學(xué)習(xí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用 (2)

1、學(xué)習(xí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法-來(lái)賓市象州縣象州鎮(zhèn)初級(jí)中學(xué) 洪萍 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是初中英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)階段必學(xué)的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，每年中考必考的內(nèi)容。因此掌握被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法是很有必要的。 英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)，即主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（The Active Voice）和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(The Passive Voice)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。一 形式和用法A 形式： 1） 把主動(dòng)的時(shí)態(tài)變成被動(dòng)的方法是把動(dòng)詞to be 變成原來(lái)的主動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)，再加上主動(dòng)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞：主動(dòng)態(tài)：We keep the meat there.我們把肉保存在那兒。被動(dòng)態(tài)：The meat is kept there.肉保存

2、在那兒。主動(dòng)態(tài)：You broke the light.你們打壞了燈。被動(dòng)態(tài)：The light is broken.燈被打壞了。主動(dòng)態(tài)：People have seen tigers in the street. 人們?cè)诮稚峡吹交ⅰ１粍?dòng)態(tài)：Tigers have been seen in the street .在街上看到虎。注意進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)態(tài)。這種語(yǔ)態(tài)有時(shí)似乎難以使用，因?yàn)樗笥胻o be 的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，這種形式在其它方面用得不多。主動(dòng)態(tài)：The workers are repairing the bridge.工人們?cè)谛迾?。被?dòng)態(tài)：The bridge is being repair

3、ed. 橋正在修理。主動(dòng)態(tài)：They were carrying the injured player off the field.那時(shí)他們正把受傷的選手抬出比賽場(chǎng)地。被動(dòng)態(tài)：The injured player was being carried off the field.當(dāng)時(shí)受傷的選手正被抬出比賽場(chǎng)地。 在被動(dòng)中其它進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)用得非常少。因此象下列這類句子通常不能寫(xiě)成被動(dòng)態(tài)： They have /had been repairing the road.（當(dāng)時(shí)）他們一直在修理這條路。 They will /would be repairing the road .他們將要修理這條路。2）助

4、動(dòng)詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)可利用不定式的被動(dòng)式來(lái)構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：主動(dòng)態(tài)：You must shut the door .你必須把門關(guān)上。被動(dòng)態(tài)：The door must be shut .這門必須關(guān)上。主動(dòng)態(tài)：You ought to open the windows.你應(yīng)該把這些窗戶打開(kāi)。被動(dòng)態(tài)：The windows ought to be opened.這些窗戶應(yīng)該打開(kāi)。主動(dòng)態(tài)：They should have told him.他們應(yīng)該告訴他是。（不定式的完成主動(dòng)式）被動(dòng)態(tài)：He should have been told . 應(yīng)該告訴他才是。（不定式的完成被動(dòng)式） 注意以下結(jié)構(gòu)： His de

5、cision is to be regretted .= We regret his decision .他的決定令人感動(dòng)遺憾。=我們對(duì)他的決定感動(dòng)遺憾。 If he is to be believed=If we believe him如果要相信他=如果我們相信他3） 動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)態(tài)由 being+過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成，例如： 主動(dòng)態(tài)：I remember my father taking me to the zoo.我記得我父親曾帶我去動(dòng)物園。 被動(dòng)態(tài)：I remember being taken to the zoo by my father.我記得我父親曾帶我去動(dòng)物園。4) 主、被動(dòng)時(shí)態(tài)對(duì)照表

6、：時(shí)態(tài)/動(dòng)詞形式 主動(dòng)態(tài) 被動(dòng)態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) keeps is kept現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) is keeping is being kept一般過(guò)去時(shí) kept was kept 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) was keeping was being kept現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) has kept has been kept過(guò)去完成時(shí) had kept had been kept 將來(lái)時(shí) will keep will be kept條件語(yǔ)氣 would keep would be kept條件語(yǔ)氣完成式 would have kept would have been kept不定式完成式 to keep to be kept 現(xiàn)

7、在分詞/動(dòng)名詞 keeping to be kept分詞完成式 having kept having been keptB.用法： 在英語(yǔ)中當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)已做的事情本身比強(qiáng)調(diào)行為者更方便或更需要時(shí)，或在行為者不清楚時(shí)就用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：My watch was stolen. (我的手表被偷) 比Thieves stole my watch .（竊賊偷了我的表）更常用。 注意：在理論上一個(gè)含有直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)的句子，例如：Someone gave her a dog.(有人送給她一條狗。)可以有兩種被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式： She was given a dog.有人送給她一條狗。 A dog was given

8、to her.一條狗贈(zèng)給了她。 第一種形式常用得多，即把間接賓語(yǔ)變成被動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ)。與被動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用的介詞A. 在被動(dòng)句中常不提及行為者。在提到時(shí)要在它的前面加 by: 主動(dòng)態(tài)：Mike pained this picture.邁克畫(huà)了這張畫(huà)。 被動(dòng)態(tài)： This picture was pained by Mike. 這張畫(huà)是邁克畫(huà)的。 主動(dòng)態(tài)：Who wrote it ？誰(shuí)寫(xiě)的這個(gè)？ 被動(dòng)態(tài)：Who was it written by ?這是誰(shuí)寫(xiě)的？ 主動(dòng)態(tài)：What caused this crack?是什么原因造成了這條裂縫？ 被動(dòng)態(tài)：What was this crack caus

9、ed by ?這條裂縫是什么造成的？ 但必須注意下列句子的被動(dòng)態(tài)形式： Smoke filled the room. 煙充滿了房間。 The room was filled with smoke .房間里充滿了煙。 Paint covered the lock . 油漆涂在鎖上。 The lock was covered with paint.鎖涂上了油漆。 這里說(shuō)的只是所使用的材料而不是人。B.當(dāng)動(dòng)詞+介詞+賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)變成被動(dòng)態(tài)時(shí)，介詞直接跟在動(dòng)詞后面： 主動(dòng)態(tài)：We must write to him.我們必須給他寫(xiě)信。 被動(dòng)態(tài)：He must be written to.必須給他寫(xiě)信。 主

10、動(dòng)態(tài)： You can play with these bears quite safely.你和這些熊仔玩不會(huì)又危險(xiǎn)。 被動(dòng)態(tài)：These bears can be played with quite safely.和這些熊仔玩不會(huì)又危險(xiǎn)。動(dòng)詞+介詞/副詞結(jié)構(gòu)也同樣如此： 主動(dòng)態(tài)：They threw away the old newspapers.他們把舊報(bào)紙扔了。 被動(dòng)態(tài)：The old newspapers were thrown away. 舊報(bào)紙給扔了。 主動(dòng)態(tài)：He looked after the children well.他對(duì)孩子們照料得很好。 被動(dòng)態(tài): The child

11、ren were looked after well .孩子們被照料得很好。被動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞后的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)A. 在acknowledge ,assume ,believe, claim, consider, estimate, feel, find, know, presume, report, say, think, understand等詞之后： People think/consider/know that he is .這類句子有兩種被動(dòng)態(tài)形式： It is thought/consider/known that he is He is thought/consider/known to b

12、e.同樣： People said that he was jealous of her. 人們說(shuō)他妒忌她。 =It was said that he was jealous of her. 據(jù)說(shuō)他妒忌她。 或He was said to be jealous of her. 據(jù)說(shuō)他妒忌她。 在這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡(jiǎn)單。它主要用于 to be, 盡管有時(shí)其它動(dòng)詞的不定式也可以這樣用： He is thought to have information which will be useful to the police. 據(jù)認(rèn)為他掌握了對(duì)警察有用的情況。 當(dāng)句中意思涉及到以前的行為時(shí)則

13、使用不定式的完成式，因此： People know that he was = It is known that he was 或He is known to have been People believed that he was It was believe that he was 或 He was believed to have been這種結(jié)構(gòu)可與任何動(dòng)詞的不定式的完成式連用。）在suppose 的被動(dòng)態(tài)后可以接任何動(dòng)詞的不定式的一般式，但這種結(jié)構(gòu)通常含有責(zé)任，義務(wù)的意思，因此并不是suppose 的主動(dòng)態(tài)的正常對(duì)應(yīng)形式：You are supposed to know how t

14、o drive. It is your duty to know how to drive . You should know how to drive . 你應(yīng)該知道如何開(kāi)車。知道如何開(kāi)車是你的責(zé)任你應(yīng)該知道如何開(kāi)車。但He is supposed to be in Paris. 可能指：He ought to be there. （他應(yīng)該在那里）或People suppose he is there.（人們猜想他在那里）。）suppose的被動(dòng)態(tài)同樣可以和任何動(dòng)詞的不定式完成式連用。這種結(jié)構(gòu)可以有責(zé)任，義務(wù)的含義，但也常常沒(méi)有這種含義：You are supposed to have fi

15、nished. You should have finished. 你早就應(yīng)該完成了。但He is supposed to have escaped disguised as a woman. People suppose that he escaped據(jù)猜測(cè)他是喬裝打扮成女人逃跑的。必須注意用在被動(dòng)動(dòng)詞后面的不定式通常是完全不定式，即帶to的不定式：主動(dòng)態(tài)：We saw them go out. 我們看見(jiàn)他們出去了。被動(dòng)態(tài)：They were seen to go out. 有人看見(jiàn)他們走出去。主動(dòng)態(tài)：He made us work. 他逼我們干活。被動(dòng)態(tài)：We were made to w

16、ork. 我們被逼干活。然而在使用let時(shí)被動(dòng)句中的不定式不帶：主動(dòng)態(tài)：They let us go. 他們讓我們走。被動(dòng)態(tài)：We were let go . 我們被允許離開(kāi)。在think, know,believe,understand, report,say,suppose等詞 的被動(dòng)式后可使用不定式的進(jìn)行式：He is thoughtknownbelievesaidsuppose to be living abroad.People think/knowbelievesaysuppose that he is living abroad.據(jù)認(rèn)為（據(jù)知，據(jù)信，據(jù)猜測(cè)）他住在國(guó)外。You a

17、re supposed to be working . You should be working . 你應(yīng)該在工作。也可用不定式的完成進(jìn)行式：He is believed to have been waiting for a message. People believe that he was waiting for a message. 據(jù)信他一直在等待消息。You are supposed to have been working . You should have been working . 你應(yīng)該一直工作。練習(xí)：按要求變換句型。1. George invented the pot

18、ato chips in 1863.(改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))The potato chips_ _ by George in 1863.2. The emperor Shen Nong discovered tea. (改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))Tea _ _ _the emperor Shen Nong.3. This machine was invented by a college student in 2006.(改為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))A college student _ _ _ in 2006.4. The song has sung three times by Lily.(改為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) )Lily _ _the song three times.5. America was discovered by Columbus.(就劃線部分提問(wèn))Whom _ America _ _ ?6