大學(xué)英語(yǔ)寫作教程復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)

1、Sentencefragments：句子碎片：sentencesarecompletethoughtsbecausetheyarehavesubjectsandverbsandbecausetheyrequirenootherelementstocompletetheirmeaning.句子是完整的主題有完整的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)，而且并不需要成分來(lái)補(bǔ)充它的意思。Whenanyoneofthesedependentunitsispunctuatedwithacapitalletteratthebeginningandafullstop(period，exclamationpoint，orquestion

2、mark)attheend，itiscalledasentencefragment.當(dāng)任何一個(gè)非獨(dú)立成分被句首大寫字母強(qiáng)調(diào)并且末尾有一個(gè)停頓(句號(hào)，感嘆號(hào)，問(wèn)號(hào))，他被稱為句子片段Asentencefragmentcanbecorrectedinvariousways：句子碎片可以用多種不同的方法修正byjoiningittoanothersentence把它加入進(jìn)另一個(gè)句子bysupplyingasubjectandapredicate提供一個(gè)主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)byrewritingthepassageinwhichitoccurs在不改變句意的范圍內(nèi)重寫Anyverblessorsubjectle

3、ssfragmentofasentence，whetheryoucanclassifyitornot，shouldnotbeallowedtostandasasentence.任何沒(méi)有主語(yǔ)或謂語(yǔ)的句子碎片，不管是否分類，都不應(yīng)該當(dāng)做句子。Averblessorsubjectlessfragmentcanbecorrectedbyaddingasubjectorverbaccordingly；byattachingthefragmenttothesentencethatcomesbeforeitorthesentencethatcomesafterit，whichevermakessense；o

4、rbyrewritingthefragmententirely.一個(gè)缺少主語(yǔ)或謂語(yǔ)的句子碎片可以通過(guò)增加一個(gè)相應(yīng)的主語(yǔ)或謂語(yǔ)來(lái)改正；或通過(guò)把句子碎片加入它前面或后面的句子使其合理的完整；或完全的重寫句子碎片。Addeddetailfragmentsalsolackasubjectandaverb.Theyoftenbeginwithoneofthefollowingwords.；forexample，also，except，suchas，including，especially，namely額外的碎片也是缺少主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的。大多是以以下的詞開(kāi)始的；例如，并且，除了，像，包含，特別，即Anadde

5、ddetailfragmentscanbecorrectedinoneofthethreewaysbelow：額外碎片可以通過(guò)以下三種方式改正Attachthefragmenttothecompletethoughtthatprecedesit.附加到他之前的完整意思中Addasubjectandaverbtothefragmenttomakeitacompletesentence.在碎片中加入主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)使他成為一個(gè)完整的句子Changewordsnecessarytomakethefragmentpartofthesentence.改變必要的詞匯使句子碎片成為一個(gè)句子Runonsentenc

6、e連寫句Arunonsentenceistowormorecompletethoughts(orindependentclauses)withoutadequatesigngiventomarkthebreakbetweenthem.連寫句是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的寫在一起且中間沒(méi)有明顯停頓標(biāo)記的完整的意思(獨(dú)立句)Theymaybecorrectedinfourprincipalways：連寫句的四種主要的改正方法：Useaperiodandwritetwoseparatesentence.用一個(gè)句號(hào)把它寫成兩個(gè)分開(kāi)的不同的句子。Useacommaandacoordinatingconjunctio

7、n用逗號(hào)和適合的連詞Useasemicolon用一個(gè)分號(hào)Makeoneoftheclausesdependent使其中的一個(gè)句子變?yōu)閺木銶isplacedanddanglingmodifiers錯(cuò)位修飾語(yǔ)和懸垂修飾語(yǔ)Amodifierisaword，aphrase，oraclausethatfunctionsinthesentencetomodify，thatis，tolimit，qualify，orrestrictthemeaningofanotherword,phrase,clause.Misplacedanddanglingmodifiersbreakafundamentalruleth

8、atallmodifiersmustbenearthewordtheymodify.Misplacedanddanglingmodifiersmodifyeitherthewrongwordornowordatall。錯(cuò)位修飾語(yǔ)和懸垂修飾語(yǔ)修飾語(yǔ)在句子中的職能就是去修飾和限定句子中的另一個(gè)詞的意思。錯(cuò)位修飾語(yǔ)和懸垂修飾語(yǔ)破壞了修飾語(yǔ)必須挨著他所修飾的那個(gè)詞的基本的規(guī)則。錯(cuò)位修飾語(yǔ)和懸垂修飾語(yǔ)都修飾了錯(cuò)誤的詞或沒(méi)有起到修飾的作用。Misplacedmodifiers錯(cuò)位修飾語(yǔ)Amodifierismisplacedwhenitappearssofarfromwhatitissupposedtom

9、odifythattheconnectionisnolongerclearormodifierseemstomodifysomethingelse當(dāng)一個(gè)修飾語(yǔ)出現(xiàn)在離他要修飾的詞很遠(yuǎn)的地方時(shí)，修飾看起來(lái)不再明顯或像在修飾其他的什么。Squintingmodifiers偏斜修飾語(yǔ)Asquintingmodifierisawordorphrasethatappearstomodifyboththewordsthatprecedeandfollowit.Suchamodifierseemstobelookingintwodirectionsatonce.Theresultisasentencewit

10、htwopossiblemeanings。偏斜修飾語(yǔ)就是指一個(gè)修飾詞看起來(lái)在同時(shí)修飾他前后的兩個(gè)詞,看起來(lái)是在一次修飾兩個(gè)方向，結(jié)果句子就出現(xiàn)了兩種可能的意思。Splitinfinitives分裂不定式Asplitinfinitiveisaconstructioninwhichthesignoftheinfinitive“to”hasbeenseparatedfromtheverbwithwhichitisassociated.分裂不定式是將to和有聯(lián)系的那個(gè)動(dòng)詞隔離開(kāi)的結(jié)構(gòu)。Danglingmodifiers懸垂修飾語(yǔ)Adanglingmodifierisagroupofwordthatha

11、snogrammaticalconnectiontoanyelementinthesentence.懸垂修飾語(yǔ)是一組在句子中與任何元素都沒(méi)有語(yǔ)法聯(lián)系的修飾語(yǔ)。Therearefivekindsofdanglingmodifiers:五種懸垂修飾danglingparticiples懸垂分詞danglinggerunds懸垂動(dòng)名詞danglinginfinitives懸垂不定式danglingellipticalclauses懸垂精簡(jiǎn)句danglingprepositionalphrases懸垂介詞短語(yǔ)Correctingdanglingmodifiers校正懸垂修飾語(yǔ)Onewayistolea

12、vethemodifierasitisandtorewritethemainclausesothatitssubjectwhatthewritermeanttomodify。一種方法是舍棄修飾語(yǔ)照現(xiàn)在的樣子改寫主句，以便明白什么才是作者修飾的主題。Anotherwaytocorrectsentencecontainingdanglingmodifiersistochangethedanglingconstructionintoasubordinateclause.另一種改正包含懸垂修飾語(yǔ)的句子方法是將懸垂結(jié)構(gòu)改成一個(gè)從句。Thethirdwaytoeliminatedanglingmodifi

13、ersistorecasttheentiresentence.第三種方法是省略懸垂修飾語(yǔ)，重寫完整的句子。Pronounreference指示代詞Pronounsareusefulbecausetheytaketheplaceofnouns（persons，places，orthings），whichotherwisewouldhavetorepeatedoverandover.指示代詞代替那些在句子中多次出現(xiàn)的名詞。Antecedent先行詞代詞所指代的那個(gè)詞。每個(gè)代詞有且只有一個(gè)先行詞Pronounmustbeusedinsuchawayastomaketheirexactreferenc

14、eclear.代詞必須在這樣的方式中使用已明確他們的職權(quán)morethanonepossibleantecedent不可以有多個(gè)先行詞ithasnoantecedentatall沒(méi)有先行詞Weakreference暗示指代Weakreferencereferstothetypeofthesentenceinwhichtheantecedentofapronounisimpliedorunspecified.暗示指代是代詞的先行詞是暗示或未指定的句子類型Impliedpronounreferencealsoreferstothetypeofsentenceinwhichthesamepronoun

15、standsfordifferentimpliedantecedents.暗含代詞也引用同樣的代名詞代表不同的隱含先行詞的句子類型Broadreference寬泛指代Therearetwowaystoimprovebroadreference：兩種改善寬泛指代的方法Eliminatethepronoun不要使用代詞Changethepronountoademonstrativeadjectivebygivingitanountomodify把代詞變?yōu)橹甘拘稳菰~Parallelism平行排比Parallelismistherhetoricalprinciplethatsentenceelemen

16、tshavingthesamegrammaticalfunctionshouldbeputinthesamegrammaticalform.Itisthewriterstechniqueofbalancinglikewithlikenounwithnoun，verbwithverb，infinitivewithinfinitive，phrasewithphrase，clausewithclause，andsoforth.平行的修辭原則就是句子中有相同的語(yǔ)法功能的成分要放在相同的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)中。這是作家們對(duì)類似物的平衡技巧，名詞和名詞，動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞，不定式和不定式，短語(yǔ)和短語(yǔ)，分句和分句，等等。Val

17、ueofparallelism排比的價(jià)值Itisusedbywritersfortworeasons：tomakeasentencesmoothandcoherentratherthanjerkyandawkward，andtogivesentencesrhythm，balance，andgreaterforce.作者用排比來(lái)保持句子的流暢和連貫，和給句子節(jié)奏平衡強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)氣Techniquesusedingainingparallelism排比的使用方法Elementsjoinedbycoordinatingconjunctions加入并列連詞Elementsjoinedbycorrelativ

18、econjunctions加入關(guān)聯(lián)連詞Repetitionofcertainword重復(fù)一些有特點(diǎn)的詞Unnecessaryshifts不必要的變幻Anunnecessaryshift，asthenameimplies，isasuddenandinexplicableshiftinthepointofviewusedbythewriter.不必要的變幻就像名字的暗示是作者不可說(shuō)明的觀點(diǎn)Agoodwriterneedstokeepconsistencyinvoice，tense，mood，personanddiscourse.一個(gè)好的作者要保持語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)氣人稱以及敘事方式的一致Unnecessa

19、ryshiftsinvoiceorsubject語(yǔ)態(tài)一致Unnecessaryshiftsintense時(shí)態(tài)上的一致Unnecessaryshiftsinmood語(yǔ)氣上的一致Unnecessaryshiftsinpersonornumber人稱數(shù)上的一致Unnecessaryshiftsindiscourse敘事方式上的一致Discourse（speech）canbeeitherdirectorindirect敘事方式可以是直接引語(yǔ)或間接引語(yǔ)Sentenceemphasis句子重點(diǎn)Therearesomeusefulwaysofgainingemphasis，coveringorder，voi

20、ce，from，repetition，omission，sentencepatternsandmechanicaldevices.一些獲得重點(diǎn)的途徑，包括：順序語(yǔ)態(tài)形式重復(fù)省略句型和機(jī)械的技巧。A.Consideringtheorderofwordsasameansachievingemphasis句子中詞的的順序表示的重要性ausepositionforemphasis用位置來(lái)表現(xiàn)強(qiáng)調(diào)endbeginmiddlebinvertthenormalsentenceorderforemphasis顛倒句子中的正常順序來(lái)表現(xiàn)強(qiáng)調(diào)c.useperiodicsentencesforoccasionale

21、mphasis用圓周句來(lái)表現(xiàn)偶爾的強(qiáng)調(diào)Theperiodicsentencesisoneinwhichthemainthoughtisheldsuspendeduntiltheendorneartheendwhenitissuddenlyreleased.圓周句是一種其主題思想直到句子結(jié)束或者接近結(jié)束的時(shí)候才停止之前的暫停說(shuō)明而突然釋放的句子Theloosesentenceisoneinwhichthemainthoughtiscompletewellbeforetheend.松散句是一種其中心思想在句子結(jié)束之前就很好的表達(dá)了的句子Theperiodicsentencesisusuallyem

22、phaticandconclusivebecausetheweightofstatementfallsonthelongawaitedpredication.圓周句通常是很論述力和決定性作用的，因?yàn)槠渲亓啃偷挠^點(diǎn)建立在之前期待已久的預(yù)測(cè)上的。d.ordinarilyarrangeaseriesofitemsinclimacticorder層進(jìn)結(jié)構(gòu)climacticorderistheorderthatgoesfromtheleastimportanttothemostimportant(orintheorderthatgoesfromthegeneraltothespecific)層進(jìn)結(jié)構(gòu)是從

23、最不重要的到最重要的，或是從總體到細(xì)節(jié)。B.Usingthevoicethatismostemphaticandappropriate用最明確的語(yǔ)態(tài)Puttingstatementsinpositiveform用肯定句式Repeatingwords，structures，orideasforoccasionalemphasis重復(fù)要強(qiáng)調(diào)的Omittingunimportantwords省略不必要的詞Makinguseofspecialemphaticsentencepatterns強(qiáng)調(diào)句型Usingmechanicaldevicesforemphasis用這些機(jī)械的技巧Italics斜體bol

24、dface黑體capital大寫punctuationmarks標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)Sentencevariety句子多樣性Varyingthebeginningofsentences句子開(kāi)頭的多樣性abeginsentenceswithanappositive用同位語(yǔ)做句子開(kāi)頭bbeginsentenceswithanadverb用副詞做句子開(kāi)頭cbeginsentenceswithanadjectiveoradjectivephrase用形容詞或形容詞短語(yǔ)做句子開(kāi)頭dbeginsentenceswithparticipialphrase用分詞短語(yǔ)做句子開(kāi)頭ebeginsentenceswithanin

25、finitivephrase用不定式短語(yǔ)做句子開(kāi)頭fbeginsentenceswithaprepositionalphrase用介詞短語(yǔ)做句子開(kāi)頭gbeginsentenceswithclausemodifiers用從句做句子開(kāi)頭Varyingthekindsofsentences句子種類的多樣性A)Usesimple，compound，andcomplexsentences用簡(jiǎn)單句并列句以及含有從句的復(fù)雜句B)userhetoricalsentences運(yùn)用修辭手法atheloosesentences松散句btheperiodicsentences圓周句cSentencesarenotne

26、cessarilyperiodicorloosethroughout句子不一定是松散句或圓周句dthebalancedsentenceisonethatcontainstwoormorephrasesorclausessimilarinformaboutthesamelength，butoftencontrastedinmeaning.平衡句子是在對(duì)相同長(zhǎng)度中的句子包括兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的相似形式短語(yǔ)或分句C.Varyingthelengthofsentences句子長(zhǎng)度的多樣性Coordination并列連詞Coordinationisthelinkingofequallyweighedelem

27、ents.連詞可連接相等重量的元素Intelligentuseofcoordinationcanhelpgivesmoothness,variety,emphasisandunitytoourwriting.聰明的運(yùn)用連詞可以使句子通順，多樣性，加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，增強(qiáng)我們文章的統(tǒng)一性。Patternsofcoordination連詞的模式A.simplecoordination簡(jiǎn)單的連詞B.asecondpatternofcoordinationmakesuseofcorrelativeconjunctionstostrengthentheconnectionbetweentwocoordinationelements第二種連詞的模式利用相關(guān)加強(qiáng)協(xié)調(diào)兩個(gè)連詞元素的連接athirdpatternofcoordinationinvolvestheseries,alistofthreeormoreitems.第三種連詞的模式包含一系列、列表、三個(gè)或更多的物品Tryelimina