第六講增詞法

1、 第六講：增詞法1A translator is not supposed to add or subtract any meaning from the original text. However, duty to the difference of expressions between English and Chinese, a translator has to add or subtract some words in order to make the original meaning clear and explicit. As for the technique of am

2、plification, the words added do not explicitly appear in the original text, but implied between the lines.2 英漢兩種語言由于表達(dá)方式不盡相同，翻譯時常常有必要在譯文的詞量上作適當(dāng)?shù)脑黾樱棺g文既能忠實(shí)地傳達(dá)原文的內(nèi)容和風(fēng)格，有能符合譯入語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。概括起來，增詞法一般用于以下三中情況 為了語法的需要 為了意義的需要 為了修辭的需要3一、為了語法的需要1、英語中沒有量詞，漢譯時就得根據(jù)漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣增加合適的量詞 a martial music 一首軍樂曲 “A Saxon heires

3、s of large possessions.” replied the prior Aymer, “a rose of loveliness, a jewel of wealth, the fairest among a thousand, a bundle of myrrh, and a cluster of balsams.” 修道院院長艾梅回答道：“她是一個擁有一大筆家產(chǎn)的撒克遜世家的嗣女，她是一朵可愛的玫瑰花， 一顆無價的珠寶；她是一個絕色的美人，一束香草，一簇鳳仙花。42、英語動詞的語法意義涉及人稱、數(shù)、時態(tài)、體、態(tài)、語氣等六個語法范疇。其中，時、體、態(tài)、語氣是動詞本身的 語法范疇

4、，人稱和數(shù)是句子主語的語法范疇。而漢語動詞沒有形態(tài)變化，語法意義的實(shí)現(xiàn)由上下文、詞匯（時間詞、副詞、助詞）語調(diào)等體現(xiàn)。動詞對語法意義的選擇手段是靈活的。因此，在英翻漢時，常常需要增加一些表示時、體和語氣的詞。A: 怎么啦？B: 來了/馬上來/就來/馬上就來了。（“來”可與不同的助詞，副詞搭配使用，語法意義相同） 但在英語中，如果要表示同樣的意思，就要使用“come”的進(jìn)行體“coming”來體現(xiàn)，根據(jù)語境不同，可以翻譯成：B: Im/Were/Hes/Theyre/Xs coming.5Examples:I was a middle school teacher and my dream wa

5、s to teach college students.我曾經(jīng)是一名中學(xué)老師，那時我的夢想就是當(dāng)一名大學(xué)老師。The research work is being done by a small group of dedicated and imaginative scientists who specialize in extracting from various sea animals substances that may improve the health of human race.一小組科學(xué)家正在進(jìn)行這項(xiàng)研究工作，他們專心致志并富有想象力，專門研究從各種海洋動物中提取能增進(jìn)人類

6、健康的物質(zhì)。The surgeons werent sure how long my new joints would last. But theyre holding up fine.那些外科醫(yī)生當(dāng)時不能肯定我的新關(guān)節(jié)可以維持多久，但他們至今還運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)良好呢。6She would spend hours dressing herself in fine clothes, and brushing her black hair. Then she would stand by the mirror and admire herself.她總是要花上好幾個小時為自己盛裝打扮，梳理她烏黑的頭發(fā)，之后常

7、常照著鏡子自我欣賞一番。The old man said: “They say his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are.”老頭兒說：“聽人說，他父親以前是個打魚的，他過去跟我們現(xiàn)在一樣窮?！?、英語中可數(shù)名詞有單、復(fù)數(shù)之分，漢語則沒有。英語可直接用可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式表達(dá)模糊、不確定的數(shù)量關(guān)系，而漢語中，則需要數(shù)量詞組、副詞、名詞重疊以及帶數(shù)字的固定詞組來表達(dá)類似的意義。7examplesThe lion is the king of animals.獅子是百獸之王。Up the street they went, pa

8、st stores, across a broad square and then entered a huge building.他們沿著大街走過去，一路經(jīng)過幾家商店，穿過一個大廣場，最后進(jìn)了一棟大廈。Adversaries are powerful without question.毫無疑問，對手個個都很強(qiáng)大。New buildings, massive in span and artful in design, have sprung up everywhere. A plethora of stores and shops have sprouted everywhere.一幢幢新建的

9、大廈在各處拔地而起，規(guī)模宏偉，設(shè)計(jì)精美。 到處冒出了大大小小數(shù)不勝收的商店。This small old village lies in green mountains.這個古舊的村落坐落在蒼翠的群山之中。84、英語中常用省略句，翻譯時要根據(jù)漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，作些適當(dāng)?shù)脑鲅a(bǔ)。從句子成分來看，英漢省略的部分可以是主語、謂語、定語，也可以把主語謂語或謂語賓語一起省去；從語言單位看，省略的部分可以是詞、詞組或分句?？偟膩碚f，英語省略主語的現(xiàn)象遠(yuǎn)不如漢語頻繁，而省略謂語動詞的情形則多于漢語，針對這種差異，英譯漢時往往需要增補(bǔ)。英語中常見的省略情況有：1）簡短回答；2）謂語動詞；3）比較句；4）含蓄條件句

10、。9examplesReading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man.讀書使人充實(shí)，討論使人機(jī)智，寫作使人準(zhǔn)確。Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep.讀史使人明智，讀詩使人靈秀，數(shù)學(xué)使人周密，科學(xué)使人深刻。 I fell madly in love with her, and she with me. 我狂熱地愛上了她，她也狂熱地愛上了我。 They began to s

11、tudy and analyze the situation of the enemy. 他們開始研究敵情，分析敵情。 He became an oil baron-all by himself. 他成為一個石油大亨一個白手起家的石油大亨。 That year the Chinese yuan bought more, and the US dollar bought less.10那一年，中國人民幣可買的東西多，美元可買的東西少。Anthrax was not known in the area at the time, or if it was, wasnt thought to be o

12、f any consequence by the local tribes, and went unmentioned.當(dāng)時炭疽病在那個地區(qū)還不為人所知，就算當(dāng)?shù)夭柯淅镉腥寺犝f過這種疾病，也沒有想到它會帶來什么后果，因此一直沒有人提起過它He passed the writing test for driving license. So did I.他通過了駕照的筆試，我也通過了。The footmen were as ready to serve her as they were their own mistress.仆人們愿意服侍她，就象他們愿意服侍他們的女主人一樣。We didnt ad

13、mit escape was impossible. To do so would have been to surrender one of our few hopes.我們認(rèn)為越獄不是不可能。如果認(rèn)為不可能的話，那就等于把我們僅存的一點(diǎn)希望也放棄了。Heated, water will change into vapor.水如受熱，就會汽化。/水受熱就會變成水蒸氣。11二、為了意義的需要1、英譯漢時有必要增加合適的名詞、動詞、形容詞或副詞，使譯文意思清楚無誤。ExamplesFortune knocks every mans door once in a life, but in a go

14、od many cases, the man is in a neighboring saloon and doesnt hear her.每個人的一生中，幸運(yùn)女神都只來敲一次門。可是許多情況下，那個受到眷顧的人竟在隔壁酒館里，沒有聽到她敲門的聲音。The sea, home of 500,000 species of marine animals, has many mysteries that excite men.作為五十萬種海洋生物的家園，海洋有著許多激動人心的奧秘。Remember, it is not just your right to vote, but your patrio

15、tic duty as an American.別忘了，投票不僅僅是行使你的權(quán)利，也是你作為一個美國公民應(yīng)盡的責(zé)任。12Mary washed for a living after her husband died of acute pneumonia.自丈夫患急性肺炎去世后，瑪麗就靠洗衣維持生計(jì)。Long-stemmed models ankled through the lobby.身材修長的模特裊裊娜娜地從大廳中走過。2、英語中有些形容詞以及由動詞或形容詞派生出來的抽象名詞，翻譯時可根據(jù)上下文在其后增加適當(dāng)?shù)脑~語，使譯文意思明確，符合漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。 callous - 冷酷無情的 fl

16、ashy - 華而不實(shí)的 satisfactory-稱心如意的 nefarious- 窮兇極惡的 preparation-準(zhǔn)備工作 tension-緊張局勢/關(guān)系 unemployment失業(yè)現(xiàn)象 antagonism-敵對狀態(tài) backwardness- 落后狀態(tài)e.g. From the evaporation of water, people know that liquids can turn into gases under certain condition.人們從水的蒸發(fā)現(xiàn)象得知：液體在一定的條件下能轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)闅怏w。133、在英譯漢中，有時為了意思明確還必須重復(fù)同一詞語或是增補(bǔ)連詞，

17、承上啟下的詞，概括詞以及上下文需要或背景需要的詞。ExamplesWe have discussed our safety and sanitary regulations.我們已經(jīng)討論了安全規(guī)則和衛(wèi)生規(guī)則。Without a sense of your fault, how can repentance and amendment be expected?如果對自己的錯誤都不承認(rèn)，怎么能悔改呢？He had become a master of evasion: his main response to criticism is to threaten, filibuster and del

18、ay.他已經(jīng)是個回避問題的高手：其回應(yīng)批評的主要方法是一威脅 二阻撓 三拖延。14The thesis summed up the new achievements made in computers, communications and microfilm.這篇論文總結(jié)了在計(jì)算機(jī)、通訊設(shè)備以及影像縮微技術(shù)這三個方面的新成就。Without another look he went dignifiedly upon his way, but the impression of her charming personality went with him他看過一眼之后就莊嚴(yán)地繼續(xù)向前走，可是她

19、那吸引人的個性，已經(jīng)印在他腦海里跟著他一起走了。Vasco da Gama and Columbus enlarged the world and Copernicus enlarged the heavens.達(dá).伽瑪繞好望角抵達(dá)印度，哥倫布西行發(fā)現(xiàn)新大陸，世界為之?dāng)U大；哥白尼確立日心說，宇宙為之?dāng)U大。15三、為了修辭的需要 為了使譯文優(yōu)美自如，活潑生動或是得到強(qiáng)調(diào)，有時需要增補(bǔ)適當(dāng)?shù)拿枋鲈~、語氣助詞、或是使用疊詞和四字詞組，或是重復(fù)某些詞語。ExamplesThe crime was so quick, so mean, so harsh that it shocked even vete

20、ran crime investigators.這樁罪案發(fā)生的時間之快，性質(zhì)之卑劣，手段之殘忍，就連身經(jīng)百戰(zhàn)的辦案人員也感到無比的震驚。Over Christmas vocation she devoured Charlottes Web, explored Aesops Fables and got lost in Bound for Oregon.在圣誕節(jié)放假期間，她狼吞虎咽地讀了夏洛特的網(wǎng)，細(xì)嚼慢咽地讀了伊索語言，心馳神往地讀了到俄勒岡去。Dont take it seriously. Im just making fun of you.不要認(rèn)真嘛，我不過是開玩笑罷了。16But the appearance of less vulnerability of America to supply interruption of imported oil is deceptive and dangerous.乍一看，進(jìn)口石油供應(yīng)中斷已不再會對美國產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重?fù)p害了，但這種現(xiàn)象具有欺騙性和危險性。The sky had turned a sullen gray. As he left the park, scattered raindrops felt like slivers of ice.天空暗下來了，灰蒙蒙一片。當(dāng)他離開公園時，零零星星的雨點(diǎn)落在臉上