簡版病態(tài)自戀問卷的發(fā)展

1、Development of a Brief Version of the Pathological Narcissism Inventory簡版病態(tài)自戀問卷的發(fā)展AbstractWith theoretical and empirical interest in narcissism growing, there is a need for brief measures of pathological narcissism that can be used more practically while assessing the construct comprehensively. Data

2、 from four samples (total N = 3,851) collected across two separate research groups and representing undergraduate, community, and clinical populations were used to establish the reliability, validity, and utility of the Brief-Pathological Narcissism Inventory (B-PNI). Item response theory（潛在特質(zhì)理論） an

3、d confirmatory factor analyses（驗證性因素分析） were used to determine the best-performing 28 items from the original PNI and ensure that the B-PNI exhibited a factor structure consistent with the original PNI. Items were retained for all seven pathological narcissism facet scales. Additional results also s

4、upport the criterion validity （效標效度） of the B-PNI, suggesting that it can be used in place of the original PNI to assess the various facets of pathological narcissism effectively and without loss of information, which may enhance the ability of researchers to investigate pathological narcissism in f

5、uture work. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved).For a variety of reasons, research on pathological narcissism was rather limited for quite some time (see Morey & Stagner, 2012). One of the primary barriers to a constructive program of research was the lack of a well-vali

6、dated measure that comprehensively assessed the facets of pathological narcissism (Cain, Pincus,& Ansell, 2008; Ronningstam, 2009). Indeed, a substantial amountof previous research has relied on the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI; Raskin & Hall, 1979), which can be better understood

7、 as a measure of predominantly “normal” or “adaptive” narcissism (e.g., Roche, Pincus, Lukowitsky, Mnard, & Conroy, 2013). In fact, combined with evidence of its inconsistent psychometric properties (e.g., Corry, Merritt, Mrug, & Pamp, 2008; del Rosario & White, 2005), the NPIs utility i

8、n clinical research and/or decision making is questionable (Ackerman, Donnellan, Roberts, & Fraley, 2015; Vater et al., 2013). Our goal was to develop a brief but sound measure of pathological narcissism at the facet level, as it is theorized to be a multi-componential and rather heterogeneous c

9、onstruct (e.g., Cain et al., 2008). Given its demonstrated utility, we used the PNI as a basis for our work. Using data from four samples and collected by two separate research groups, we (a) determined which items on the PNI ought to be retained on a brief measure, (b)explored the Brief-PNIs(B-PNIs

10、) factor structure, (c) examined the B-PNIs associations with theoretically relevant external correlates, with reference to those exhibited by the full PNI.MethodParticipants in Sample 1 were 2,862 adult college students (57.3% female; M age = 19.4 years SD = 1.8) at a large university in the Northe

11、astern United States who completed an online survey in exchange for course credit. The majority of participants identified as White (84.5%), followed by Asian (6.3%), Black (4.4%),and Latino (3.8%).Participants in Sample 2 were 348 community members (73.9% female) from a large Midwestern city who pa

12、rticipated in a larger project on personality in health- and risk-related behavior. Age of participants ranged from 18 to 84 years (M age = 28.7 years SD = 13.1). The majority of participants (68.4%) identified as White American, with 12.6% Asian American, 6.6% African American, 3.4% multiracial, 2.

13、9% Hispanic/Latino or Latina, and 6.1% “other.” Participants in Sample 3 were 581 undergraduate introductory psychology students (47.5% female; M age = 19.0 years SD =1.7) at a large university in the Northeastern United States, all of whom received course credit. The sample was predominantly White

14、American (89.6%), followed by 6.2% Asian American, 3.2% African American, 0.9% Native Hawaiian, and 0.1% Native American.Participants in Sample 4 were 60 patients (85.2% female; M age = 35.7 years SD = 12.0) recruited from a large rural community outpatient psychotherapy clinic in the Northeastern U

15、nited States. The sample was predominantly White American (91.8%), followed by 4.9% African American, 1.6% Asian/Pacific Islander, and 1.6% describing themselves as “other.”Measures Participants in all samples completed the 52-item PNI (Pincus et al., 2009). We calculated composite and facet scores,

16、 where Grandiosity （自我夸張） was composed of Exploitativeness（特權(quán)感） , Self-Sacrificing（自我犧牲） Self-Enhancement（自我提升）, and Grandiose Fantasy（夸大幻想）; Vulnerability（脆弱性） was composed of Contingent Self-Esteem（條件自尊）, Hiding the Self（自我隱藏）, Devaluing（貶低）, and Entitlement Rage（特權(quán)憤怒） (Wright, Lukowitsky, Pincus,

17、 & Conroy, 2010). Internal consistency and descriptive statistics are provided in Table 1.Participants in Sample 3 completed the Trait Pride Facet Scales to assess general tendencies to experience authentic pride（真實自豪） and hubristic pride（自大自豪） (Tracy & Robins,2007).participants also complet

18、ed the Test of Self-Conscious Affect（自我意識情緒量表）(Tangney, Dearing, Wagner, & Gramzow, 2000) to assess propensities for guilt and shame（內(nèi)疚傾向與羞愧傾向）.This measure uses 16 brief scenarios and asks participants to separately rate a guilt response and a shame response on a 5-point scale.In addition, the

19、participants in Sample 4 completed the Experiences of Shame Scale（羞恥體驗量表） (Andrews, Qian, & Valentine, 2002), which assesses trait shamefulness. Participants responded to 25 questions regarding shame (“Have you avoided contact with anyone who knew you said something stupid?”) on a 4-point scale.

20、Participants in Sample 2 completed the Mood & Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire（焦慮與抑郁問卷） (MASQ; Watson & Clark, 1991) to assess past week anhedonic depression and anxious arousal. The MASQ includes 39 items (e.g., “Felt like I had nothing to look forward to”; “Heart was pounding or racing”) tha

21、t are rated on a 5-point scale.In addition, Sample 2 completed the Self-Report Psychopathy(SRP-II) scale（精神病態(tài)自我報告量表） (Hare, Harpur , & Hemphill, 1989). Following Lester, Salekin, and Sellbom (2013),we calculated scores reflecting four factors: Interpersonal (tendencies for dominance, manipulatio

22、n, and arrogance), Coldheartedness (lack of concern for others; limited socially responsive emotion),Disinhibition (impulsive and irresponsible behavior),and Fearlessness (reckless behavior and thrill seeking). Whereas the interpersonal and coldheartedness factors are representative of features of F

23、actor 1 psychopathy, disinhibition and fearlessness are more representative of Factor 2 psychopathy.Criterion-Related Validity Evidence for the B-PNITo begin establishing criterion validity, we examined the associations of B-PNI scores with those of other narcissism measures, self-conscious emotions

24、, and some relevant clinical concerns (see Table 2).4 First, as expected, Grandiosity（自我夸張） was positively associated（正相關(guān)） with the NPI-16 in all samples, with the strongest associations for Exploitativeness（特權(quán)感） (rs.34 .51). However, Self-Sacrificing（自我犧牲） Self- Enhancement（自我提升） was generally not

25、significantly associated with the NPI-16, although it loads on PNI/B-PNI Grandiosity. Furthermore, Entitlement Rage（特權(quán)憤怒） was significantly positively associated with the NPI-16 in three samples, although it contributes to PNI/B-PNI Vulnerability. That said, Vulnerability（脆弱性） showed expected positi

26、ve associations with the HSNS. In fact, all facets but Exploitativeness（特權(quán)感） were significantly associated with the HSNS in Sample 2, and all but Exploitativeness and Devaluing（貶低） were associated with the HSNS in Sample 4.Given pathological narcissisms relevance to other psychological problems, we

27、then examined the B-PNIs associations with anhedonic depression, anxious arousal, and features of psychopathy. As expected, B-PNI Vulnerability and its facets were positively associated with both anhedonia（快感缺乏） and anxious arousal（焦慮喚醒）. Grandiose Fantasy was also associated with both of these outc

28、omes, and Grandiosity（自我夸張） and Exploitativeness（特權(quán)感） were additionally positively associated with anxious arousal. Consistent with expectations based on their shared nomological network, the B-PNI exhibited numerous significant positive associations with SRP-II psychopathy factors. Regarding Factor

29、 1 traits, all B-PNI scores were positively associated with the SRP-II Interpersonal factor, and Exploitativeness （特權(quán)感） and Entitlement Rage（特權(quán)憤怒） were positively associated with Coldheartedness （冷漠）(which was also unexpectedly negatively associated with Self-Sacrificing Self-Enhancement). Furthermo

30、re, regarding Factor 2 behaviors, all scales but Self-Sacrificing Self-Enhancement were positively associated with Disinhibition, whereas both composites and Exploitativeness, Grandiose Fantasy, Devaluing, and Entitlement Rage were positively associated with Fearlessness.DiscussionUsing data from fo

31、ur samples, we created a brief version of the PNI, reducing each of the PNI facet scales to four items. Scores for the resultant brief scales demonstrated adequate to good internal consistency（內(nèi)部一致性）. Further analyses confirmed that the factor structure of the B-PNI is consistent with that of the fu

32、ll PNI, and the B-PNI exhibited associations with other measures of narcissism, self-conscious emotions, and features of depression, anxiety, and psychopathy that were generally consistent with theory and highly similar to the associations of the full PNI.The development of an informant-report versi

33、on of the B-PNI would also aid in understanding the impact of narcissism both on the individual and on those who interact with him or her (e.g.,Lukowitsky & Pincus, 2013). Given their self-focus and limited empathy and perspective-taking (e.g., Wai & Tiliopoulos, 2012), people with elevated

34、narcissism may have limited awareness of how their self-perceptions/behaviors detrimentally affect others and, in turn, themselves. Overall, we agree with others (e.g.,Oltmanns & Turkheimer, 2009) that use of informant-reports is necessary to form a more complete understanding of narcissism. Stu

35、dies examining discrepancies in self- and informant-reports when using the B-PNI are also needed.Thus, we have achieved our goal of producing as effective a brief measure as possible, balancing overall model fit with individual item functioning.That said, this study was also limited in that none of

36、our samples completed only the B-PNI (Smith, McCarthy, & Anderson, 2000) to allow for examination of the factor structure when employing the B-PNI in its final format. Still, our efforts are consistent with many guidelines considered important when developing brief versions of existing measures (see Smith et al.,2000); we employed an advanced statistical approach (i.e., IRT), did not solely retain items with the highest interitem correlations(which could narrow content coverage), provided multiple measures o