英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)和成分分析報(bào)告

1、. .7/7英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)和成分分析英語屬于結(jié)構(gòu)性語言。英語的句子成分要按照特定的順序（句子結(jié)構(gòu)）來組織。特定的句子成分要用特定的詞性或語法結(jié)構(gòu)來充當(dāng)，特定的詞性或語法結(jié)構(gòu)只能充當(dāng)特定的成分。因此，要學(xué)好英語，一定要掌握好詞性、句子成分和句子結(jié)構(gòu)等容。學(xué)好這些容是學(xué)習(xí)好其他語法知識(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。考點(diǎn)1. 詞性的英文縮寫在英語學(xué)習(xí)中，掌握單詞詞性非常重要。如果我們?cè)谟泦卧~的時(shí)只記拼寫、讀音而不記詞性的話，我們就不知道如何使用它們，所以我們?cè)谟泦卧~時(shí)一定要把單詞詞性記準(zhǔn)記牢?？谠E：n.為名，v.為動(dòng)；adv.副adj.形；prep.借，pron.代；num.數(shù)art.冠，conj.連interj.感嘆考點(diǎn)

2、2. 與物動(dòng)詞和不與物動(dòng)詞實(shí)義動(dòng)詞后面跟賓語時(shí)，這個(gè)動(dòng)詞是與物動(dòng)詞。實(shí)義動(dòng)詞后面不跟賓語時(shí)，此時(shí)這個(gè)動(dòng)詞是不與物動(dòng)詞。The door opened. (open后面沒跟賓語，此時(shí)，open是不與物動(dòng)詞。)He opened the door.(open后面有賓語the door, 此時(shí)，open是與物動(dòng)詞。)注意：英語中一個(gè)動(dòng)詞是與物動(dòng)詞還是不與物動(dòng)詞，關(guān)鍵是看它用在句中時(shí)后面是否跟賓語。A. 有些動(dòng)詞既可作與物動(dòng)詞又可作不與物動(dòng)詞，詞義一樣。如：The meeting began at six. We began the meeting at six. B. 有些動(dòng)詞既可作與物動(dòng)詞又可作不

3、與物動(dòng)詞，但詞義不同。如：The manwalked away. (walk不與物動(dòng)詞，意為“走”)He walked the dog every day. ( walk與物動(dòng)詞，“遛”)C. 英語中一些單詞是與物還是不與物，可能與漢語不同。Helistensto the music every day. (listen為不與物動(dòng)詞，而漢語中“聽”是與物動(dòng)詞。)D. 有些動(dòng)詞只能作與物動(dòng)詞，就必須帶賓語。I dont know what to do.I dont know why/how/when to do.第一個(gè)句子是正確的，what是do的賓語。第二個(gè)句子需要在do后加it.E. thi

4、nk, insist, agree, reply等詞，后面可直接跟賓語從句，但跟名詞代詞等作賓語時(shí)，是不與物動(dòng)詞，要跟介詞。I think its interesting.What do you thinkof the film?Ireplied thatI was unable to help them. 我回答說我不能幫助他們。He has not yetrepliedto my question. 他還沒有回答我的問題。Heinsistedthat I (should) apologize to her. 他堅(jiān)持我應(yīng)該向她道歉。Heinsistedon paying for the me

5、al. 他堅(jiān)持要付飯錢。Heinsistedon immediate payment. 他堅(jiān)持要求對(duì)方立即付款?？键c(diǎn)3. 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞實(shí)義動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞是根據(jù)動(dòng)詞在句子中的含義和作用來劃分的。實(shí)義動(dòng)詞也叫行為動(dòng)詞。實(shí)義動(dòng)詞指的是那些意義完全且能夠獨(dú)立作謂語的動(dòng)詞。如：He lives quite near. (live“住”，有明確的意義，單獨(dú)作謂語，為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。)Ilikereading. （like “喜歡”，意思明確，單獨(dú)作謂語，為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。）I bought a pen yesterday. （bought “買”，意義明確，單獨(dú)作謂語，為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。）助動(dòng)詞助動(dòng)詞的“助”是

6、“幫助”之意。因此，助動(dòng)詞是指那些用來幫助構(gòu)成時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、虛擬語氣、疑問句、否定句、倒裝句和幫助強(qiáng)調(diào)的詞。這些詞本身無詞匯意義或意義不完全，不能單獨(dú)作謂語。A. 幫助構(gòu)成時(shí)態(tài)的：The boy iscrying. (is 用來幫助構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，和crying一起作謂語，是助動(dòng)詞。)He has arrived. (has用來幫助構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，和arrived一起作謂語，是助動(dòng)詞。)I havebeen painting all day. （have been用來幫助構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，和painting一起作謂語，都是助動(dòng)詞。）B. 幫助構(gòu)成否定句和疑問句的：Doeshe like Eng

7、lish? (does幫助構(gòu)成一般疑問句，沒有具體意義，是助動(dòng)詞。)He doesnt have lunch at home. (does只是幫助構(gòu)成否定句，沒有具體意義，是助動(dòng)詞。)C. 幫助構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)的Trees are planted in spring. (are幫助構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)，沒有具體意義，是助動(dòng)詞。)The house hasbeen pulled down. (has been幫助構(gòu)成時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)，是助動(dòng)詞。)D. 幫助構(gòu)成虛擬語氣If he had come yesterday, I wouldnt have made such a mistake.(had, have幫助構(gòu)

8、成虛擬語氣，是助動(dòng)詞，屬于謂語的一部分。)E. 幫助構(gòu)成倒裝句的So much did he love his mother that he bought her many presents on her birthday.(他如此愛他的母親以至于他母親生日那一天，他給她買了許多禮物。did只是幫助構(gòu)成倒裝句，沒有具體意義，是助動(dòng)詞。)F. 幫助構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)意義的He did come yesterday. (他昨天確實(shí)來過。did起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，沒有具體意義，是助動(dòng)詞。)因此可以看出，常見的助動(dòng)詞為do, be, have，它們?yōu)榛局鷦?dòng)詞。一個(gè)詞既可以作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞也可以作助動(dòng)詞，具體是哪一種，主要看

9、它們?cè)诰渲械墓δ堋? He didhis homework at seven oclock. (did單獨(dú)作謂語，意為“做”，是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。)Did he do his homework yesterday? (did是助動(dòng)詞，幫助構(gòu)成一般疑問句，do是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，意為“做”，是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。)2 Hehashadbreakfast. (has是助動(dòng)詞，幫助構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，had是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，意為“吃”。has had一起構(gòu)成了句子的謂語。)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞同助動(dòng)詞一樣，不能單獨(dú)作謂語，要和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起作謂語。因此，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞也稱為情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞同基本助動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別在于，基本助動(dòng)詞本身無意義，而情態(tài)動(dòng)

10、詞有自己的意義。如：He can swim across the river. (can的詞義為“能夠”)You must stay at home. (must詞義為“必須”)I might leave tomorrow.（might的詞義為“或許”）句子成分英語的句子成分主要有六種：即主 語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)語。（可以熟記為：主謂賓，定狀補(bǔ)）除了這六種主要成分之外，還有“表語”和“同位語”的說法。但表語和系動(dòng)詞一起作謂語，因此劃分成分時(shí)，劃分在謂語上。同位語分為主語同位語和賓語同位語，屬于主語或賓語的一部分。考點(diǎn)4. 劃分句子成分時(shí)的常用符號(hào)英語中劃分句子成分的符號(hào)主語 在下面畫

11、直線謂語 在下面畫曲線賓語 在下面畫雙橫線 定語在下面畫虛線（一行點(diǎn)使我們想到一排釘子，“釘”諧音為“定語”的“定”） 狀語 下面為短橫線 （短橫線使我們想到短木樁，木樁撞（狀）鐘） 補(bǔ)語 上一短橫，下一短橫（下一短橫好像是為了彌補(bǔ)上面短橫間的空隙）同位語 上下雙曲線（都有曲折，上下位置基本一樣）主語主語是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首，通常由名詞性的詞來充當(dāng)?？梢宰髦髡Z的詞性或語法結(jié)構(gòu)：1. 名詞 2. 代詞 3. 數(shù)詞 4. 不定式 5. 動(dòng)名詞 6. 主語從句等表示。7. 名詞化的形容詞（如the rich）在英語中，形容詞、副詞和介詞短語是不能作主語的。如果它們?cè)诰涫讜r(shí)，句子可能是

12、倒裝句，真正的主語在后面。On the desk are somebooks. (主語是books，所以用are)Down jumps the boy. (主語是the boy，所以用jumps )Gone are the days. (主語是the days，所以用are)練習(xí)1. 在下面句子的主語下面畫橫線，并說出由什么充當(dāng)。1. During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2. We often speak English in class.3. One-third of the s

13、tudents in this class are girls.4. To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5. Smoking does harm to the health.6. The rich should help the poor.7. When we are going to have English test has not been decided.8. It is necessary to master a foreign language.9. That he isn抰 at home is not true.10. There

14、 comes the bus.11. Beyond the village lies a small village.12. Now comes your turn.謂語謂語由動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)，說明主語所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。謂語的構(gòu)成如下：A. 簡單謂語：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語構(gòu)成。如：Hepracticesrunningevery morning.Hereadsnewspapers every day.B. 復(fù)合謂語：1 由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. My si

15、ster is crying over there.I have been waiting for you all the time.I would stay at home all day.Has he come back?He didnt attend the meeting yesterday.2 由系動(dòng)詞加表語構(gòu)成。系動(dòng)詞不能單獨(dú)作謂語，要和表語一起作謂語。如：We are students.Your idea sounds great.表語表語多是形容詞，用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem

16、等）之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語、副詞與表語從句表示。練習(xí)2. 畫出下列句中的表語，并說明由什么充當(dāng)。1. Our teacher of English is an American. 2. Is it yours? 3. The weather has turned cold. 4. The speech is exciting. 5. Three times seven is twenty-one.6. His job is to teach English.7. His hobby（愛好）is playing football. 8. The

17、machine must be under repairs. 9. The truth is that he has never been abroad.賓語賓語由名詞性的詞充當(dāng)，表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承受者，一般位于與物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。賓語分為動(dòng)詞賓語和介詞賓語。練習(xí)3. 畫出下列句中的賓語, 并說明由什么充當(dāng)。1. They planted many trees yesterday. 2. (How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five. 3. They helped the old with their housework yesterday.

18、 4. I wanted to buy a car. 5. I enjoy listening to popular music.6. I think（that）he is fit for his office.賓語補(bǔ)足語賓語補(bǔ)足語和賓語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。換句話說，在意思上，賓語相當(dāng)于賓補(bǔ)的主語。帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語的一般句型為：某些與物動(dòng)詞（如make等）+賓語+賓補(bǔ)。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。練習(xí)4. 用下劃線畫出下列句中的賓語補(bǔ)足語，并指出是什么詞充當(dāng)，同時(shí)體會(huì)賓補(bǔ)和賓語之間的邏輯關(guān)系。1. His father named him Dongming.

19、2. They painted their boat white. 3. Let the fresh air in. 4. You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. 5. We saw her entering the room.6. We found everything in the lab in good order.7. We will soon make our city what your city is now.8. I want your homework done on time.主補(bǔ)對(duì)主語的補(bǔ)充。含有賓語補(bǔ)足語的句子在變成

20、被動(dòng)語態(tài)，賓語作主語時(shí)，原來的賓補(bǔ)就成了主語補(bǔ)足語。He was elected monitor.She was foundsinginginthenextroom.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.定語定語是對(duì)名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子，漢語中常用“的”表示。定語通常位于被修飾的成分前。在英語中，許多情況下，定語是放在所修飾詞后面的，這點(diǎn)與漢語習(xí)慣不同，也是許多同學(xué)不能讀懂長句的主要原因。定語后置常見的有以下幾種情況：A. 副詞用作定語一般要后置。People there are very friendly. (那兒的

21、人們)He didnt like the man downstairs. （樓下的那個(gè)人）B. 形容詞短語作定語一般放在所修飾詞之后。單個(gè)形容詞作定語一般放在所修飾詞之前，而形容詞短語作定語一般放在所修飾詞之后。The next man is a scientist.The man next to me is a scientist.（我旁邊的那個(gè)人）C. 介詞短語作定語時(shí)要后置。The boy under the tree is Tom.（樹下的那個(gè)男孩）The tallest boy in our class is John.（我們班最高的那個(gè)男孩）D. 現(xiàn)在分詞短語、過去分詞短語、動(dòng)詞不

22、定式作定語常后置。I have something to say. (直譯：我有要說的話)The boy crying over there is my classmate. （在那邊哭的那個(gè)男孩）The house built last year is impressive.（去年建的那座房子）練習(xí)5. 口頭翻譯下列句子，用下劃線標(biāo)出定語部分，留意定語的位置，并說明定語是由什么詞性或結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)。1. The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu.2. The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother.3. We need

23、 a place twice larger than this one.4. She carried a basket full of eggs.5. Its a book worth no more than one dollar.6. Its a city far from the coast.7. He has money enough to buy a car.8. The man downstairs was trying to sleep.9. There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in our city.10

24、. Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on meat.11. A boy calling himself John wanted to see you.12. He picked up a wallet lying on the ground on the way back home.13. There are many clothes to be washed. 14. Most of the singers invited to the party were from America.15. Then the great day ca

25、me when he was to march past the palace in the team.狀語修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子, 說明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫作狀語。He writes carefully. He walks slowly.(認(rèn)真地寫，慢慢地走，修飾動(dòng)詞用副詞，作狀語)This material isenvironmentally friendly.（修飾形容詞用副詞，作狀語）He runs very slowly.（修飾副詞slowly, 因此very是副詞，作狀語）Unfortunately, he lost all of his money. （修飾整個(gè)

26、句子用副詞，作狀語）A. 幾個(gè)并列狀語的先后順序：方式地點(diǎn)時(shí)間一個(gè)句中有幾個(gè)并列狀語時(shí)，其順序較靈活，但一般是：方式地點(diǎn)時(shí)間。如：I found a lost pen outside our schoolyesterdaymorning.He was walking slowlyoutsidetheparkatthatmoment.B. 英語中時(shí)間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語的排列一般是從小到大先寫時(shí)間，再寫上/下午，再寫星期幾，再寫幾月幾號(hào)。最后寫幾幾年。I invited him to watch a movie at 5 p.m. on Thursday, August 28th, 2015.I wa

27、s born at 6 a.m., March 16, 2000.He lives at1120 GreenStreet, London.C. 頻度副詞often, always, usually, sometimes, never等在句中要放在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞之后, 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之前。You can never tell what he will do.He is often late.He is always helping others.He often came late.D. 狀語按意義分類在句子成分中，主語、謂語、賓語、定語、表語、補(bǔ)語都比較好辨認(rèn)，如果這幾個(gè)成分都不是，那很可能就是狀語了。因此，狀語的種類很多，可以表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、程度、條件、方式和讓步等。練習(xí)6. 指出下列畫線部分屬于什么狀語。1. How about meeting again at six? 2. Mr. Smith lives on the thirdfloor. 3. Last night she didnt go to