大學(xué)生物專業(yè)英語(yǔ)6 (1)

1、2022-7-61Lesson sixThe origin and Diversity of Life生命的起源和多樣性生命的起源和多樣性2022-7-62vBig Bang big b大爆炸大爆炸vAn explosion producing a pressure oscillation of the order of a millibar or more at a distant point on the Earth. e.g., the eruption of Krakatoa in 1883. Large nuclear fusion explosions are comparable

2、.vexplosion iksplun 爆炸 vpressure oscillation ,slein壓力波動(dòng), 沖擊波 vof the order 大約 v millibar milib: 物毫巴 2022-7-63veruption irpn爆發(fā)vKrakatoa 喀拉喀托火山(印度尼西亞一火山島) vnuclear fusion 核聚變,核融合vcomparable kmprbl可比較的,比得上的vbinomial system of nomenclature vbainumil nmn,kleit 雙名法雙名法vUses two Latin names, genus and speci

3、es, for each type of organism.vgenus di:ns (復(fù)genera denr ) 屬, 2022-7-64vclade kleid 進(jìn)化枝進(jìn)化枝vIn a cladistic classification, organisms are placed into taxonomic groups called clades when they share characteristics that are thought to indicate common ancestry.vcladistic kldistik 進(jìn)化枝的進(jìn)化枝的 vclassification

4、 ,klsifikein分類分類, 分級(jí)分級(jí) vtaxonomic tksnmik分類分類學(xué)的學(xué)的vancestry nsistri祖先祖先2022-7-65vclass 綱綱vA group used in the classification of living organisms. A class consists of a number of similar or closely related orders or occasionally of only one order. Classes are usually large and easily recognized groups

5、.vorder 目目 group 群體群體 vclosely related 關(guān)系相近的關(guān)系相近的2022-7-66vcoacervate kusveit團(tuán)聚體，凝聚層團(tuán)聚體，凝聚層vA collection of organic macromolecules surrounded by water molecules that are aligned to form a sphere.vcollection 集成集成, 聚積聚積 vmacromolecule ,mkrumlikju:l高分子高分子 valign 排列排列 vsphere sfi球體球體 2022-7-67vcontinent

6、al drift ,kntnentldrift 大陸漂大陸漂移移vThe theory that the present continents result from the break-up of a larger continent and have moved independently to their present positions.vresult from 由由.產(chǎn)生產(chǎn)生 break-up 分裂分裂 破碎破碎 vcore k:核心核心vThe core of the Earth is that part lying below the mantle.2022-7-68vmant

7、le mntl地幔地幔vcrust krst地殼地殼vThe crust of the Earth is the outer shell of the Earth, defined by its composition and the properties of some seismic waves.vcomposition 成分，合成物成分，合成物 vseismic waves saizmik震波震波2022-7-69vdivision divin門(mén)vA unit used in the classification of plants. A division consists of a n

8、umber of classes, or occasionally of only one class, with certain important characteristics in common.vcharacteristic ,kriktristik特性2022-7-610vfamily 科vA unit used in the classification of plants and animals. A family consists of a number of closely related or similar genera or occasionally of only

9、one genus. Family names end in-aceae or-ae in botany and in-ideae in zoology. vgeneradenr 屬 genus di:ns vbotanybtni 植物學(xué)vzoology zldi:動(dòng)物學(xué), 生態(tài)2022-7-611vgenus di:ns屬v(plural, genera) A unit used in the classification of plants and animals. A genus consists of a number of closely related species, and m

10、embers of the same genus often have a number of obvious characteristics in common by which they can clearly be seen to be related.vplural plurl復(fù)數(shù)的2022-7-612vkingdom kidm界vIn biology, a major category into which living material is classified.vcategory ktiri種類, 別, 范疇 vliving material 生活物質(zhì),活質(zhì)vliposome

11、lipusum脂質(zhì)體脂質(zhì)體vA vesicle formed by the homogenization (emulsification) of phospholipids in dilute salt solutions. Liposomes are the prototypes of membrane-bound biologic structures.2022-7-613vvesicle vesikl小囊泡小囊泡 vhomogenization ,hmdnazein 均質(zhì)化均質(zhì)化vemulsification i,mlsifikein乳化乳化, 乳化作用乳化作用 vphospholipi

12、d ,fsfulipid磷脂磷脂 vdilute dailju:t沖淡沖淡, 稀釋稀釋 vsolution slu:n 溶液溶液vprototype pruttaip原型原型,典型典型vmembrane-bound 膜結(jié)合的膜結(jié)合的,膜約束的膜約束的2022-7-614vinterior intiri 內(nèi)部?jī)?nèi)部core 核心核心vorder 目目vA unit used in the classification of plants and animals. An order consists of a number of similar or closely related families

13、 or only one family. Names of orders end typically in ales in plants and in -a in animals.vozone layer uzunlei 臭氧層臭氧層vA layer of the atmosphere, about 20-50 km above the surface, which contains ozone produced by ultraviolet radiation.2022-7-615vultraviolet radiation ,ltrvailit,reidiein紫外輻射vphylum fa

14、ilm 復(fù)復(fù) phylafail 門(mén)門(mén)vA unit used in the classification of animals. A phylum consist of a number of classes, or occasionally of only one class, with certain important characteristics in common, implying that all members are descended from a common ancestor.vdescended from 從.下來(lái) imply 暗示, 意味vancestor 祖先

15、, 祖宗 2022-7-616vproteinoid ,prutinid類蛋白(質(zhì))vA proteinlike structure of branched amino acid chains that is the basic structure of a microsphere. vbranched 分枝的 microsphere 微球體vspecies spi:i:z物種 種vA unit used in the classification of plants and animals. Ideally a species is defined as a group of organis

16、ms that interbreed with each other to produce fertile offspring.2022-7-617videally 理想地理想地 在觀念上地在觀念上地 vdefine 定義定義, 詳細(xì)說(shuō)明詳細(xì)說(shuō)明 group 群體群體vinterbreed ,intbri:d (使使)異種交配異種交配, (使使)混混種種vfertile f:tail能繁能繁殖的殖的vtaxon tksn (復(fù)復(fù)taxatks ) 分類單位，分類單位，分類群分類群vA unit of classification of any rank in the hierarchical

17、scale.vhierarchical ,hair:kikl 分等級(jí)的分等級(jí)的2022-7-618vscale 衡量衡量,測(cè)量測(cè)量,刻度刻度vtaxonomy tksnmi:分類學(xué)分類學(xué)vThe study of the theory, procedure, and rules of classification of organisms according to the similarities and differences between them.vprocedure 程序程序, 手續(xù)手續(xù)2022-7-6191.A home for life: Formation of the sol

18、ar system and planet earthv The story of lifes origins begins with the formation of the earth. v生命起源于地球的形成。生命起源于地球的形成。v The sequence of events that gave rise to our planet began, in turn, with the cosmic explosion physicists call the Big Bang. v 我們行星的形成開(kāi)始于宇宙物理學(xué)家所命我們行星的形成開(kāi)始于宇宙物理學(xué)家所命名的大爆炸。名的大爆炸。2022-7

19、-620v The sun at the center of our solar system condensed from a cloud of primordial matter roughly 5 billion years ago; the planets, including the earth, condensed about 4.6 billion years ago. v 太陽(yáng)，位于太陽(yáng)系中心，在大約太陽(yáng)，位于太陽(yáng)系中心，在大約5050億年前，億年前，由原始物質(zhì)濃縮形成由原始物質(zhì)濃縮形成; ; 行星行星, ,包括地球在內(nèi)包括地球在內(nèi), , 生成于大約生成于大約4646億年前。億

20、年前。2022-7-621v The earth is composed of a number of layers: a solid crust, a semisolid mantle, and a largely molten (liquid) core that has a solid center.v v 地球由多層組成：堅(jiān)硬的地殼，半流體的地幔地球由多層組成：堅(jiān)硬的地殼，半流體的地幔和一個(gè)很大的熔解狀態(tài)的和一個(gè)很大的熔解狀態(tài)的(液體液體)地核地核, 地核有一地核有一個(gè)固體的中心。個(gè)固體的中心。2022-7-622v Basic physical features of Earth t

21、hat may have made the emergence of life possible include the planets size, temperature, composition, and distance from the sun. v 地球的基本物理特征地球的基本物理特征(使生命起源成使生命起源成為可能為可能)，包括行星的大小，溫度，組成以，包括行星的大小，溫度，組成以及離太陽(yáng)的距離。及離太陽(yáng)的距離。2022-7-623v The major current hypothesis holds that life arose spontaneously on the ea

22、rly earth by means of chemical evolution from nonliving substances.v 當(dāng)前主要假設(shè)認(rèn)為，在早期地球上當(dāng)前主要假設(shè)認(rèn)為，在早期地球上,生命生命自發(fā)的形成于非生命物質(zhì)的化學(xué)進(jìn)化。自發(fā)的形成于非生命物質(zhì)的化學(xué)進(jìn)化。2022-7-624v Evidence for prelife stages of chemical organization comes from laboratory experiments that try to duplicate the physical environment and chemical res

23、ources of the early earth. v 通過(guò)模擬早期地球的自然條件和化學(xué)資源，通過(guò)模擬早期地球的自然條件和化學(xué)資源，科學(xué)家在實(shí)驗(yàn)室中已經(jīng)獲得了化學(xué)有機(jī)體的生科學(xué)家在實(shí)驗(yàn)室中已經(jīng)獲得了化學(xué)有機(jī)體的生命前階段的命前階段的證據(jù)證據(jù)。（化學(xué)有機(jī)體的生命前階段。（化學(xué)有機(jī)體的生命前階段的的證據(jù)來(lái)源于實(shí)驗(yàn)室試驗(yàn)）證據(jù)來(lái)源于實(shí)驗(yàn)室試驗(yàn)）2. The emergence of life: organic and biological molecules on a primitive planet2022-7-625v These experiment, including the pione

24、ering work of Miller and Urey, have successfully produced organic monomers including amino acids, simple sugars, and nucleic acid bases. v 這些實(shí)驗(yàn)包括米勒等早期所做工作，成這些實(shí)驗(yàn)包括米勒等早期所做工作，成功地產(chǎn)出了有機(jī)單體，包括氨基酸，單糖，功地產(chǎn)出了有機(jī)單體，包括氨基酸，單糖，核酸堿基。核酸堿基。2022-7-626v The probable next step toward life was the spontaneous linking of s

25、uch monomers into polymers such as proteinoids and nuclei acids. v 這些單體自發(fā)的連接成多聚體，如類蛋白這些單體自發(fā)的連接成多聚體，如類蛋白和核酸，使進(jìn)入生命狀態(tài)成為可能。（和核酸，使進(jìn)入生命狀態(tài)成為可能。（使進(jìn)入使進(jìn)入生命狀態(tài)成為可能的下一個(gè)步驟生命狀態(tài)成為可能的下一個(gè)步驟）v Current research suggests that likely sites for this polymerization were clay or rock surfaces.v 目前的研究認(rèn)為這些聚合作用可能發(fā)生在目前的研究認(rèn)為這些聚合

26、作用可能發(fā)生在泥土或巖石表面。泥土或巖石表面。2022-7-627v Researchers have found that, when energy is available to a system, they can generate three kinds of organic molecular aggregates. v 研究發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)一個(gè)系統(tǒng)獲得能量時(shí)，可能發(fā)生研究發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)一個(gè)系統(tǒng)獲得能量時(shí)，可能發(fā)生3種有機(jī)分子的聚集體。種有機(jī)分子的聚集體。v The Russian Aleksandr Oparin obtained polymer-rich droplets, called coac

27、ervates, from solutions of polymers. v 俄國(guó)科學(xué)家從多聚物的溶液中獲得了富含多俄國(guó)科學(xué)家從多聚物的溶液中獲得了富含多聚物的小液滴，即凝聚物。聚物的小液滴，即凝聚物。2022-7-628v Sidney Fox generated proteinoid microspheres from mixtures of amino acid and water. vFox從氨基酸和水的混合液中獲得了類蛋白微球從氨基酸和水的混合液中獲得了類蛋白微球體。體。vA third laboratory structure is the liposome, a spherica

28、l lipid bilayer that forms from phospholipids.v 實(shí)驗(yàn)室第三個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)物質(zhì)是脂質(zhì)體，即由磷脂實(shí)驗(yàn)室第三個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)物質(zhì)是脂質(zhì)體，即由磷脂形成的球形液體脂雙層結(jié)構(gòu)。形成的球形液體脂雙層結(jié)構(gòu)。2022-7-629v A structure similar to one or more of these aggregates may have been the precursor of true cells.v與這些聚集體類似的結(jié)構(gòu)可能是生命細(xì)胞與這些聚集體類似的結(jié)構(gòu)可能是生命細(xì)胞的前體的前體. vFurther steps in the appearance o

29、f cells on the earth included the development of RNA and DNA as biological information molecules.v 地球上生命發(fā)生的下一階段就是作為地球上生命發(fā)生的下一階段就是作為生物信息分子的生物信息分子的 RNA 和和 DNA的形成。的形成。2022-7-630vEvidence suggests that RNA, which can form spontaneously under conditions mimicking those of the early earth, was the first i

30、nformation molecule.v 有證據(jù)表明有證據(jù)表明,在實(shí)驗(yàn)室模擬早期地球自然條件在實(shí)驗(yàn)室模擬早期地球自然條件下自發(fā)生成的下自發(fā)生成的RNA是最早的信息分子是最早的信息分子 。2022-7-631vThe discovery of RNA ribozymesRNA that can act as an enzymelike catalystsuggests that such catalytic RNA also could have assembled new RNAs from early nucleotides. v RNA核酶核酶- RNA可以作為類似酶的催化劑可以作為類似

31、酶的催化劑 - 的發(fā)現(xiàn)表明它可以催化早期核甘酸形成新的的發(fā)現(xiàn)表明它可以催化早期核甘酸形成新的RNA。vCertain catalytic RNAs can also carry out sexlike exchanges of pieces of RNA.v 某些催化性的某些催化性的RNA分子也能進(jìn)行分子也能進(jìn)行RNA片段間片段間性交換的。性交換的。2022-7-632v Following the development of a lipid-protein surface layer and replicating RNA and DNA informational molecules,

32、the events leading to the emergence of living cells would have the origin of the genetic code, the sequestering of RNA or DNA into cell-like structures, and the development of metabolic pathways.v 接下來(lái)脂蛋白表層的形成，信息分子接下來(lái)脂蛋白表層的形成，信息分子RNA和和DNA的的的的復(fù)制，最后導(dǎo)致活細(xì)胞發(fā)生，包括最初的遺傳密碼的確復(fù)制，最后導(dǎo)致活細(xì)胞發(fā)生，包括最初的遺傳密碼的確立，立，RNA或或DN

33、A被包裹進(jìn)細(xì)胞樣的結(jié)構(gòu)中被包裹進(jìn)細(xì)胞樣的結(jié)構(gòu)中,及代謝途徑及代謝途徑的建立。的建立。2022-7-633v The oldest fossils that may represent living cells are found in rocks that are about 3.5 billion years old.v能說(shuō)明活細(xì)胞存在的最古老化石大約有能說(shuō)明活細(xì)胞存在的最古老化石大約有35億年了億年了。v The first cells were probably anaerobic heterotrops, with autotrophs arising much later.v 最早出

34、現(xiàn)的細(xì)胞可能是厭氧異養(yǎng)生物，很最早出現(xiàn)的細(xì)胞可能是厭氧異養(yǎng)生物，很久后自養(yǎng)生物出現(xiàn)。久后自養(yǎng)生物出現(xiàn)。3. The earliest cells2022-7-634v The first autotrophs produced their own nutrients and released O2a metabolic by-product that had a crucial impact on later life forms. v 最早的自養(yǎng)生物可以制造營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)并釋放氧氣最早的自養(yǎng)生物可以制造營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)并釋放氧氣-這這個(gè)新陳代謝副產(chǎn)品對(duì)后期生命的形成有一個(gè)深遠(yuǎn)的影個(gè)新陳代謝副產(chǎn)品對(duì)后期生命

35、的形成有一個(gè)深遠(yuǎn)的影響。響。(這個(gè)是對(duì)后期生命的形成有一個(gè)深遠(yuǎn)的影響新陳這個(gè)是對(duì)后期生命的形成有一個(gè)深遠(yuǎn)的影響新陳代謝副產(chǎn)品。代謝副產(chǎn)品。)v The resulting ozone layer in the earths atmosphere reduced the penetration of ultraviolet light.v地球大氣層中的臭氧層的出現(xiàn)減少了紫外線的照射。地球大氣層中的臭氧層的出現(xiàn)減少了紫外線的照射。2022-7-635v As a result, cells would survive in shallow water and on the land surface

36、.v 結(jié)果，細(xì)胞就能夠在淺水區(qū)和陸地上生存了。結(jié)果，細(xì)胞就能夠在淺水區(qū)和陸地上生存了。v The increasing quantity of atmospheric oxygen also permitted the evolution of aerobic cells and cellular respiration, which in turn signaled the beginning of the global carbon cycle.v 大氣中氧氣數(shù)量的增加使得需氧細(xì)胞和細(xì)胞大氣中氧氣數(shù)量的增加使得需氧細(xì)胞和細(xì)胞呼吸得以進(jìn)化，這預(yù)示著全球碳循環(huán)的開(kāi)始。呼吸得以進(jìn)化，這預(yù)示著全球

37、碳循環(huán)的開(kāi)始。2022-7-636v Although the earliest cells were all prokaryotes, by about 1.5 billion years ago eukaryotes appeared.v雖然最早期的細(xì)胞都是原核生物，但雖然最早期的細(xì)胞都是原核生物，但是在大約是在大約15億年前，真核細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)了。億年前，真核細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)了。2022-7-6374. The changing face of planet earthvChanges in land masses, the seas, and climate have greatly affecte

38、d the evolution of life on the earth. v大陸板塊，海洋和氣候的變化對(duì)地球生命的進(jìn)化大陸板塊，海洋和氣候的變化對(duì)地球生命的進(jìn)化有深遠(yuǎn)的影響。有深遠(yuǎn)的影響。vThe basic parts of the planet include a light, solid crust over a hot, semisolid mantle and an inner, partially molten core. v地球的最基本的組分包括堅(jiān)硬的地殼，半流體的地球的最基本的組分包括堅(jiān)硬的地殼，半流體的地幔和熔解態(tài)的地核地幔和熔解態(tài)的地核2022-7-638vMassive

39、 segments or plates of the crust move over the mantle in the process of continental drift.v大板快地殼擠壓地幔形成大陸漂移。大板快地殼擠壓地幔形成大陸漂移。vOver the past 500 million years, continental drift hassculpted the earths crusts to produce the form anddistribution of present-day continents.v在過(guò)去的億年里，大陸漂移雕塑了地殼的外觀，在過(guò)去的億年里，大陸漂

40、移雕塑了地殼的外觀，從而形成了現(xiàn)在的大陸。從而形成了現(xiàn)在的大陸。2022-7-639vClimatic changes that greatly affected living organisms accompanied these plate movements; the period was marked by occasional waves of mass extinctions of living creatures.v伴隨板塊運(yùn)動(dòng)，氣候改變對(duì)生物有深遠(yuǎn)影響，伴隨板塊運(yùn)動(dòng)，氣候改變對(duì)生物有深遠(yuǎn)影響，在特定時(shí)期的生物大滅絕就是這個(gè)時(shí)期的見(jiàn)在特定時(shí)期的生物大滅絕就是這個(gè)時(shí)期的見(jiàn)證。證。2

41、022-7-640v Organisms were also affected by periods of glaciation that followed variations in the earths orbit and in the output of energy by the sun.v 生物也受冰河期影響，在冰河期，地球軌生物也受冰河期影響，在冰河期，地球軌道和太陽(yáng)能的輸出都發(fā)生了很大變化。道和太陽(yáng)能的輸出都發(fā)生了很大變化。2022-7-6415. taxonomy: categorizing the variety of living thingsvBiologists use

42、 the binomial system of nomenclature developed by Linnaeus to categorize the varieties of life on the earth. v生物學(xué)家利用林奈提出的雙名法對(duì)地球上的生物生物學(xué)家利用林奈提出的雙名法對(duì)地球上的生物進(jìn)行分類。進(jìn)行分類。 vThe system assigns each type of organism to a genus and species. v該系統(tǒng)可以將每種生物劃分到屬和種該系統(tǒng)可以將每種生物劃分到屬和種2022-7-642vOrganisms are then further classified into higher taxonomic categoriesfamily, order, class, division (plants), phylum (animals), and kingdom.v然后將生物進(jìn)一步劃分到更高級(jí)類別中，即然后將生物進(jìn)一步劃分到更高級(jí)類別中，即科，目，綱，門(mén)，界?？?，目，綱，門(mén)，界。2022-7-643vEvidence from many subfields of biolog