專題17推理判斷題解答技巧(解析版)-備戰(zhàn)高考英語

1、專題17推理判斷題解答技巧多皮被桁推理判斷題主要考查學(xué)生根據(jù)文章的字面意思，通過語篇邏輯關(guān)系，研窕細(xì)節(jié),的暗示，推敲作者的態(tài) 度，理解文章的寓意等。推理判斷題屬于主觀性較強(qiáng)的高層次閱讀理解題.做這類題時，考生應(yīng)在理解全 文的基礎(chǔ)上，從文章本身所提供的信息出發(fā)，運(yùn)用邏輯思維，同時借助一定的常識進(jìn)行分析、推理、判斷。 提問整篇文章或某句某段的含蓄意思時，問句中都含有infer, imply, indicate, suggest （推斷，暗指）等詞。 對付這類題時我們不僅要弄懂文章字而的意思，更重要的是要知道文章潛在的含義，和作者所給的提示。 同時要對文章的含義和作者的暗示作合理的猜測和推論。這種問

2、題的提問方式通常有：.From paragraph 4 we can infer that. / What can be inferred from the passage? / From the last paragraph we can infer that.We can infer from the text that./ What can we learn from.? / We can conclude from the passage that.The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that.T

3、he author implies that by the year 2080,.To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should.The author mentions the fact tliat.to show. This passage would most likely be found in?.The authors attitude toward .is?. The tone of the passage can best be described as?這些提問方式的答案一般在短文中不

4、可能直接找到，必須根據(jù)提問中的某些關(guān)鍵字眼與短文中相應(yīng)的 有關(guān)內(nèi)容加以邏輯推理或演算，從而得出某些作者并未說明卻已在字里行間所暗含的意思及觀點。具體的 說，考生應(yīng)當(dāng)注意以下幾點：.首先要注意一定要忠實于原文，以文章提供的事實和線索為依據(jù)。立足己知，推斷未知，遵循“詞不 離句，句不離段，段不離篇”的原則。千萬不能主觀臆想，憑空想象，隨意揣測，更不能以自己的觀點代替 作者的觀點。.要吃透文章的字面意思，從字里行間捕捉有用的提示和線索，這是推理的前提和基礎(chǔ)。有的推斷，考 生完全可以根據(jù)文章中所闡述的細(xì)節(jié)，再結(jié)合自己所掌握的基礎(chǔ)知識、有關(guān)背景知識或常識來幫助進(jìn)行分 析、推敲，從而得出符合文章原意的結(jié)論

5、。.要對文字的表面信息進(jìn)行挖掘加工，由表及里，由淺入深，從具體到抽象，從特殊到一般，通過分析、 綜合、判斷等，進(jìn)行深層處理，合乎邏輯地推理。不能就事論事，斷章取義，以偏概全。.要把握句、段之間的邏輯關(guān)系，了解語篇的結(jié)構(gòu)，同時還要體會文章的基調(diào)，揣摩作者的態(tài)度，摸 準(zhǔn)邏輯發(fā)展方向，悟出作者的言外之意。.在解答推理性問題時，一定要注意確定推理依據(jù)的位置或范圍。應(yīng)清楚所要解答的問題需要針對某個 細(xì)方進(jìn)行推斷，還是針對主題思想、作者的意圖進(jìn)行推斷。針對細(xì)苗的推斷可運(yùn)用scanning的方法，迅速 在材料中確定推理依據(jù)的位置或范圍，然后再進(jìn)行推理判斷。針對主題思想作推斷時，則常常要縱覽全篇 文章。1.細(xì)

6、節(jié)推斷題要求考生根據(jù)語篇關(guān)系，推斷具體細(xì)節(jié)，如時間、地點、人物關(guān)系、人物身份、事件、具體信息等。 考生要從文章本身所提供的信息出發(fā)，抓住關(guān)鍵的信息詞，運(yùn)用邏輯思維，并借助一定的常識進(jìn)行分析、 推理、判斷。典型試題（2020北京高考真題）Certain forms of AI are indeed becoming ubiquitous. For example, algorithms （算法） carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city s

7、treets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another. These systems are sometimes faster and more perceptive than we humans are. But so far that is only true for the specific tasks for which the systems have been designed. That is something that some AI developers are now eager

8、 to change.Some of todays AI pioneers want to move on from todays world of weak” or “narrow、AI, to create “strong” or fiilF AI, or what is often called artificial general mtelligence （AGI）. In some respects, todays powerfill computing machines already make our brains look weak. A GI could, its advoc

9、ates say, work for us around the clock, and drawing on all available data, could suggest solutions to many problems. DM, a company focused on the development of AGL has ail ambition to “solve intelligence. If we re successfill/ their mission statement reads, “we believe this will be one of the most

10、mortant and widely beneficial scientific advances ever made/Since the early days of AL imagination has outpaced what is possible or even probable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted die eventual creation of an ultra-intelligent machine. that can far surpass all the in

11、tellectual （智力的）activities of any man, however clever： Good went on to suggest tliat the first ultra-intelligent machine could be the last invention that man need ever make/Fears about the appearance of bad, powerful, man-made intelligent machines have been reinforced （強(qiáng)化）by many works of fiction Ma

12、ry Shelley s Frankenstein and the Terminator film series, for example. But if AI does eventually prove to be our downfall, it is unlikely to be at the hands of human-shaped forms like these, with recognisably human motivations such as aggression （敵對行為）.Instead, I agree with Oxford University philoso

13、pher Nick Bostrom, who believes that the heaviest risks from A GI do not come from a decision to turn against mankind but rather from a dogged pursuit of set objectives at the expense of everything else.The promise and danger of true A GI are great. But all of todays excited discussion about these p

14、ossibilities presupposes the fact that we will be able to build these systems. And, having spoken to many of the worlds foremost AI researchers, I believe there is good reason to doubt that we will see A GI any time soon, if ever. What does the underlined word ubiquitous in Paragraph I probably mean

15、?A.Enormous in quantity.B.Changeable daily.C.Stable in quality.D.Present everywhere.What could AGI do for us, according to its supporters?A.Help to tackle problems.B.Make brains more active.C.Bcnefit ambitious people.D.Set up powerful databases.As for Irving Good s opinion on ultra-intelligent machi

16、nes, the author is.A.supportiveB.disapprovingC.fearfulD.uncertain.What can be inferred about AGI from the passage?A.It may be only a dream.B.It will come into being soon.C.It will be controlled by humans.D.It may be more dangerous than ever.【答案】9.D10.A ll.B 12.A【分析】這是一篇議論文。文章主要就通用人工智能（AGI）實現(xiàn)的可能性進(jìn)行了論

17、述。9.詞義猜測題 根據(jù)劃線詞所在句后面的 For example, algorithms （算法）carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another（例如，算法在我們的金融市場上進(jìn)行大量交易，自動駕駛汽車出現(xiàn)在城市街道上，我 們的智能手機(jī)正在從一種語言翻譯成另一種語言）可知，人工智能在我們生活中用

18、處十分廣泛。由此推知， 劃線詞所在句意為“某些形式的人工智能確實正在變得無處不在”,即劃線詞與D選項“Present everywhere.（在 任何地方存在）“意思接近。故選D項。.細(xì)方理解題。根據(jù)第二段 AGI could, its advocates say, work for us around the clock, and drawing on all available data, could suggest solutions to many problems（AGI 的倡導(dǎo)者說,AG可以 24 小時為我們工作,并利 用所有可用的數(shù)據(jù)，可以提出許多問題的解決方案）可知，AGI（通

19、用人工智能）的倡導(dǎo)者認(rèn)為，AGI（通用人工 智能）可以提出許多問題的解決方案，幫助我們解決問題。因此，A選項“Help to tackle problems（幫助解決問 題）”符合題意。故選A項。.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段 Since the early days of AI. imagination has outpaced what is possible or even probable. In 1965. an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted the eventual creation of an ultra-

20、intelligent machuie. that can far surpass all the intellectual （智力的）activities of any man. however clever”（自從人工智能的早期，想象力已經(jīng)超過了可能。1965年，一位富有想象力的數(shù)學(xué)家歐文古德預(yù)言， 最終將創(chuàng)造出一臺“超智能機(jī)器它將遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過任何一個人的智力活動，無論他有多聰明?！保┛芍?，作者 認(rèn)為Irving Good對“超智能機(jī)器”的想象力超出了實現(xiàn)的可能，作者并不贊成他的觀點，因此B項 “disapproving（不贊成）”符合題意。故選B項。.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一句 And.

21、having spoken to many of the worlds foremost AI researchers. I believe there is good reason to doubt that we will see A GI any time soon, if ever.（而且，在與世界上許多頂尖的人工智 能研究人員交談后，我相信有充分的理由懷疑我們是否會很快看到AGI）可推斷出，通用人工智能（AGI） 或許只是一個夢想，A選項“It may be only a dream（它也許僅僅是一個夢想）符合題意。故選擇A項。2.因果推斷題要求考生根據(jù)已知結(jié)果推測導(dǎo)致結(jié)果的可能原因

22、或根據(jù)已有的原因推斷可能的結(jié)果?？忌獪?zhǔn)確掌握 文章的內(nèi)涵，理解文章的真正含義。最關(guān)鍵的是要找準(zhǔn)事物間存在的因果關(guān)系信息，根據(jù)已有信息，進(jìn)行 分析判斷推理，從而推出最符合邏輯的原因或判斷出最可能導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果。典型試題（2020海南高考真題）Rainforests are home to a rich variety of medicinal plants, food, birds and animals.Can you believe that a single bush（，瞿木叢）in the Amazon may have more species of ants than the whol

23、e of Britain!About 480 varieties of trees may be found in just one hectare of rainforest.Rainforests are the lungs of the planet-storing vast quantities of carbon dioxide and producing a significant amount of the worlds oxygen. Rainforests have their own perfect system for ensuring their own surviva

24、l; the tall trees make a canopy （樹冠層）of branches and leaves which protect themselves, smaller plants, and the forest animals from heavy rain, intense dry heat from the sun and strong winds.Amazingly, the trees grow in such a way that their leaves and branches, although close together, never actually

25、 touch those of another tree. Scientists think this is the plants* way to prevent the spread of any tree diseases and make life more difficult for leaf-eating insects like caterpillars. To survive in the forest, animals must climb, jump or fly across the gaps. The ground floor of the forest is not a

26、ll tangled leaves and bushes, like in films, but is actually fairly clear. It is where dead leaves turn into food for the trees and other forest life.They are not called rainforests for nothing! Rainforests can generate 75%of their own rain. At least 80 inches of rain a year is normal-and in some ar

27、eas there may be as much as 430 inches of rain annually. This is real rain-your umbrella may protect you in a shower, but it wont keep you dry if there is a full rainstorm. In just two hours, streams can rise ten to twenty feet. The humidity （濕氣）of large rainforests contributes to the formation of r

28、ainclouds that may travel to other countries in need of rain.What can we learn about rainforests from the first paragraph?A.They produce oxygen.B.They cover a vast area.C.They are well managed.D.They are rich in wildlife.Which of the following contributes most to the survival of rainforests?A.Heavy

29、rainsB.Big trees.C.Small plants.D.Forest animals.Why do the leaves and branches of different trees avoid touching each other?A.For more sunlight.B.For more growingspace.C.For self-protection.D.For the detection of insects.What can be a suitable title for the text?A.Life-Giving RainforestsB.The Law o

30、f the JungleC.Animals in the AmazonD.Weather in Rainforests【答案】I D 2.B 3.C 4.A【分析】本文是說明文。熱帶雨林被稱為“世界上最大的藥房”，因為超過25%的現(xiàn)代藥物是由其植物提煉，熱 帶雨林也享有“地球之肺”的美譽(yù)，因其植物的光合作用凈化地球空氣的能力尤為強(qiáng)大。僅亞馬遜熱帶雨林產(chǎn) 生的氧氣就占全球氧氣總量的1/3。.細(xì) A理解題。根據(jù)第一段 Rainforests are home to a rich variety of medicinal plants, food, birds and animals.得 知，熱帶雨

31、林蘊(yùn)藏了豐富多彩的藥用植物、食物以及鳥禽猛獸?？芍瑹釒в炅钟胸S富的野生動物，故選D。.細(xì) J理解題。根據(jù)第二段 Rainforests have their own perfect system for ensuring their own survival; the tall trees make a canopy （樹冠層）of branches and leaves which protect themselves, smaller plants, and the forest animals from heavy rain, intense dry heat fromthe sun

32、and strong winds.得知，熱帶雨林有自己完美的生存體系，高大的樹木有枝干，樹葉的樹冠層保護(hù)樹木本身、小植物、動物們免受大雨和太陽強(qiáng)風(fēng)帶來的干燥 熱浪的傷害。可知，大樹有助于熱帶雨林生存，故選民.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段 Scientists think this is the plants way to prevent the spread of any tree diseases and make life more difficult for leaf-eating insects like caterpillars.得知，科學(xué)家們認(rèn)為這是植物阻止任何樹木疾病 擴(kuò)散和讓比如毛毛

33、蟲這種食用樹葉的昆蟲難以生存?？梢耘袛喑霾煌瑯淠镜臉淙~和樹枝避免彼此觸碰是為 了自我保護(hù)，故選C。.主旨大意題。本文首先講述了熱帶雨林蘊(yùn)藏了豐富多彩的藥用植物、食物以及鳥禽猛獸。其次，熱帶雨林 就是地球的肺一它吸納了大量的二氧化碳，并制造了全球氧氣的很大部分。然后，雨林可以自我形成所 需降雨的75%,而龐大的熱帶雨林濕氣則可以形成雨云，這些雨云則可以飄往那些缺雨水的國家?？梢耘?斷出本文最佳標(biāo)題是“給予生命的熱帶雨林”，故選A.3.人物性格、心情處境、態(tài)度及觀點等推斷題高考閱讀測試中有些題目考查學(xué)生對文章作者的主導(dǎo)思想、被描寫人物語氣、言談話語中流露的情緒、 性格傾向和作用或文中人物的態(tài)度、觀

34、點等方而的理解。做這一類題時一定注意：（1）由表及里地準(zhǔn)確把握字里行間的意思，切勿用自己的主觀想法或觀點代替作者的思想觀點。（2）特別注意那些描寫環(huán)境氣氛的語言，以及表達(dá)感情，態(tài)度觀點的詞語。要特別注意作者在文章中 的措辭，尤其是感情色彩的形容詞。（3）能結(jié)合自己平時積累的有關(guān)英語國家的文化傳統(tǒng)、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣等背景知識來識別評價。干擾項特點：.是自己的某種看法或觀點.是社會的一種普遍種傾向.是與本文無關(guān)或與作者相反的觀點或看法等解題技巧：.問全文主體事物的（包括主邈），可以根據(jù)闡述主題或有關(guān)主體事物的相關(guān)句中表達(dá)感情色彩的形容詞、 副詞或動詞確定作者的態(tài)度;.如果問的是對某一具體事物的態(tài)度，則可以

35、定位到具體相關(guān)句，然后確定答案。典型試題（2020海南高考真題）The end of the school year was in sight and spirits were high. I was back teaching after an absence of 15 years, dealing with the various kinds of Hforbiddcn fruit* that come out of book bags. Now was the spring of the water pistol.I decided to think up a method of de

36、aling with forbidden fniit.“Please bring that pistol to me；11 said. Tin going to put it in my Grandmas Box.”Whats that?* they asked.“Its a large wooden chest full of toys for my grandchildren.” I replied.“You dont have grandchildren/1 someone said.1 dont now. I replied. MBut someday I will. When I d

37、o, my box will be full of wonderful things for them.”My imaginary Grandmas Box worked like magic that spring, and later. Sometimes. students would ask me to describe all the things I had in it. Then I would try to remember the different possessions I supposedly had taken away-since I seldom actually

38、 kept them. Usually the offender would appear at the end of the day, and I would return the belonging.The-years went by, and my first grandchild Gordon was born. I shared my joy with that years class. Then someone said, “Now you can use your Grandmas Box.” From then on instead of coming to ask their

39、 possessions back, the students would say, Thats okay. Put it in your Grandmas Box for Gordon.I loved talking about the imaginary box, not only with my students but also with my own children. They enjoyed hearing about all the forbidden fniit I had collected. Then one Christmas I received a surprise

40、 gifta large, beautifully made wooden chest. My son Bruce had made my Grandmas Box a reality.What was the authors purpose in having the conversation with the students?A .To collect the water pistol.B.To talk about her grandchildren.C.To recommend some toys.D.To explain her teaching method.What do th

41、e underlined words the offender in paragraph 8 refer to?A.The studenfs parent.B.The maker of the Grandmas Box.C.The authors grandchild.D.The owner of the forbidden fruit.What did the students do after they learned about the birth of Gordon?A.Tliey went to play with the baby.B.They asked to see the G

42、randmas Box.C.Tliey made a present for Gordon.8.What can we infer about the author?D.They stopped asking their toys back.A.She enjoys telling jokes.C.She loves doing woodwork.【答案】5.A 6.D 7.D 8.B【分析】B.She is a strict and smart teacher.D.Shc is a responsible grandmother這是一篇記敘文。文章主要講敘了作者為收集學(xué)生們帶到學(xué)校的玩具，想

43、出了一個“奶奶的盒子”的辦法。 到后來，作者的第一個孫子出生，學(xué)生們也不再來要求歸還他們的財物了，作者也在某一年圣誕。收到了 兒子制作的大木箱，將“奶奶的盒子”變成了現(xiàn)實。5,細(xì)行理解題o 根據(jù)第一段中“I was back teaching after an absence of 15 years, dealing with the various kinds of Hforbidden fniitH that come out of book bags. Now was the spring of the water pis.（在缺席 15 年之后，我又回 到了教書的地方，處理從書包里掏出

44、的各種各樣的“禁果”?，F(xiàn)在流行的是水槍）”以及第三段中“Please bring that pistol to me/ I said. *1*111 gomg to put it in my Grandmas Box.（請把那支水槍給我，”我說?！拔乙阉旁?我奶奶的盒子里。由此可知，作者與學(xué)生進(jìn)行對話的目的是收集水槍。故選A。.詞句猜測題。根據(jù)劃線詞后文“I would return the belonging”結(jié)合上文提到作者把學(xué)生帶到學(xué)校的玩具稱為 “禁果”，且作者的“盒子”里裝的就是“禁果”，所以作者等到這些禁果的擁有者在一天結(jié)束的時候出現(xiàn)，然后 就會歸還他們的物品。由此可知，劃線詞

45、意思為“禁果的擁有者、故選D。.細(xì)行理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中“From then on instead of coming to ask their possessions back, the students would say, 4Tliats okay. Put it in your Grandma $ Box for Gordon.（從那時起，學(xué)生們不再來要求歸還他們的財 物，而是說：“沒關(guān)系。把它放在你“奶奶給戈登的盒子里）”由此可知，學(xué)生們在得知了戈登的出生后，他 們不再索要玩具。故選D。,推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章中作者要收集學(xué)生們從書包里掏出的各種各樣的“禁果”，說明作者對待學(xué)生很嚴(yán)

46、格： 同時作者又想出了“奶奶的盒子”這個的方法來收集學(xué)生們的玩具，說明作者很聰明，由此可推知，作者是一 個嚴(yán)格而聰明的老師。故選B。4.篇章結(jié)構(gòu)推斷題根據(jù)不同文章的內(nèi)容和寫作目的，作者會采取記敘、描寫、議論、說明或應(yīng)用文體。作者也會采用敘 述、例證、比較對照等不同的組織結(jié)構(gòu)。不同文體的閱讀難度、要求和任務(wù)不同，閱讀方法也應(yīng)不同。增 強(qiáng)對篇章結(jié)構(gòu)的理解能力有助于提高閱讀質(zhì)量。典型試題Have you ever wondered why birds sing? Maybe you thought that they were just happy. After all, you probably

47、sing or whistle when you are happy.Some scientists believe that birds do sing some of the time just because they are happy. However, they sing most of the time for a very different reason. Their singing is actually a warning to other birds to stay out of their territory. How does the writer explain

48、birds singing?By comparing birds with human beings.By reporting experiment results.By descnbmg birds daily life.By telling a birds story.【答案】A【解析】由文章第一、二兩段可知作者是把鳥兒和人類進(jìn)行對比。5.文章結(jié)論推斷題由具體到一般，對已知的事實進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié)性推斷稱為結(jié)論。典型試題（2020江蘇高考真題）For those who can stomach it, working out before breakfast may be more benefi

49、cial for health than eating first, according to a study of meal timing and physical activity.Athletes and scientists have long known that meal timing affects performance. However far less has been known about how meal timing and exercise might affect general health.To find out, British scientists co

50、nducted a study. They first found 10 overweight and inactive but otherwise healthy young men, whose lifestyles are, for better and worse, representative of those of most of us. They tested the mens fitness and resting metabolic （新陳代謝的）rates and took samples （樣品）of their blood and fat tissue.Then, on

51、 two separate morning visits to the scientists lab, each man walked for an hour at an average speed that, in theory, should allow his body to rely mainly on fat for fuel. Before one of these workouts, the men skipped breakfast, meaning that they exercised on a completely empty stomach after a long o

52、vernight fast （禁食）.On the other occasion, they ate a rich morning meal about two hours before they started walking.Just before and an hour after each workout, die scientists took additional samples of the mens blood and fat tissue.Then they compared the samples. There were considerable differences.

53、Most obviously, the men displayed lower blood sugar levels at the start of their workouts when they had skipped breakfast than when they had eaten. As a result, they burned more fat during walks on an empty stomach than when they had eaten first. On the other hand, they burned slightly more calories

54、 （卡路里），on average, during the workout after breakfast than after fasting.But it was the effects deep within the fat cells that may have been the most significant, the researchers found. Multiple genes behaved differently, depending on whether someone had eaten or not before walking. Many of these ge

55、nes produce proteins （蛋白質(zhì)）that can improve blood sugar regulation and insulin （胰島素）levels throughout the body and so are associated with improved metabolic health. These genes were much more active when the men had fasted before exercise than when they had breakfasted.The implication of these result

56、s is that to gain the greatest health benefits from exercise, it may be wise to skip eating first.Tlie underlined expression “stomach it in Paragraph 1 most probably means A.digest the meal easilyB.manage without breakfastC.decide wisely what to eatD.eat whatever is offered. Why were the 10 people c

57、hosen for the experiment?A.Tlieir lifestyles were typical of ordinary people.B.Tlieir lack of exercise led to overweight.C.Tliey could walk at an average speed.D.Tliey had slow metabolic rates.What happened to those who ate breakfast before exercise?A.Tliey successfully lost weight.B.They consumed a

58、 bit more calories.C.Tlicy burned more fat on average.D.They displayed higher insulin levels.What could be learned from the research?A.A workout after breakfast improves gene performances.loo much workout often slows metabolic rates.C.Lifestyle is not as important as morning exercise.D.Physical exer

59、cise before breakfast is better for health.【答案】13.B 14.A 15.B 16.D【分析】本文是說明文，文章介紹了一項研究，結(jié)果表明對于那些能忍受的人來說，不吃早餐鍛煉可能對健康 更有益:.詞句猜測題。根據(jù)下文 working out before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eating first 可知， 早餐前鍛煉可能比先吃飯再鍛煉對健康更有益，因此推斷這里說的是那些不吃早飯先鍛煉的人，因此推斷 劃線詞與B項“不吃早飯能應(yīng)付”意思相近。故選B。.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段的

60、 They first found 10 overweight and inactive but otherwise healthy young men, whose lifestyles arc far better and worse, representative of those of most of us.可知，他們首先找到了 10 個超重 的，不活躍但健康的年輕人，他們的生活方式可以說更好，也可以說更糟，代表了我們大多數(shù)人。因此可 知，實驗時選擇的10個人的生活方式代表了普通人。故選Ac.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第六段的 As a result, they burned more fat