Information Service美國國家技術情報服務局UM

13、I-美國UMI公司，學位論文的信息服務（ProQuest ）。ISO-International Organization for Standardization國際標準化組織。Lesson 1 Basic Concept in Mechanics Terminology 術語,專有名詞 ,t:minldi Text tour 2022/7/2213機械工程專業(yè)英語教程Terminology2022/7/2214機械工程專業(yè)英語教程Gear 齒輪, 傳動裝置1.A toothed machine part, that meshes with another toothed part to tr

14、ansmit motion or to change speed or direction. 齒輪：有齒的機器零件，與另一個有齒零件相嚙合，從而傳遞運動或者改變運動的方向或速度。2. A complete assembly that performs a specific function in a larger machine傳動裝置：一套裝置，在一個更大機器中發(fā)揮具體功能 V belt and pulleypuli V帶和帶輪Bearing A device that supports, guides, and reduces the friction of motion between

15、fixed and moving machine parts.軸承：在機器的固定和運動部件之間起支撐、引導和減少運動摩擦的裝置。機械工程專業(yè)英語教程2022/7/2215Couple A pair of forces of equal magnitude acting in parallel but opposite directions, capable of causing rotation but not translation 力偶：數(shù)值相等但方向相反的兩平行力，它能使物體轉(zhuǎn)動但不能產(chǎn)生平移。Scalar A quantity, such as mass, length, or spe

16、ed, that is completely specified by its magnitude and has no direction.標量：一個只有大小沒有方向的量，如質(zhì)量、長度或速度等 2022/7/2216機械工程專業(yè)英語教程Momentum mumentm A measure of the motion of a body equal to the product of its mass and velocity動量：表示物體運動特性的一個物理量，等于運動物體的質(zhì)量和速度的乘積。機械工程專業(yè)英語教程2022/7/2217The branch of scientific analy

17、sis which deals with motions, time, and forces is called mechanics and is made up of two parts, statics and dynamics. Statics deals with the analysis of stationary systems, i.e., those in which time is not a factor, and dynamics deals with systems which change with time.對運動、時間和作用力做出科學分析的分支稱為力學。它由靜力學

18、和動力學兩部分組成。靜力學對靜止系統(tǒng)進行分析，即在其中不考慮時間這個因素，動力學對隨時間而變化的系統(tǒng)進行分析。機械工程專業(yè)英語教程2022/7/22Text tour18Forces are transmitted into machine members through mating surfaces, e. g., from a gear to a shaft or from one gear through meshing teeth to another gear, from a V belt to a pulley, or from a cam to a follower.力通過配合

19、表面?zhèn)鞯綑C器中的各構件上。例如，從齒輪傳到軸或者從齒輪通過嚙合的輪齒傳到另一個齒輪，從V帶傳到帶輪，或者從凸輪傳到從動件。If the forces between gear teeth are too large, the oil film may be squeezed out from between them. This could result in flaking and spalling of the metal, noise, rough motion, and eventual failure.如果齒輪間相嚙合的齒與齒之間的力過大，就會將油膜從齒間擠壓出來。這會造成金屬的碎裂

20、和剝落，噪音增大，運動不精確，直至報廢。機械工程專業(yè)英語教程2022/7/2219Two equal and opposite forces acting along two non-coincident parallel straight lines in a body cannot be combined to obtain a single resultant force. Any two such forces acting on a body constitute a couple. The arm of the couple is the perpendicular ,p:pndi

21、kjul distance between their lines of action, and the plane of the couple is the plane containing the two lines of action.作用在同一個剛體上的兩條不重合平行線上的兩個大小相等, 方向相反的力不能被合并成一個合力。作用在一個剛體上的兩個這樣的力構成一個力偶。力偶臂是這兩條作用線之間的垂直距離，力偶面是包含這兩條作用線的平面。 機械工程專業(yè)英語教程2022/7/2220Mechanics deals with two kinds of quantities: scalars an

22、d vectors. Scalar quantities are those with which a magnitude alone is associated. Examples of scalar quantities in mechanics are time, volume, density, speed, energy, and mass. Vector quantities, on the other hand, possess direction as well as magnitude. Examples of vectors are displacement, veloci

23、ty, acceleration, force, moment, and momentum.力學涉及到兩種類型的量：標量和矢量。標量是那些只有大小的量。在力學中標量的例子有時間，體積，密度，速率，能量和質(zhì)量。另一方面，矢量既有大小又有方向。矢量的例子有位移，速度，加速度，力，力矩和動量。機械工程專業(yè)英語教程2022/7/2221Lesson 2 Forces and Their Effects TerminologyText tour 2022/7/2222機械工程專業(yè)英語教程Terminology2022/7/2223機械工程專業(yè)英語教程Compressive Serving to or a

24、ble to compress壓縮的：起壓縮作用或能夠壓縮的Turning The shaping of metal or wood on a lathe車削：用車床將金屬或木材加工成型的過程Lathe 車床機械工程專業(yè)英語教程2022/7/22Rectilinear,rektilini Moving in, consisting of, bounded by, or characterized by a straight line or lines:直線的：以直線運動的，向直線組成的，以直線為邊的，具有直線之特點的 micrometer 千分尺 24 2022/7/2225機械工程專業(yè)英語教

25、程Thread A helical or spiral ridge on a screw, nut, or bolt螺紋：螺釘、螺母或螺栓上螺旋型的凸棱Shaper牛頭刨床A study of any machine or mechanism shows that each is made up of movable parts. These parts transform a given motion to a desired motion. In other words, these machines perform work. Work is done when motion resul

26、ts from the application of force. Thus, a study of mechanics and machines deals with forces and the effects of forces on bodies.參考譯文：研究表明機器或者機構都是由若干運動零件組成的。這些零件將給定運動轉(zhuǎn)換成目標運動。換句話說，這些機器做功。因為力的作用產(chǎn)生運動而做功。因此，力學和機械（學）研究力以及力對物體的影響。機械工程專業(yè)英語教程2022/7/22Text tour26 A force is a push or pull. The effect of a for

27、ce either changes the shape or motion of a body or prevents other forces from making such changes. Every force produces a stress in the part on which it is applied. Forces may be produced by an individual using muscular action or by machines with mechanical motion. 參考譯文：力分為推力和拉力，力可以改變物體的形狀或運動狀態(tài)或者防止其

28、他力作這樣的改變。施加在零件上的力會在其內(nèi)部產(chǎn)生應力。力可以由個人的肌肉活動或者由機器的機械運動產(chǎn)生。 Forces are produced by physical or chemical change, gravity, or changes in motion. When a force is applied which tends to stretch an object, it is called a tensile force. A part experiencing a tensile force is said to be in tension. A force can als

29、o be applied which tends to shorten or squeeze the object. Such a force is a compressive force. 參考譯文：力由物理或化學變化、地心引力或者運動變化產(chǎn)生。當力用于拉伸物體時叫拉力。零件受拉力作用被稱為受拉（處于拉伸狀態(tài)）。力也可用于縮短或擠壓物體，這種力叫壓力。A third force is known as a torsional force, or a torque since it tends to twist an object. Still another kind of force, w

30、hich seems to make the layers or molecules mlikjuls of a material slide or slip on one another, is a shearing force. 參考譯文： （我們知道的）第三種力是扭轉(zhuǎn)力，或者叫扭矩，因為它會扭曲物體。還有另一種力，它似乎會使材料的各層或分子間產(chǎn)生相對滑移，稱為剪切力。 Each of these forces may act independently or in combination. For example, a downward force applied on a vertic

31、al steel beam tends to compress the beam. If this beam is placed in a horizontal position and a load is applied in the middle, the bottom of the beam tends to stretch and is in tension. At the same time, the top area is being pushed together in compression. If the compressive and tensile forces are

32、greater enough to make the layers of the material slide upon each other, a shearing force results.參考譯文：這些力都可以單獨或者組合起來起作用。例如，一個向下的力施加在垂直鋼梁上會壓縮它。如果將梁水平放置，載荷施加在梁的中央，則梁的下方會伸長而受拉。同時梁的上方被壓縮而受壓。如果壓力和拉力足夠大到使材料的各層產(chǎn)生相對滑移，則會出現(xiàn)剪切力。28機械工程專業(yè)英語教程2022/7/22The turning of a part in a lathe is another example of sever

33、al forces in action (as shown in Figure 1).11. turning of a part 這里指“對一個零件進行車削加工”。全句譯為：幾個力同時作用的另外的一個例子是在車床上對零件進行車削加工（如圖1所示）。機械工程專業(yè)英語教程2022/7/22Fig. 1 The turning of a part in a lathe 29As the work revolves and the cutting tool moves into the work, the wedging action of the cutting edge produces a sh

34、ear force. This force causes the metal to seem to flow off the work in the form of chips.2 2. chip 這里指“切屑”。work 這里指“工件，即 workpiece ”。全句可譯為：工件旋轉(zhuǎn)時刀具切入工件，切削刃的楔入動作產(chǎn)生剪切力。這個力使得金屬看起來像以切屑的形式從工件上流出來一樣。If this workpiece is held between the centers of the lathe, the centers exert a compressive force against th

35、e work.33. centers of the lathe 意為“車床的兩個頂尖”。全句可譯為：如果一個工件被安裝在車床的兩個頂尖之間，頂尖對工件施加一個壓力。機械工程專業(yè)英語教程2022/7/2230The lathe dog which drives the work tends to produce a shearing force. The pressure of the cutting tool against the work produces tension and compression, as well as a shearing action.參考譯文：驅(qū)動工件的車床夾

36、頭會產(chǎn)生一個扭轉(zhuǎn)力。刀具頂在工件上的壓力會同時產(chǎn)生拉力和壓力，以及剪切作用。Considerable attention is given to the action of centrifugal force in grinding wheels. That is, the bonding agent that holds the abrasive particles on the wheel must be stronger than the forces which tend to make the revolving wheel fly apart at high speeds. For

37、 this reason, the speed of a grinding wheel should not exceed the safe surface speed limit specified by the manufacturer. Centrifugal force increases with speed.參考譯文：對磨削用的砂輪來講離心力的影響要特別給以關注。即把磨料顆粒粘合在砂輪上的粘合劑它的粘合力必須大于使高速旋轉(zhuǎn)的砂輪分崩離析的離心力。因此，砂輪的轉(zhuǎn)速不能超過制造商給定的安全表面速度限制。離心力隨轉(zhuǎn)速的增加而增大。 31機械工程專業(yè)英語教程2022/7/22The pri

38、nciples of centrifugal force are used in the design of centrifuge-type machines. Some centrifuges are used to separate chemicals; others are used to remove impurities in metals by centrifugal casting processes. Centrifugal force principles are also used in common appliances such as clothes dryers an

39、d in devices to control motor speeds and accelerate moving machines.參考譯文：離心力的這種原理用在離心型機器的設計中。一些離心分離機用于分離化學制品；還有的通過離心鑄造工藝分離金屬中的雜質(zhì)。離心力作用也有普通的應用如干衣機、控制發(fā)動機轉(zhuǎn)速的裝置以及用于加速運動的機器。32機械工程專業(yè)英語教程2022/7/22Centripetal force causes an object to travel in circular path. This action is caused by the continuous applicat

40、ion of forces which tend to pull the object to the center. In other words, the inward force which resists the centrifugal force is called the centripetal force. The centripetal force of objects spinning at a constant rate produces an acceleration toward the center which is equal and opposite to the

41、centrifugal force.參考譯文：向心力使物體沿著圓形軌道運動。這種現(xiàn)象的產(chǎn)生是由于將物體拉向（軌道）中心的力的持續(xù)作用。換句話說，這種抵抗離心力的向內(nèi)的力就叫向心力。以固定速率作旋轉(zhuǎn)運動的物體的向心力產(chǎn)生一個向心的加速度，這個向心力與離心力大小相等，方向相反。33機械工程專業(yè)英語教程2022/7/22The materials used in the construction of rapidly moving machine parts and mechanisms must be structurally strong enough to provide the centri

42、petal force required to hold the parts to a circular path. At the same time, the materials must be able to withstand the centrifugal force which tends to pull the parts apart.參考譯文：用于制造高速運動的機械零件和機構的材料組織上必須有足夠強度，以提供保持零件在圓形軌道上所需的向心力。同時，這種材料必須能經(jīng)得起可將零件拉裂的離心力的作用。34機械工程專業(yè)英語教程2022/7/22Motion and the basic l

43、aws which affect motion are important considerations because of the numerous applications of these principles to produce work through mechanical devices.參考譯文：對運動和影響運動的基本定律需要重視，因為有許多根據(jù)這些原理通過機械裝置做功的應用。 There are two primary mechanical motions: rotary and rectilinear. These terms suggest that rotary mo

44、tion is a circular movement around a center line and rectilinear motion is a straight line motion.參考譯文：有兩個主要的機械運動：回轉(zhuǎn)運動和直線運動。這些術語表明（顧名思義），回轉(zhuǎn)運動是一種繞著一根中心線的環(huán)狀運動，而直線運動是沿著一根直線的運動。 For either rotary or rectilinear motion, it is possible, with added mechanical devices, to produce other forms of motion such

45、as intermittent motion and reciprocating motion. 參考譯文：對回轉(zhuǎn)運動或直線運動來說，如果可能的話，加上機械裝置則可產(chǎn)生其他形式的運動如間歇運動和往復運動。35機械工程專業(yè)英語教程2022/7/22Rotary Motion. The motion that is commonly transmitted is rotary motion. This type of motion may be produced with hand tools or power tools. Rotary motion is required to drill h

46、oles, turn parts in a lathe, mill surfaces, or drive a generator or fan belt.4 4. rotary motion 意為“回轉(zhuǎn)運動”。全句可譯為：回轉(zhuǎn)運動 通常稱為回轉(zhuǎn)運動，這種運動可以由手動工具或動力工具產(chǎn)生。鉆孔、在車床上車削零件、銑平面、驅(qū)動發(fā)電機或風扇的帶等都需要回轉(zhuǎn)運動。機械工程專業(yè)英語教程2022/7/2236Rectilinear ,rektilini Motion. The feed of a tool on a lathe, the cutting of steel on a power saw, o

47、r the shaping of materials are all situations in which rectilinear or straight line motion produces work. In each of these situations a part or mechanism is used to change rotary motion to straight line motion. The screw of a micrometer and the threads in a nut are still other applications where the

48、 direction of motion is changed from rotary to rectilinear.5 5. the screw of a micrometer 意為“千分尺中的螺桿”,全段可譯為：直線運動 車床上刀具的進給、在鋸床上鋸鋼材以及材料的刨削等都是直線運動做功的情況。每個這些（類）情況都要用一個零件或機構將回轉(zhuǎn)運動轉(zhuǎn)化為直線運動。千分尺中的螺桿和螺母中的螺紋是把運動方向從轉(zhuǎn)動變?yōu)橹本€的另外一些應用實例。機械工程專業(yè)英語教程2022/7/2237Harmonic and Intermittent Motion.6 Any simple vibration, such

49、 as the regular back-and-forth movement of the end of a pendulum, is simple harmonic motion.76. harmonic and intermittent motion 意為“諧波運動和間歇運動”。7. simple harmonic motion 意為“簡諧運動”。全句可譯為：任何簡單的振動，例如擺的下端有規(guī)律的往復運動是簡諧運動。機械工程專業(yè)英語教程2022/7/2238However, many manufacturing processes require intermittent or irreg

50、ular motion. For example, the fast return stroke of a power hacksaw or shaper ram is desirable because no cutting is done on the return stroke. Therefore, as more time is saved in returning the cutting tool to the working position, the less expensive is the operation.參考譯文：然而，很多制造工藝要求間歇運動或不規(guī)則運動。例如，電動

51、弓鋸或刨床滑枕的快速回程（快回）就是令人想要的結果，因為在回程中沒有進行切削。因此，在刀具回到工作位置的過程中節(jié)省的時間越多，這道工序的成本越低。 39機械工程專業(yè)英語教程2022/7/22The combinations of rotary and rectilinear motion obtainable are unlimited because of the large variety of parts such as gears, cams, pulleys, screws, links, and belts which can be combined in many arrange

52、ments.參考譯文：可得到的回轉(zhuǎn)運動和直線運動的組合是無限的，因為有大量的零件如齒輪、凸輪、帶輪、螺桿、連桿和帶等可以以不同的排列形式組合起來。40機械工程專業(yè)英語教程2022/7/22Lesson 3 Overview of Engineering Mechanics TerminologyText tour 2022/7/2241機械工程專業(yè)英語教程Terminology2022/7/2242機械工程專業(yè)英語教程Interactive Acting or capable of acting on each other互相作用的或能互相作用的Iterative itrtiv Charact

53、erized by or involving repetition, recurrence, reiteration, or repetitiousness ,repitisnis 重復的, 反復的, 迭代的：以反復、循環(huán)、重述或重復為特征的，或與之相關的Pinpoint 精確地定位或確認To locate or identify with precision精確地定位或確認機械工程專業(yè)英語教程2022/7/22Equilibrium ,i:kwilibrim A condition in which all acting influences are canceled by others,

54、resulting in a stable, balanced, or unchanging system 平衡，均衡：一種所有動作的影響都互相抵消，整個系統(tǒng)處于平穩(wěn)的、均勢的、不變的狀態(tài)。Tractable Easily handled or worked易于處理或操作的Order of magnitude A range of values between a designated lower value and an upper value ten times as large, such as the masses of Earth and the sun differ by five

55、 orders of magnitude數(shù)量級：處于相差10倍的兩個數(shù)值之間的那一段數(shù)值的范圍。例如，地球與太陽的質(zhì)量相差五個數(shù)量級。 43As we look around us we see a world full of “things”: Machines, devices, tools; things that we have designed, built, and used; things made of wood, metals, ceramics, and plastics. We know from experience that some things are bette

56、r than others; they last longer, cost less, are quieter, look better, or are easier to use.參考譯文：看看我們周圍可以發(fā)現(xiàn)一個充滿了“東西”的世界：機器、裝置、工具等等；這些東西是我們設計、建造和使用的；這些東西是由木材、金屬、陶瓷和塑料制成的。我們從經(jīng)驗知道一些東西比其他的要好；它們壽命更長，成本更低，更安靜，更好看，或更易于使用。機械工程專業(yè)英語教程2022/7/22Text tour44Ideally, however, every such item has been designed accor

57、ding to some set of “functional requirements” as perceived by the designersthat is, it has been designed so as to answer the question, “Exactly what function should it perform?”11. so as to 意為“使得，如此，以至于”。全句可譯為：然而，在理想的情況下，每一件產(chǎn)品都是設計人員根據(jù)其對某些“功能要求”的理解而設計出來的，也就是說，在設計過程中，應該回答這樣的問題，即“它應該具有那種確切的功能？” In the

58、world of engineering, the major function frequently is to support some type of loading due to weight, inertia, pressure, etc. From the beams in our homes to the wings of an airplane, there must be an appropriate melding of materials, dimensions, and fastenings to produce structures that will perform

59、 their functions reliably for a reasonable cost over a reasonable lifetime.參考譯文：在工程世界里，主要的功能常常是去支撐一些由重量、慣性、壓力等產(chǎn)生的負荷。 從我們家里的房梁到飛機的機翼，一定有適當?shù)牟牧稀⒊叽?、緊固件的組合應用，以制造出在合理的生命周期里以合理的成本滿足功能要求的結構。機械工程專業(yè)英語教程2022/7/2245In practice, the engineering mechanics methods are used in two quite different ways:The developme

60、nt of any new device requires an interactive, iterative consideration of form, size, materials, loads, durability, safety, and cost.參考譯文：在實踐中，工程力學方法有兩個很不相同的用途：（1）任何一個新裝置的設計都需要在形式、尺寸、材料、載荷、耐久度、安全性和造價等方面進行反復的、交互式的考慮。 (2) When a device fails (unexpectedly) it is often necessary to carry out a study to