英漢語言對比間接和直接-68頁PPT課件

1、Part VIDirect vs. IndirectEnglish: IndirectChinese: Direct Indirect EnglishI EuphemismII ImplicitnessIII Periphrasis I Euphemism Euphemizing is generally defined as substituting an inoffensive or pleasant term for a more explicit, offensive one, thereby veneering the truth by using kind words.For Ex

2、ample: In private I should merely call him a liar. In the Press you should use the words: Reckless disregard for truth and in Parliament- that you regret he should have been so misinformed. 委婉是一種比較間接的方式來談?wù)摬灰酥毖缘娜嘶蚴挛?。為了?）回避或掩蓋某些嚴(yán)酷的社會現(xiàn)實；2）為了防止“出口傷人”；3）避免“有失體統(tǒng)”，顯得文明禮貌。1.Both English and Chinese have Eu

3、phemism which are used to express boring, awful, disgust and disgraceful things.1）“死亡”2）“上廁所”3）“懷孕”4）“身體太胖”5）“老人，年老” 1）“死亡”pass away; breathe ones last; go to ones Maker; be with God; sleep with ones fathers join the great majority; pay the debt of nature go to glory; go to a better world; sleep the

4、 final sleep, cross the Great Divide, climb the golden staircase.逝世、壽終、作古、謝世、歸寂、坐化、犧牲、陣亡、殉職、捐軀、百年、與世長辭；古代還有按等級之分的死： 帝王之死“崩”或“晏駕”， 諸侯之死“篳”； 大夫之死“卒”， 士之死“不祿”。 2）“上廁所”go to the restroom, use the bathroom, wash ones hands, relieve oneself, answer a call of nature; （男）see a man about a horse, （女）fix ones

5、 face, powder ones nose大便、小便、方便、解手、大解、小解、凈手、如廁、去洗手間 3）“懷孕”be expecting, in a family way, (American English)in the family way,(English)in an interesting condition 有喜、重身子、雙身子、產(chǎn)婦、身懷六甲 4）“身體太胖”stouton the heavy side發(fā)福 5）“老人，年老”senior citizeneldly peopleadvanced in age年邁年長上了年紀(jì)上歲數(shù)年事已高2. Compared with Chin

6、ese, English has more euphemisms and they are used more frequently . powder room- ladies room女廁所unpleasant odour- nasty smell難聞的氣味assault- rape強奸soiled linen- dirty clothes臟衣服unmentionables/nether garments/inexpressibles -trousers褲子 In mordern UK or US, euphemizing, implicit and humor speech is rega

7、red as mark of civilization and politeness.In recent ten years, the usage of euphemism is so popular that nearly deep into every corner of social life and public or private business. Most of them are vivd and intersting and can reflect social and cultural life 2.1 Official Euphemism官方委婉語。2.2 Occupat

8、ional Euphemism職業(yè)委婉語。2.3 School Euphemism學(xué)校委婉語。2.4 Others各種事物委婉語 2.1 Offical Euphemismincludes all kinds of officialese（官方英語）:1)bureaucratese聯(lián)邦政府官僚英語2)Pentagonese五角大樓英語3)State-Departmentese國務(wù)院英語4)Gobbledygook官腔英語5)unbababble地方市政府英語 1)Bureaucratese聯(lián)邦政府官僚英語 Euphemisms are so popular in officialese, es

9、pecially Bureaucratese among which some of them have become tricks to cover the truth, deceive the voter and win over the will of the people. For example: 1)經(jīng)濟危機：ecnomic crisis ecnomic adjustment（經(jīng)濟調(diào)整） 2)失業(yè)：unemplyment underutilization（未充分利用人才） human resources underdevelopment（人才資源未充分開發(fā)） 3)貧民區(qū)：slum

10、inner city ; central city 4）監(jiān)獄： prison house of correction(改造所，教養(yǎng)院) 5）捏造：fabricate less than truthful（不大真實） 6）竊聽：eavesdrop on intelligence gathering（收集情報） 7）暗殺：assassination liquidation（清算）poor： I used to think I was poor. Then they told me I wasnt poor, I was needy. They told me it was self- defeat

11、ing to think of myself as needy, I was culturally deprived. Then they told me deprived was a bad image, I was underprivileged. Then they told me underprivileged was overused, I was disadvantaged. I still dont have a dime, but I have a great vocabulary!2)Pentagonese五角大樓英語為了掩蓋侵略戰(zhàn)爭本性,國防部官員把它稱為internati

12、onal armed conflict (國際武裝沖突);對美國空軍來說，空襲只是air support（空中增援），在原蘇聯(lián)領(lǐng)空偵察飛行僅是overflight（越界飛行）。軍方為了盡量縮小暴力破壞程度，把殺死敵人稱作neutralize the adversary（壓制對手），把傷亡稱為circadian deregulation（生理節(jié)奏的反常）為了掩蓋戰(zhàn)爭中失敗的真相，五角大樓的官員會說：撤出exfiltration；戰(zhàn)線調(diào)整an adjust of the front =退卻retreat；戰(zhàn)略撤退strategic withdrawl =戰(zhàn)敗defeat；大量使用核武器的用語det

13、errence（威懾）；first strike capability（第一次打擊能力），從不提nuclear核子這個詞，也不提它可能導(dǎo)致人類的毀滅。 3)State-Departmentese國務(wù)院英語 外交官員常盡量縮小國際緊張局勢的嚴(yán)重性，讓公眾對其真正的動機和國內(nèi)外問題產(chǎn)生模糊印象。當(dāng)兩位外長舉行了一次useful and businesslike meeting（有益而一本正經(jīng)的會晤），其實是一次什么問題也沒有解決的會晤。當(dāng)兩位總理進行了一次serious and candid discussion（認真而坦率的討論），事實上是存在重大分歧。 2.2 Occupational Eup

14、hemism職業(yè)委婉語。 People often create some uplifting word or impressive title to beautify their occupation in order to improve their social status and satisfy their vanity. Sanitary engineer = garbage man 垃圾清潔工Meat technologist=butcher屠戶Member of the oldest profession = prostitute妓女Mixologist=bar-tender調(diào)

15、酒師landscape architect=gardener園丁beautician cosmetician tonsorial artist=barber 屠夫household executive domestic manager=housewife家庭婦女Occupational Euphemism in Chinese:環(huán)衛(wèi)工人， 保姆， 白衣天使， 靈魂工程師， 出家人2.3 School Euphemism學(xué)校委婉語。為了不磋商學(xué)生和家長的自尊心，遲鈍呆笨的學(xué)生是unflamboyant（不浮夸）；低能兒是subnormal（智力遜常）；exceptional (special)

16、child（情況特殊的孩子）. Teachers are requested to use the following euphemisms in a primary school:Shows difficulty in distinguishing between imaginary and factual materialLies 撒謊 Needs help in learning to adhere to rules and standards of fair play Cheats作弊 Needs help in learning to respect the property rig

17、hts of others Steals偷竊 Has qualities of leadership but needs help in learning to use them democraticallyIs a bully恃強凌弱 2.4 others各種事物委婉語predriven classic=used carindustrial action=strike罷工color minority=Negro黑人memory garden=cemetery墓地facial dew=sweat汗水in the altogether=naked赤身裸體willowy=slender苗條redi

18、rected flight=hijack劫機Lets go to Reno=divorce辦離婚（美內(nèi)華達西部城市里諾以辦離婚手續(xù)簡便而著稱） II Implicitness含蓄 英美民族富于幽默,表達時常不把要說的話直接說出來,而用某種間接、含蓄的方式來陳述。漢語也有含蓄表達法，但較常用作修辭手段。 All in all, Chinese tends to speak directly but English usually use:1understatement克制陳述、2litotes間接肯定、3indirect negation委婉否定4tactful implication婉轉(zhuǎn)暗示的

19、表達方式。 1 understatement克制陳述 An Englishman will say” I have a little house in the country”; when he invites you to stay with him you will discover that the little house is a place with three hundred bedrooms. If you are a world tennis-champion, say” Yes, I dont play too badly”, If you have crossed the

20、 Atlantic alone in a small boat, say” I do a little sailing”. 克制陳述：以含蓄的語氣故意把大事化小make big things seem trifle,用輕描淡寫的言辭來加深對方的印象.這種保守又謹(jǐn)慎的表達方式在英國中上層的口語里尤為流行。如：This piece of work is disgracefulThis piece of work is nothing to be proud of.1)He had five sandwiches and a quart of milk for his snack他吃了五個三明治，喝

21、了一夸脫牛奶，作為他的小吃2) He had a mansion in the country and another little place in town.他在鄉(xiāng)下有一座大廈，在城里還有個小地方。 English would rather use down-toner（低調(diào)詞） like rather, quite, all right, somewhat than the words very, best, worst1) Shes rather(very) good-looking2) He has written quite a number of(a lot of) books3

22、) Hes been a bit (quite) poorly since the winter. But I didnt expect him to go like this入冬他就一直不大舒服，但沒料到他就這樣丟下這個世界去了。.2 Litotes間接肯定2.1To use a negative to emphasize the contrarynot bad -goodit wasnt easy-it was very difficultno rare occurrence-a frequent occurrenceno small -great 漢語也有這類反語，如:“未嘗不可”，“難

23、免錯誤”，“不虛此行”，“不無遺憾”，“沒有白干”等，但較多采用直接肯定。 1)我發(fā)現(xiàn)房子著了火，這使我大吃一驚。To my no small astonishment, I found the house on fire2) 繼續(xù)公開討論這一問題是大有用處的。It serves no little purpose to continue public discussion of this issue.3) 這多災(zāi)多難的世界沒有任何太平的樂土。There is no untroubled place in this troubled world.2.2 To use other negativ

24、e method1)他非常喜歡那姑娘He didnt half like that girl.(= he liked her very much)2)我覺得身體好極了I couldnt feel better(= Im feeling first-rate)3)他很想盡快和你見面I cant see you quickly enough(= He desires to see you as soon as possible)4)在一個陌生的地方，越小心越好One could not be too careful in a new neighborhood.5)這次會議的重要性無論怎么強調(diào)也不過

25、分The importance of this conference cannot be overestimated 6)我太贊成你的看法了。想做生意，就得有鐵石心腸。 I couldnt agree with you more. Someones got to be tough if you want to stay in business.7)再聰明的人也會做錯事、智者千慮，必有一失It is a wise man that never makes mistakes.(= The wisest man sometimes make mistakes)2.3 To use Indirect

26、Negation 把直接的否定變得含蓄、婉轉(zhuǎn)，使口氣顯得溫和而不武斷，謙遜而留有余地。英語表示委婉否定的方法很多.2.3.1用肯定的形式表達否定的意義。常見于:implied subjunctive含蓄虛擬句disjunctive questions反意問句ellipsis省略句swear-words詛咒語ironical idioms諷刺語1)You could have come at a better time肯定式：你本來可以在更合適的時候來。否定義：你來得不是時候2)As if anyone would believe that story肯定式：好象竟有人會相信那些話似的否定義：別

27、人才不信那一套哩3)Are you telling me? I know all about it肯定式：你是在跟我說嗎？我全知道了否定義：不用你告訴我了（還要你說呢），我全知道了。4)I know better肯定式：我更加懂得否定義：我人為并非如此。5)Tell your old story to someone who believe it肯定式：把你這套老話講給相信它的人去聽吧否定義：我才不信你這套老話呢6)Let me catch you at it again肯定式：（要是）讓我再撞見你干這種事，（你可要吃苦頭了）否定義：別再干這種事了7)Ill see you dead befo

28、re I accept your terms.肯定式：在我接受你的條件前，我要先看你死去否定義：見鬼去吧，我才不接受你的條件呢2.4To use Tactful Implication 婉轉(zhuǎn)暗示 用含而不漏的言辭留下弦外之音，有些說法則跳過邏輯層次，讓對方去尋味。It can be worse婉轉(zhuǎn)：還可能會更糟明言：還可以/還過得去/還算不怎么壞/湊合湊合吧You are late for the last time婉轉(zhuǎn)：這是你最后一次遲到了明言：你被解雇了She has much more than just a pretty face婉轉(zhuǎn)：她遠遠不止有一張漂亮的臉明言：她不僅長得漂亮，還真

29、有兩下子呢（還真有本事呢）Would you mind doing it婉轉(zhuǎn)：你反對辦這件事嗎明言：請你辦這件事，好嗎A Negro could ask no more婉轉(zhuǎn)：一個黑人不能要求更多的了明言：一個黑人，還能要求什么呢？His accent couldnt fool a native speaker.婉轉(zhuǎn)：他的口音不能愚弄本地人明言：本地人一聽他的口音,便知道他是外鄉(xiāng)人. III Periphrasis迂回 is roundabout expression in speaking or writing, i.e. the use of long or many words, phra

30、ses, or unclear expressions when short simple ones are all that is needed. 迂回是一種拐彎抹角的說法，是用較多、較長或不清的詞語來表達原來簡短的詞語就能說清的意思。1)請您告訴我是否應(yīng)該接受這項邀請迂回:Will you please good enough to advise me whether I should accept the invitation?平易:Please tell me whether I should accept the invitation2)我已經(jīng)盡力去打聽你想要知道的消息。迂回I ha

31、ve endeavored to obtain the required information平易:I have tried to find out what you wanted to know 3)你讀一讀這些文件就會明白的。 迂回It will be observed from a perusal of these documents.平易:You will see by reading these documents4)費用大概是一千萬美元左右。迂回The cost may be upwards of a figure rather below $10 million平易:The c

32、ost may be nearly $ 10 million5)倫敦沒有可靠的消息。迂回In London there resigns a complete absence of really reliable news平易:There is no reliable news in London6)請你們講話小聲一點好嗎迂回Im terribly sorry to interrupt you, but I wonder if you would be so kind as to lower your voices a little.平易:Would you please lower your voices a little? English u