文本教案加拿習(xí)night fop

1、NIGHTOfficial Night- means the time between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight Or when the center of the suns disc is more than 6 degrees below the horizon.Night Rating Requirement Must hold a private pilots license Training conducted by an instructor - Min

2、imum of 5 hrs dual night, 2 hrs x-country - Minimum of 5 hrs solo night, minimum 10 takeoffs, circuits and landings solo - Minimum of 10 hrs instrument, Instrument done at night not part of dual Night Recurrence5 night takeoffs and landings in the six Months preceding any flight with Passengers Solo

3、 flight allowed no dual requirement to Complete recurrence ( if it has been a while Safety may dictate a dual check flight.) Night Pre-flight Inspection All lights in the aircraft should be checked To determine if they are working. - Their intensity should be judge by night levels even if done by da

4、y. - If variable intensity it should be tried at all settings needed for the flight. - Position lights check for loose connection. FLASHLIGHTS All night flights require a flashlight to be carried as a back up to the aircrafts electrical system. When selecting a flashlight remember most are hand held

5、 devices and flight requires useable hands and feet. NIGHT PRE-FLIGHT INSPECTION Usual pre-flight inspection conducted by day several hazards will be apparent, even from a distance. At night using only a small light source, if not looked for, the hazards can be overlooked. Towbars, pitot covers, fue

6、l steps or ladders chocks, control locks, and many others. ENGINE SEQUENCES Start-up use flashlight to save power or as few electrics as possible, use an exterior light to alert others of the start. Run-up by day forward motion is easily judged. At night it must be watched for. Brakes or parking bra

7、ke full on. Shutdown due to higher levels of fatigue engine problems go unobserved and unrecorded. PASSENGER BRIEF At night the passenger must be briefed on not just location, but how to locate things like their door lock, seatbelt buckle, fire extinguisher and first aid kit without light or visual

8、location. The passenger must be shown a path from their body to reach the items by touch alone. Where will a flashlight be stored near them. AIRCRAFT LIGHTING Cockpit lights can be either flood style or back lit depending on their uses. Both can be used to illuminate instrument and panel displays. F

9、lood only map lights. The cockpit lighting should only be set high enough for you to comfortably read the instruments and charts.AIRCRAFT LIGHTING Navigation ( Position) Lights RED-Left wing, GREEN-right wing, WHITE-Rear tail. Must be on when moving to give reference to others. Orientation of plane

10、determined by lights visible from ground or another aircraft. FLASHLIGHTS The pilot of an aircraft at night will be exposed to white light that will cause lose of night vision. If a cockpit were to go black because of an electrical failure the pilot would require 20 minutes to regain night vision an

11、d if lighted ground reference were encountered during this period orientation could be lost. CHECKLISTS Most checklists were printed to be read with well lit normal white lighting. Most cockpits can and do provide this lighting under normal conditions. Normal procedures checklists are usually adequa

12、te day or night without requiring changes. Emergencies at night may occur with poor ( outside lights only) or different colours ( red ink does not show with red light). AIRCRAFT REQUIREMENTS NIGHT FLIGHT CARS 605.16 Instruments required-ASI, compass, tach, manifold pressure, oil press., coolant temp

13、., oil temp., fuel, altimeter (barometric), turn & slip, DG (only when out of sight of airport), landing gear position and., Lights-Position, anti-collision, instrument, landing light (only if carrying passengers) Fuses-50% of total number for each rating ( where installed & accessible in flight ) N

14、IGHT MINIMUMS Fuel-to the destination aerodrome and then for 45 mins at normal cruise (602.88 3a ii) T/O & LDGs-light aerodrome (602.40) Wx-3 SM visibility (602.115) -college night X-country -dual & solo- 5000 & 15 SM vis.NIGHT TAXIING Taxiing could put the aircraft in the closest proximity to obstr

15、uctions of any normal operation. Depth perception during night taxiing is effected most by loss of night vision by: 1. Not allowing time to adjust before taxi 2. Looking into ing lights AIRPORT LIGHTING Aerodrome beacon-flashing white light 20 to 30 times per minute. Location of aerodrome used by ai

16、rplanes. (4 quick flashes means helicopters only) Taxiway lights-blue lights lining both sides of a taxi surface at 200 ft intervals. Intersections are marked by a double blue. AIRPORT LIGHTING Center line taxiway lights-green flush to the surface. 200 ft interval with less spacing in curves. Rapid-

17、exit taxiways use same lights starting on the runway 200 ft before entrance and at least 200 ft along taxiway. Intersections between apron and taxiways marked by 2 adjacent yellow lights. AIRPORT LIGHTING Unserviceable area-steady red lights outlining the perimeter of the area. Flashing red can be u

18、sed with steady red. Runway Lights- 2 parallel lines of white lights visible for at least 2 miles. Min & Max distance between lines 75 & 200 Distance between lights 200 Min of 8 lights covering Min of 1400 NIGHT AIRPORT MISC. Wind direction indicators-must be light for night operations. Taxiway Line

19、s-indicate the center of the proper route to follow when taxiing. Failure to use then or maintain centerline will not guarantee aircraft clearance or proper path. At night hold off taxiway instead of passing to the right. RETRO REFLECTIVE MARKING CARS 301.07 Aerodromes that cannot light the entire r

20、unway may provide one white light at each end of the landing surface to indicate alignment with the center of the surface. The boundaries of the landing surface must be marked by retro reflective marks that when illuminated by aircraft landing lights give same characteristics as runway lights. NIGHT

21、 TAXIING Taxi speed-limited references and low speed ASI errors limit speed perception over uniform surfaces ( aerodromes ). Taxiway lights on straight parts 200 ft at safe speed during day count time between each and at night adjust for same interval. When in doubt slowest possible is safest. TAXI

22、AND LANDING LIGHTS Taxi light-white light angled downward to illuminate the surface and aircraft is about to taxi over. The downward angle allows use without blinding others ( car low beams ). Landing light-white usually powerful light used to illuminate objects directly ahead of an aircrafts nose.

23、Light follows nose. NAVIGATION LIGHTS CARS 602.19 (2)-When two aircraft are converging at approximately the same altitude the aircraft that has the other on its right shall give way. GREEN GO , RED NO ANTI-COLLISION LIGHTS Rotating beacons-red or white usually on the centerline top or bottom to prov

24、ide a light quickly identifiable against the ground lights. Strobes-quick flashing with intervals between flashes usually on the wings. Same affect as above. In haze, fog or cloud should not be used because they can cause disorientation . NAVIGATION LIGHTS CARS 602.19 (6)-An aircraft being overtaken

25、 has the right-of-way and the overtaking aircraft whether climbing, descending, or level shall give way by altering to the right and no change in positioning change right-of-way until entirely passed and clear. WHITE ALTER TO THE RIGHTNAVIGATION LIGHTS CARS 602.19 (5)-Where two aircraft are approach

26、ing head-on or approximately so each aircraft shall alter heading to the right. GREEN & RED LOOK OUT AHEADNIGHT CIRCUIT Departure-Takeoff procedure same rotation instruments must be cross checked to ensure a positive rate of climb is maintained and that the turn out is not commenced before a safe al

27、titude is reached. Height & climb rate are difficult to judge visually at night. Thats why instruments. NIGHT CIRCUIT Entry-Circuit entry procedures are the same day or night. Controlled and Uncontrolled are the same day or night. At night only the active runways and approaches are lit. Orientation

28、is easier. APPROACHGenerally a power assisted approach.Use runway lights to judge the approach.On the correct approach path, the dist. between the lights will stay the same.On a high approach, the dist. between rnwy lights will increase.On a low approach, dist. between lights will decrease.LANDINGUs

29、e the runway lights as your visual reference.Tendency to flare too high can use power in the flare to help.Dont get caught up in the landing light look ahead of the beam & to the right to maintain perspective.NIGHT EMERGENCIES Which emergencies differ at night. Forced Landings, Electrical, Comm Fail

30、ure NIGHT EMERGENCIES Forced Landings-The final part of several emergencies is the forced approach. At night turns away from populated areas will often start you heading towards possible open areas and allow your eyes to adjust more fully. Small delays will be hard to judge so the larger the area th

31、e better chances of finding a clear path through obstruction on your landing surface at low altitude. A level attitude will give the best touchdown speed and descent rate. NIGHT EMERGENCIES Electrical-Aircraft systems are designed to operate from power produced by the engine or the battery. If engin

32、e driven power is interrupted the battery will continue to power systems while charge remains. Only the systems needed should be operated on battery power to save power. Procedures for resetting system or restoring power supply must be able to be done in darkness by feel and by flashlight. Monitorin

33、g and prevention best procedure. NIGHT EMERGENCIES Communication Failures-Night failure require that the pilot make every attempt to inform others of his situation just as in daytime flight. Light signals from the tower ,if available, must, if possible, be acknowledged by the landing light. ARCAL-lo

34、ok at other options land if only option, possible precautionary to confirm. PRIMARY REFERENCES Day VFR-Horizon and distant points or objects. Horizon and any unlit distant points may not be discernible at night. Night VFR-instruments must provide the visual references to maintain straight and level

35、flight AI replaces Horizon & HI replaces distant points ( if no light points ). DISTANCE ERRORS At night stationary lights are father away than they appear to be, which makes judging distance difficult. Careful look-out is required to avoid obstructions. They are marked by obstruction lights, which

36、are sometimes mistaken for the lights of aircraft. TAXI VISUAL ERRORS Speed is deceptive at night and there is a tendency to taxi an aircraft too fast. One reason for this is the lack of the customary visible ground objects which makes speed apparent on the ground during the day. It is difficult to

37、determine slight movement of the aircraft on the ground at night, and care should be exercised to prevent the aircraft from creeping forward during the run-up. BLACK HOLE APPROACHES When an area on the approach side of the runway has little or no lighting and the departure side of the runway has a l

38、arge lighted area. The reference angle of the pilots vision may e focused so far away from the approach end lights that descent angle change will be unnoticeable. LOST PROCEDURES Attempt to obtain a fix of the aircrafts position using the aircraft electronic navigation systems. VOR or ADF triangulat

39、ion, Loran and GPS if reliable ( If reliable why are you lost ). In the event a pilot is unable to receive a usable signal, consider climbing higher to improve reception. LOST PROCEDURES Attempt to determine the aircrafts location by contacting ATC for a Radar fix or FSS with DF, as listed in the CFS, for a DF steer Attempt to determine the aircrafts position on a navigation chart working from the last known position using time and distance . LOST PROCEDURES