土木工程專業(yè)英語Unit-12-Ocean-engineering課件

1、Chapter 12 Ocean Engineering 海洋工程內(nèi)容提要本章引言：海洋工程是指以開發(fā)、利用、保護(hù)、恢復(fù)海洋資源為目的，并且工程主體位于海岸線向海一側(cè)的新建、改建、擴(kuò)建工程。本章重點(diǎn)： a. 港口和海洋工程b. 科技英語翻譯技巧：長句翻譯Part I 港口和海洋工程（Harbors and Sea works ）Questions：a. What are the principle objectives of maritime engineering?b. Whatre the differences between natural and artificial harbors

2、? Part I Harbors and Sea worksObjectives of maritime engineeringHydraulic modelsNatural and artificial harborsClassical harbor works a. Objectives of maritime engineeringThe principal objectives of sea works fall broadly into two classifications: transportation, and reclamation and conservancy. Unde

3、r the first fall works directed at providing facilities for the safe and economical transfer of cargo and passengers between land vehicles and ships; fishing ports for the landing and distribution of the harvest of the sea; Under the heading of reclamation and conservancy come works directed to the

4、protection of the land area from encroachment by the sea, to the recovery and conservancy to land use of areas occupied by the sea, and to the maintenance of river estuaries as efficient means for the discharge of inland runoff. b. Hydraulic models The planning of maritime civil engineering works, w

5、hether for transportation, reclamation, or conservancy, has been facilitated by the development of the technique of model studies. Once regarded as scientific toys, such studies are now considered an essential preliminary step to any large-scale redevelopment of a port or coastal area and are useful

6、 even for minor modifications of additions.c. Natural and artificial harbors In certain favored points on the worlds coastlines, nature has provided harbors waiting only to be used, such as New York Bay, which the explorer Giovanni da Verrazano described as “a very agreeable location” for sheltering

7、 a ship. Because such natural harbors are not always at hand where port facilities are needed, engineers must create artificial harbors. The basic structure involved in the creation of an artificial harbor is a breakwater, sometimes called a jetty, or mole, the function of which is to provide calm w

8、ater inshore. Locations for artificial harbors are of course chosen with an eye to the existing potential of the coast; an indentation, however slight, is favored. Yet it has often been found justifiable on economic or strategic grounds to construct a complete harbor on a relatively unsheltered coas

9、tline by enclosing an area with breakwaters built from the shore, with openings of minimum width for entry and exist of ships. d. Classical harbor works Improvements to natural harbors and construction of artificial harbors were undertaken in very ancient times. Aided by the characteristics of the m

10、aterial they employed, the ancients constructed maritime works on a scale that is certainly remarkable to this day, which they emphasized by the addition of embellishment, such as statues and triumphal arches.Part II Reading Materials Text A: Top 7 Man-made Island paradisesRequirements of reading ma

11、terials:( it is arranged by teachers) Part III Translation of EST(7) -長句翻譯 翻譯知識(shí)： 正確分析句子的結(jié)構(gòu)是正確翻譯的基礎(chǔ)，為了做好科技英語長句的翻譯，應(yīng)先了解科技英語長句的句法結(jié)構(gòu)。科技英語由于內(nèi)容、語域、語篇功能的特殊性和悠久的外來語影響，通常使用結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的長句，其句法結(jié)構(gòu)主要包括以下四個(gè)方面：其一：大量使用名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)以及垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)來壓縮句子長度；其二：常用先行詞it結(jié)構(gòu)來保持文風(fēng)凝重平穩(wěn)；其三：常用平行結(jié)構(gòu)使層次清晰；其四：使用圓周句結(jié)構(gòu)，從句交錯(cuò)重疊?，F(xiàn)就這四種結(jié)構(gòu)作詳細(xì)分析。 a. 名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)在科技英語中，含名詞

12、化結(jié)構(gòu)的長句出現(xiàn)的頻率很高。這些長句內(nèi)涵豐富，信息量大，語言簡潔嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。科技文獻(xiàn)中的語言與語法關(guān)系更為復(fù)雜，分句經(jīng)常“名詞化”。大量使用名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)是科技英語的特點(diǎn)之一。 例一：Many attempts for nearly a hundred years having been made to use this property in a reliable system of signaling the electric telegraph was made a practical device about the middle if the last century. 例一中使用了獨(dú)立主格結(jié)

13、構(gòu)“Many attempts for nearly a hundred years having been made to use this property in a reliable system of signaling the electric telegraph”作狀語 。 此外，短語和分句之間的緊密銜接又離不開大量的關(guān)聯(lián)詞。除了介詞：of, with, over, by, in等、還包括關(guān)系詞：which, that, when等、連詞：and, if, or等。b.先行詞it結(jié)構(gòu) 使用形式主語it引導(dǎo)句子，把較長的主語子句移到句末，使句子平衡，避免頭重腳輕，從而使行文更加凝重平

14、穩(wěn)，符合科技英語的文體風(fēng)格。 例一： It is needed to produce many natural hormones, including sexual hormones, as well as vitamin D and bile acids which help us to digest fat, all of which are required to sustain in the body and human life on the planet in general. 這類句子通常又叫做無人稱句子?？萍加⒄Z多用這類句子是因?yàn)榭萍嘉墨I(xiàn)所描述和討論的是科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)或科技事實(shí)，盡管

15、科技活動(dòng)時(shí)人類所為，但科技文獻(xiàn)所報(bào)道的主要是科技成果或自然規(guī)律，但并不強(qiáng)調(diào)是誰發(fā)現(xiàn)或完成，使用先行詞it結(jié)構(gòu)更符合科技文獻(xiàn)的凝重平穩(wěn)的風(fēng)格特征。c.平行結(jié)構(gòu) 科技英語長句中有許多平行不悖，前后銜接，相互照應(yīng)的現(xiàn)象。在有條不紊的描述中追求表達(dá)的嚴(yán)密效果，通常把眾多并列成分納入一體，歸整為一句，形成一種“突出”的文體特色。運(yùn)用平行結(jié)構(gòu)可以使句子鏗鏘有力、富有節(jié)奏、思路脈絡(luò)分明，層次清晰等。例一：If doors, describe physical treatment of walls, ceiling and floor, include a sketch showing location of

16、 source and room contents；if outdoors, include a sketch showing location of source with respect to surrounding terrain, including physical description of test environment. 例句一用分號(hào)隔開兩個(gè)平行的復(fù)句，其中If doors 和 if outdoors 分別為成分省略的條件句。 d.圓周句結(jié)構(gòu) 使用圓周句，從句交錯(cuò)重疊，關(guān)系復(fù)雜。從句的意義主要依賴于主句，特別是主句謂語的明確表述。其特點(diǎn)主要是“主句謂語動(dòng)詞被推遲到句子的中部

17、或后部，這就增加了理解句子的困難。例一：We assumed that there were forces of attraction between molecules which varied rapidly with the distance so that the attraction between molecules that were more than a few ten-millions of millimeter apart was very small but became considerable when the molecules approached more c

18、losely. 例一中，主句為We assumed，后接賓語從句that there were forces of attraction between molecules，之后又跟定語從句which varied rapidly with the distance，整體句式上有又so thatbetween moleculesbut became結(jié)構(gòu)的結(jié)果狀語從句，還有定語從句that wereapart及時(shí)間狀語從句，whenclosely，可謂句式繁復(fù)，修飾成分極其復(fù)雜?？萍加⒄Z中長句的翻譯處理 a.長的簡單句的翻譯 復(fù)雜的句子總是比較長的, 但長句不一定都復(fù)雜。有些句子看似很長, 但細(xì)

19、分析一下, 句中成分之間都是簡單的關(guān)系, 且句中只有一套語法上的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。只不過簡單句由于次要成分的增加而變長, 就象一棵樹, 由于枝葉的生長而變得很茂盛一樣。按照英語的語法和修辭手段, 利用介詞短語、分詞短語、不定式短語和各種并列結(jié)構(gòu), 可以構(gòu)成很長的簡單句。在分析長的簡單句時(shí), 應(yīng)先找出主語和謂語, 再確定其它成分跟主語和謂語之間的關(guān)系以及各次要成分之間的關(guān)系。在徹底弄清原文之后, 再考慮中文表達(dá)。例如：The technical possibilities could well exist, therefore, of nation-wide integrated transmissio

20、n network of high capacity, controlled by computers, interconnected globally by satellite and submarine cable, providing speedy and reliable communications throughout the world.分析：這是一個(gè)簡單句。The technical possibilities和could well exist。分別是句子主語和謂語。介詞短語of nation-widecable修飾possibilities, 而分詞短語controlled和interconnected又進(jìn)一步修飾介詞短語中的network。至于providingthe world則顯然是表示結(jié)果的狀語。在翻譯時(shí), 語序基本未作調(diào)整, 只是將作定語的兩個(gè)分詞短語譯成了句子。