比喻理解與表達(dá)

1、第八講：比喻的理解與表達(dá)1英語中的比喻：明喻（simile） 暗喻（metaphor）類比（analogy） 諷喻（allegory）換喻（metonymy） 提喻（synecdoche）2明喻（simile）從結(jié)構(gòu)上看，明喻包括本體（subject或tenor），喻體（reference或vehicle）和比喻詞（indicator of resemblance或 simile marker）常見的比喻詞有：like, as, as if, as though, asas, asso, similar to, to bear a resemblance to, etc.Examples:31

2、.Records fell like ripe apples on a windy day. 很多記錄都被輕而易舉地打破了。2. She spoke hurriedly, as if her heart had leaped into her throat at the boys words. 她說的很快，好象那個男孩的話讓他的心都跳到嗓子眼上了。3. With the quickness of a long cat, she climbed up into the nest of cool-bladed foliage. 她象貓一樣“嗖嗖嗖”幾步就爬到了用密密麻麻樹葉編織的鳥巢里。4. 短語

3、中：fresh as a rose, brave as a lion, cunning as a fox, proud as a peacock,etc.4暗喻（metaphor）Metaphor稱為“暗喻”，亦稱“隱喻”。它同明喻一樣，也是在兩個不同類對象之間進(jìn)行比喻，區(qū)別在于：明喻把本體和喻體說成是相似的，而暗喻則把兩者說成是一致的。明喻中有比喻詞，而暗喻中沒有，故暗喻也被稱為“壓縮了的明喻”（condensed simile）5examplesThe news is a dagger to her heart.這個消息猶如在她心上戳了一刀。這個消息讓她心如刀絞。這個消息讓她悲痛萬分。Sh

4、e was strangled in the net of gossip.流言蜚語猶如一張網(wǎng)，裹得她喘不過氣閑言碎語使她痛苦不堪。6Money is the lens in a camera.金錢就象照相機的鏡頭，能檢驗一個人的不同品質(zhì)。A house divided against itself cant stand.團(tuán)結(jié)就是力量一根筷子易斷，一把筷子難折內(nèi)部分裂的結(jié)局就是滅亡。家庭紛爭必然導(dǎo)致四分五裂。7類比（analogy）類比是就兩種本質(zhì)上不同的事物之間的共同點加以比較。從結(jié)構(gòu)上看，它常常既有帶比喻的明喻，又有直接把本體說成喻體的隱喻；它是通過比喻手法的綜合運用來說明道理或情況。Ale

5、xander Pope曾用類比來說明人們的想法，看法何以千差萬別。8Its with our judgments as with our watches; none go just alike, yet each believes his own.人們的想法如同佩帶在手上的手表：雖然顯示的時間各不相同，但都堅信自己是正確的。The inspiration for a story is like “a pull on the line the outside signal that has startled or moved the creative mind to complicity and

6、 brought the story to active being”9創(chuàng)作小說的靈感如同水中的魚拖動釣線，外界信息的觸動可以啟發(fā)創(chuàng)造性的頭腦，從而使之產(chǎn)生共鳴，創(chuàng)作出優(yōu)秀的小說。Judicious praise is to children what the sun is to flowers.明智的贊揚對于孩子的作用，就像陽光對于花朵的作用一樣。In rivers the water that you touch is the last of that has passed and the first of that which comes: so with time present.你在

7、河中感觸到的水，既是最后的逝者，也是最先的來者，眼前光陰亦是如此。10諷喻（allegory）諷喻也叫寓意，是一種比隱喻更為委婉的比喻，其基本形式是以具體形象說明抽象概念，通過具體形象或淺近事實，給人以啟發(fā)，引導(dǎo)人們?nèi)フJ(rèn)清事物的本質(zhì)或深邃的哲理。No rose without a thorn.玫瑰都有刺-有快樂就有苦惱。Its time to turn swords into ploughs.是該把劍變成犁的時候了。（說明應(yīng)以和平代替戰(zhàn)爭）All that glisters is not gold.11換喻（metonymy）Metonymy亦稱“借代”，是借與某事物密切相關(guān)的東西來表示該事物

8、。即利用兩個對象之間的某種聯(lián)系來喚起別人的聯(lián)想，從而避免生硬直說。He must have been spoiled from the cradle.他一定是從小就寵壞了。12The kettle is boiling. 水開了。The pen is stronger than the sword.筆利于劍。/文優(yōu)于武。The grey hair should be respected.老年人應(yīng)當(dāng)受到尊重。Having finished the law school, he was called to the bar.從法學(xué)院畢業(yè)后，他當(dāng)了一名律師。Most Asian leaders wan

9、t attention from Uncle Sam but not too much.大多數(shù)亞洲國家都希望得到美國的關(guān)注，但不希望太多。13提喻（synecdoche）Synecdoche 是以事物的局部表示整體，或反過來以事物的整體表示局部。This famous port used to be a harbour which was crowded with masts.這個有名的港口曾經(jīng)是一個泊滿船只的港灣。All the plants in the cold country are turning green in this smiling year.在溫暖的春天，這個寒冷國家的所有

10、植物開始變綠了。14比喻的翻譯常見的英語比喻的翻譯有以下幾種：直譯法加注法釋義法歸化法15直譯法Every man has in himself a continent of undiscovered character. Happy is he who acts the Columbus to his own soul.每個人的內(nèi)心都有一塊未發(fā)現(xiàn)的個性大陸，誰能做自己靈魂的哥倫布，誰就會幸福。While we cannot close the gulf between us, we can try to bridge it so that we may be able to talk acr

11、oss it.盡管我們不能填平我們之間的鴻溝，但我們可以設(shè)法搭一座橋，以便跨過這座橋來進(jìn)行會談。16As it turned out, I went from the frying pan into the fire.不料我跳出油鍋，卻又掉進(jìn)火里。The book set off a firestorm of reaction.這本書引起風(fēng)暴般的反應(yīng)。17加注法加注也是豐富譯入語言表達(dá)的一種有效方法。它既能傳達(dá)原文的意思和神韻，又能擴(kuò)展讀者的知識面。He combined in his temperament the restlessness of a Hotspur with the Pat

12、ience of a Fabius.他的性格既有霍特斯伯那樣的急噪，又有費邊那樣的耐心。（注： 霍特斯伯是莎劇亨利四世中一個人物的綽號，此人是個急性子； 費邊是羅馬名將，曾以拖延戰(zhàn)術(shù)擊敗漢尼拔）18Tom is a Hercules .湯姆是赫拉克勒斯式的人物，非常強壯。（注： 赫拉克勒斯是希臘和羅馬神話中主神宙斯之子，力大無比，曾完成12項英雄業(yè)績，被譽為“大力士”）He is another Shylock .他是又一個夏洛克。19釋義法有的英語修辭手法由于其比喻形象很難在漢語中表現(xiàn)出來，如強行保留會因形害義，這時我們就有必要采用釋義法，只把原修辭格的意思表達(dá)出來即可。The ham sa

13、ndwich is waiting for his check.那位買火腿三明治的顧客正在等候結(jié)帳。You want your pound of flesh, dont you?你要逼債，是嗎？20With determination, with luck, and with help from lots of good people, I was able to rise from the ashes.憑著我的決心，我的運氣，還有許多善良人們的幫助，我終于得以東山再起。You need to budget your time.你必須安排一下你的時間。21歸化法有些英語的修辭格譯成漢語時，可以

14、換用符合漢語習(xí)慣的其他修辭格或是改變原文中的比喻形象，使譯文在思想上忠實于原作，風(fēng)格和神韻上盡量求得與原文相接近的效果。Sometimes a person who presents himself as kind and gentle can in private turn out to be a dragon, who breathes fire.有時，一個人在公共場合顯得和藹可親，溫文爾雅，而在私下里卻兇神惡煞。22He was so fond of talking that his comrades nicknamed him “magpie”他如此嘮叨，同伴們給他起了個“麻雀”的外號。It is regrettable that our appeal remained a dead letter.遺憾的是，我們當(dāng)時的呼吁石沉大海。Last night I heard him driving his pigs to market.昨晚，我聽到他鼾聲如雷。23She felt that s