英國(guó)文學(xué)簡(jiǎn)史筆記(完整版)

1、Chapter 1伊麗莎白統(tǒng)治之前的時(shí)代分為三個(gè)階段：古英語(yǔ)（安格魯撒克遜）時(shí)期，中世紀(jì)英語(yǔ)（安格魯諾曼）時(shí)期，伊麗莎白統(tǒng)治前時(shí)期。大不列顛島相繼被卡爾特人、羅馬人和安格魯撒克遜人占據(jù)。【 The Old English (Anglo-Saxon) Period 】² The British civilization is one of the oldest in the world. sign: the Stonehenge（巨石陣）prehistoric monumental pile of stonesl Celts（凱爾特人）were probably the first i

2、nhabitants of the British Isles in recorded history.l One of their tribes, the Britons（不列顛人）， came over in the 5th century BC. 亞瑟王傳奇 Arthurian legends 500 years Roman Conquest, Julius Caesar（尤里烏斯凱撒） 55BC 500 years Anglo-Saxon Conquest, 5th centuryl In 597 AD the Anglo-Saxons began to be converted to

3、 Christianity. pagan elements/regular elements religion elementsl In the second half of the 7th century, the first English poet, Caedmon by name， began to sing.l Another century passed, Beowulf.l In the 9th century, King Alfred decided that literature should be written in the vernacular（方言） of Old E

4、nglish.² With the arrival of St. Augustine in 597 AD and the subsequent spread of Christian influence and classical learning, heathen poetry was maneuvered out of the scene.l a time of intermingling（過(guò)渡時(shí)期） of the pagan with the Christian components in poetry.l 安格魯撒克遜時(shí)期唯一完整的詩(shī)歌：Beowulf： 1. The nat

5、ional epic of English people, a pagan poem2. An epic of well over 3000 lines.3. The greatest epic ever left by the ancient Germanic tribes.4. The most ancient ever since the demise of the Greek and Roman literatures.5. The only organic whole poem to come out of the Anglo-Saxon period.6. The story ta

6、kes place in Scandinavia, no mention of England.7. Anglo Saxons early life in England Theme: The poem tells the story of a 6th century hero, Beowulf. It is basically a two-part narrativeBeowulfs fight with the sea-monsters Grendel and his mother in the first part, and his killing a fiery dragon and

7、his death in the second.1. human desire for some super power to conquer nature.2. great tradition of realism（現(xiàn)實(shí)主義傳統(tǒng)） Versification: 1. Pagan story has an Christian overlay（覆蓋物，表面）.（作詩(shī)法） The mixture of pagan and Christian elements 2. using of kenning(一種描寫(xiě)手法) e.g.: sea is often “swans way” or “whale-p

8、ath. 3. conspicious occurrence of alliteration(頭韻). 4. narrator of the poem, the “I” is a minstrel/scop/gleeman（吟游詩(shī)人） 5. storys digressive manner of narration. 6. elevated tone（提高的音調(diào)）. 7. the use of metaphors and understatements² Then the pagan was superseded（超過(guò)） by the religious spirit, and mi

9、nstrels（吟游詩(shī)人） gave way to learned men.² Caedmon（凱德蒙）: the first known poet in English literary history.² The Ecclesiastical History of England（英格蘭教會(huì)史）by the venerable Bede（比得）.歐洲最早的編年史：Anglo-Saxon Chronicle（編年史）founded by King Alfred the Great（阿爾弗雷德大帝）.【 Medieval（中世紀(jì)）Literature: a brief in

10、troduction 】² 1066 Norman Conquest: marked the beginning of the Middle English or Anglo-Norman period.(1066-1400)þ In 1066, _, with his Norman army, succeeded in invading and defeating England.A. William the Conqueror B. Julius Caesar C. Alfred the Great D. Claudiusþ After the Norman

11、Conquest, three languages existed in England at that time. The Normans spoke _.A. French B. English C. Latin D. SwedishThe changes and replacement of dynasty and government:l The Norman line of kings 90 years l 1154 Angevin kings King Henry and his descendants 245 years l 1399 The House of Lancaster

12、² Few occurrences of historic magnitude:l The Establishment of the Feudal System（封建制）l William the Conqueror grabbed Anglo-Saxon land by force and gave it to his nobles and followers.l The 1381 Peasant Uprising（農(nóng)民起義）l Led by Wat Tyler of Kent and Jack Straw of Essexl 1086 The Completion of the

13、Domesday Book（末日審判書(shū)）l A historical record of Anglo-Saxon institutions, customs, and way of lifel The Launching of the Crusades.（十字軍東征）l A serious of wars between Christians and the Muslims (1096-1270)l The first communication between east and westl 1215 The signing of the Magna Carter.（大憲章）l King Jo

14、hn was forced to recognize the rights of the powerful barons.（男爵）（Duke公 Marquis侯 Count伯 Viscount子 Baron爵）l A significant event in the long decline of the monarchyl 1337-1453 The War with France or the Hundred YearsWar（英法戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)）l Norman and Anglo-Saxon elements began to coalesce into one nation, and the

15、English language started to revive.l The emergence of nation（民族興起）² Few important points of literature:l Legend傳奇：The Growth of the Arthurian Legends（亞瑟王傳奇）l Not put down on paper until 1147 Geoffrey of Monmouth came out with his Latin Historia Reugm Britanniae.l Be enriched by a good number of

16、 later writers.l 1205 Layamon wrote his cast verse work of 32,000 lines Brut in English.The beginning of the revival of English as a literary mediuml Romance騎士文學(xué)：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight:(高文爵士和綠騎士) a story of adventure-fictitious, frequently marvelous or supernatural-in verse or prose.þ

17、The prevailing form of Medieval English literature is _.A. novel B. drama C. romance D. essayþ The story of _ is the culmination of the Arthurian romances.A. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight B. BeowulfC. Piers the Plowman D. The Canterbury Talesþ The theme of _ to king and lord was repeated

18、ly emphasized in romances.A. loyalty B. revolt C. obedience D. mockeryl A famous roman about King Arthurs storyl A 4-part work of 2,530 lines in 101 sections.l knightly virtues: loyalty, valor（勇猛）,rectitude（正直）,and integrity.l One Christmas（故事發(fā)生的時(shí)間）1.某年圣誕節(jié)，亞瑟王在自己的宮廷里舉行宴會(huì)。一位綠衣騎士前來(lái)向圓桌騎士挑戰(zhàn)：有誰(shuí)敢當(dāng)場(chǎng)砍下他的頭，并

19、讓他一年后回敬一斧。高文接受挑戰(zhàn)，砍下了綠衣騎士的頭。那具依然活著的軀體撿起頭顱，回到綠色的教堂。2.一年以后，高文踐約去尋找綠衣騎士，歷經(jīng)千辛來(lái)到一座城堡。3.城堡女主人趁丈夫外出狩獵耍盡花招引誘高文；高文不為所動(dòng)。4.最后高文在向?qū)У呐阃码x開(kāi)城堡前往綠色教堂。綠衣騎士原來(lái)就是城堡的男主人，他舉斧向高文進(jìn)攻三次，前兩次落空，第三次在他的脖子上劃出輕傷。綠衣騎士向他解釋?zhuān)郝淇盏膬筛菍?duì)他兩次不受女主人誘惑并如實(shí)交換所得之物的回報(bào)，第三斧則是對(duì)高文隱瞞女主人送他腰帶的懲罰。高文辭別綠衣騎士返回亞瑟王的宮廷，將自己的歷險(xiǎn)告訴眾人，騎士們一致認(rèn)為他為圓桌騎士爭(zhēng)了光。那根女主人送他的腰帶成了純潔的道

20、德的象征。l The description of the change of seasons and the difficult terrain of his route with its waste land and wild animals, serves in fact as a means of externalizing（外化）the complexing inner world of the man going to death.l He is a perfect human but he is not divine.To forgive his divine to earn h

21、is humanl 在詩(shī)行結(jié)構(gòu)和運(yùn)用頭韻等寫(xiě)作方法上同貝奧武甫非常相似l 騎士就跟普通人一樣，也會(huì)犯錯(cuò)l 民謠ballads: Robin Hoodthe most important department of English folk literature. A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by o

22、ral transmission.þ The most famous cycle of English ballads centers on the stories about a legendary outlaw called _.A. Morte dArthur B. Robin Hood C. The Canterbury Tales D. Piers the Plowmanl A collection of 15th century medieval ballads about Robin Hood, the hero of the poor, and the enemy o

23、f the rich and the powerful.l A greenwood outlaw（綠林好漢）羅賓漢是英國(guó)民間傳說(shuō)俠盜式英雄人物。人稱(chēng)漢丁頓伯爵。從12世紀(jì)中葉起，關(guān)于羅賓漢的民謠和傳說(shuō)就開(kāi)始在民間流傳。14世紀(jì)，有關(guān)羅賓漢的故事首次作為文學(xué)作品問(wèn)世。此后，不斷有作家以此為素材，寫(xiě)出了許多膾炙人口的作品。俠盜羅賓漢是法國(guó)文豪亞歷山大·仲馬在前人基礎(chǔ)上再創(chuàng)作的作品。l Basic features of folk ballads: repetition of words/refrain, uniform in mood, and dramatic in plot or c

24、haracter portrayal.l John Wycliffe約翰威克里夫(1320-1384):l Translate bible from Latin to English: the first attempt ever to translate the Holy Scripture into English.l 威克里夫（英國(guó)宗教改革的晨星，英文圣經(jīng)譯者）生于倫敦附近的約克郡，其父親是威克里夫農(nóng)莊的主人。1345年到牛津大學(xué)默頓學(xué)院就讀，后來(lái)短時(shí)間任該大學(xué)巴略勒學(xué)院院長(zhǎng)。他學(xué)識(shí)淵博，名噪一時(shí)，聽(tīng)他講學(xué)的人極多，在神學(xué)教授中首屈一指。但為人不茍言笑。在哲學(xué)上他是“þ _ w

25、as the greatest of English religious reformers and the first translator of the Bible.A. Langland B. Gower C. Wycliffe D. Chaucerþ The first complete English Bible was translated by _, “the morning star of the Reformation” and his followers.A. William Tyndal B. James I C. John Wycliffe D. Bishop

26、 Lancelot Andrewsl William Langland威廉朗蘭(1332-end of 14th century):l Vision of Piers the Plowman: a dream allegory（諷寓體）of 7,000 lines to attack evil in both Church and state.l 農(nóng)夫皮爾斯是用中世紀(jì)夢(mèng)幻故事的形式寫(xiě)成的教誨詩(shī)，通過(guò)描繪夢(mèng)中的景象來(lái)展現(xiàn)中世紀(jì)英國(guó)社會(huì)各方面的生活圖景，采用寓言故事來(lái)懲惡揚(yáng)善。長(zhǎng)詩(shī)分為兩部分，第一部分是皮爾斯的夢(mèng)境，第二部分是稱(chēng)為“尋求好、更好、最好”的一連串幻想。全詩(shī)由有重讀音和押頭韻的詩(shī)行寫(xiě)成

27、。þ William Langlands _ is written in the form of a dream vision.A. Kubla Khan B. Piers the PlowmanC. The Dream of John Bull D. Morte dArthurþ Piers the Plowman describes a series of wonderful dreams the author dreamed, through which, we can see a picture of the life in the _ England.A. pri

28、mitive B. feudal C. bourgeois D. modernl Romance Chanson de Roland:（羅蘭之歌）l 法國(guó)英雄史詩(shī)，中世紀(jì)武功歌的代表作品。全詩(shī)共分為291節(jié)，長(zhǎng)4002行 ，以當(dāng)時(shí)民間語(yǔ)言羅曼語(yǔ)寫(xiě)成。英雄史詩(shī)是法國(guó)最古老的文學(xué)。英雄史詩(shī)主要分為帝王系、紀(jì)堯姆·德·奧郎日系和敦·德·梅央斯系。羅蘭之歌是帝王系的主要作品。 Chapter 2【 Geoffrey Chaucer 1340-1400 】² Geoffrey Chaucer: The last medieval man, the fir

29、st modern man.þ In the 14th century, the most important writer (poet) is _ . A. Langland B. Wycliffe C. Gower D. Chaucerþ _, the “father of English poetry” and one of the greatest narrative poets of England, was born in London in about 1340.A. Geoffrey Chaucer B. Sir Gawain C. Francis Baco

30、n D. John Drydenþ Chaucer died on October 25th, 1400, and was buried in _.A. Flanders B. France C. Italy D. Westminster Abbeyþ Chaucers earliest work of any length is his _, a translation of the French Roman de la Rose by Gaillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meung, which was a love allegory enj

31、oying widespread popularity in the 13th and 14th centuries not only in France but throughout Europe.A. The Romaunt of the Rose B. “A Red, Red Rose”C. The Legend of Good Women D. The Book of the Duchessþ In his lifetime Chaucer served in a great variety of occupations that had impact on the wide

32、 range of his writings. Which one is not his career? _.A. engineer B. courtier C. office holder D. soldier E. ambassador F. legislator (議員)þ Chaucer composes a long narrative poem named _ based on Boccaccios poem “Filostrato”. A. The Legend of Good Women B. Troilus and Criseyde C. Sir Gawain an

33、d the Green Knight D. Beowulfl 他是最早有人文主義思想的作家，現(xiàn)實(shí)主義文學(xué)的奠基人，英國(guó)歷史上第一位卓越的詩(shī)人，英國(guó)文學(xué)史上用英語(yǔ)創(chuàng)作的第一位重要詩(shī)人。Founder of English poetry l the messenger of humanisml the founder of English realisml the founder or master of the modern English languagel the pioneer of the English Renaissancel The first preeminent English

34、 poet. l Chaucer was the first most significant poet in English literary history to write in Middle English. l A master of realism. ² 作品：l The Book of Duchess公爵之書(shū)l The House of Fame聲譽(yù)之堂l The Legend of Good Wife賢婦傳奇l Troilus and Criseyde特羅勒斯與克麗西德 l The Parliament of Fowls百鳥(niǎo)議會(huì)² The most famo

35、us of all his works：The Canterbury Tales(坎特伯雷的傳說(shuō)) þ Geoffrey Chaucers work_ gives us a picture of the condition of English life of his day, such as its work and play, its deeds and dreams, its fun and sympathy.A.The Romaunt of the Roses B.The House of FameC.Troylus and Criseyde D.The Canterbury

36、 Talesl 英國(guó)文學(xué)史上現(xiàn)實(shí)主義第一部杰作l a collection of 20-odd stories, 4 fragmentsl The framing of the stories by means of a fictitious pilgrimage（朝圣） as the Tales uses as a unifying device.A collection of stories strung together with a simple plan（章回體，像西游記）l 124 stories planned, only 24 finishedl written in Midd

37、le English² 作品特點(diǎn)：l 突出兩個(gè)群體：神職人員和中產(chǎn)階級(jí)l Substance is from others, the telling is Chaucers own.l Enormous sense of humor.l Loyalty to reality. Sticks to his policy of honesty and stays true to life.l Offers such a panorama (全景)of social life.l Infinite sense of humanity.l It is more than a mere col

38、lection of true-to-life pictures. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises mans energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life.l form: heroic couplet（英雄偶句詩(shī)） a four-line stanza a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韻)lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑揚(yáng)格)² Contribution to English poetry: l Introduced

39、from France the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (the heroic couplet),l The first great poet who wrote in the English language. l Making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.² 喬叟的詩(shī)歌創(chuàng)作分為三個(gè)時(shí)期：法國(guó)影響時(shí)期（13591372）：主要翻譯并仿效法國(guó)詩(shī)人的作品，創(chuàng)作了悼公爵夫人，用倫敦方言翻譯了法國(guó)中世紀(jì)長(zhǎng)篇敘事詩(shī)玫瑰傳奇等。意

40、大利影響時(shí)期（13721386）：詩(shī)人接觸了資產(chǎn)階級(jí)人文主義的進(jìn)步思想。這一時(shí)期的創(chuàng)作如百鳥(niǎo)會(huì)議、特羅伊勒斯和克萊西德、好女人的故事，反映了作者面向生活現(xiàn)實(shí)的創(chuàng)作態(tài)度和人文主義觀點(diǎn)。成熟時(shí)期（13861400）：?jiǎn)疼旁谶@最后15年里從事坎特伯雷故事集的創(chuàng)作。無(wú)論在內(nèi)容和技巧上都達(dá)到他創(chuàng)作的頂峰。他首創(chuàng)的英雄雙韻體為以后的英國(guó)詩(shī)人所廣泛采用，被譽(yù)為“英國(guó)詩(shī)歌之父”。喬叟早期的創(chuàng)作受意大利和法國(guó)文學(xué)的影響。他把法國(guó)文學(xué)中的騎士傳奇、抒情詩(shī)和動(dòng)物寓言故事等引入英國(guó)文學(xué)。其早期作品特羅勒斯和克萊西德（1385），人物性格塑造生動(dòng)細(xì)膩，語(yǔ)言機(jī)智幽默。從1377年開(kāi)始，喬叟多次出使歐洲大陸，接觸了但丁、彼

41、特拉克和薄伽丘等人的作品。這些作家反封建反宗教的精神和人文主義思想，使喬叟的創(chuàng)作思想發(fā)生了深刻的變化，開(kāi)始轉(zhuǎn)向現(xiàn)實(shí)主義。根據(jù)薄伽丘的一部長(zhǎng)詩(shī)改寫(xiě)的敘事詩(shī)特羅勒斯和克面西德擯棄了夢(mèng)幻和寓言的傳統(tǒng)，代之以對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)社會(huì)中的人物和生活細(xì)節(jié)的描寫(xiě)，這是喬叟的第一部現(xiàn)實(shí)主義作品。喬叟在他生活的最后十五年進(jìn)行了坎特伯雷故事集（1387-1400）的創(chuàng)作。這是他最杰出的作品。² The Wife of Bath巴斯夫人: man should love a woman for her worth rather than her face² The Millers Tale磨坊主的故事: l

42、one of jealousy, infidelity, courtly love, and obscenityl in the style of the medieval fabliau （諷刺性寓言詩(shī)）(a funny vulgar story)【 The Pre-Elizabethan Period: A Brief Introduction 】The 150 years between the death of Chaucer and the ascension of Queen Elizabeth I(1400-1557) was a very important period in

43、 history.² Reformation （宗教改革）l first started in Germany by Martin Luther(1483-1546)l The followers of the movement, distinct now from the Catholics, became known as the Protestants, and the Reformation has also been known in history as the Protestant Reformation.l Johnannes Calvin(1509-1564)l T

44、hey believe in the doctrine of justification by faith, that mans justification or salvation depends on the grace of God which comes through faith alone.（因信稱(chēng)義）² Renaissanceþ English Renaissance Period was an age of _.A. prose and novel B. poetry and drama C. essays and journals D. ballads a

45、nd songsþ Which of the following is NOT regarded as one of the characteristics of Renaissance?A. Exaltation of mans pursuit of happiness in this life.B. Cultivation of the genuine flavor of ancient culture.C. Tolerance of human foibles.D. Praise of mans efforts in having his soul delivered.

46、4; The most significant intellectual movement of the Renaissance was_.A. the Reformation B. humanism C. the Italian revival D. geographical explorationsl the rebirth of lettersl the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe l beginning in the 14th cent

47、ury and extending to the 17th centuryl marking the transition from the medieval to the modern worldl Two features are striking of this movement. The one is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. The other one is the keen interest in the activities of humanity.【Thomas More托馬斯莫爾（1478-1535

48、）】 ² a humanist² he witnessed the evils of the future of the world and sought to help mend things² Utopia:þ Utopia was written in the form of _. A. prose B. drama C. essay D. dialogue þ _is one of the forerunners of modern socialist thought.A. Phillip Sidney B. Edmund Spense

49、r C. Thomas More D. Walter Raleighl consist of two book with emphasis on book two in which the Utopian weal republic is described in detaill book two has 9 sections: geographic contours, city life, administration of the country, lifestyle, family structure, utopia travel. Section 7: bondmen, attitud

50、e towards war, religion l 作品特點(diǎn):l nothing private in Utopia, no one has anything, yet every is richl offers best ideal social system possiblel some problems:l strict adherence to conformityl slave systeml super power politicsl male-dominatedChapter 3【The Elizabethan Age(1558-1625):a brief introductio

51、n】² The Elizabethan period began with the ascension of Queen Elizabeth I in 1558, and its afterglow shone well beyond the 16th century.l The Elizabethan age was one in which Renaissance transformed Chaucers Medieval England into Shakespeares modern one.l All the three major departments of liter

52、aturepoetry, drama, and prose, and countless authors vied in offering their very best in a tremendous outburst of creative power.² The Elizabethan age can be divided into three sub-periods:l The first of these stretches over two decades(1557-1579)l beginning with the printing of Tottels Miscell

53、any 雜錄and concluding with the publication of Edmund Spensers The Shepheardes Calendar牧羊人日歷 Spensers first known work Place him at the head of the English poets of his dayl The second phase covers some two decades from 1580 through 1599.l a period of intense literary activity in which the greatest El

54、izabethan writers made their presence feltl 斯賓塞仙后、菲利普西德尼愛(ài)星者和星星、為詩(shī)辯護(hù)阿卡荻亞l in drama the exuberance showed itself well in the great number of great plays that were written and staged at the timel in this period Shakespeare wrote sonnets and some 20 of his 37 plays Shakespeare sonnet: abab cdcd efef ggl The third phase spans over some three decades(1599-1625). l 出現(xiàn)大批大學(xué)才子l This was the period in which Shakespeare finished all his later plays, and Ben Jonson did almost the whole of his work.【Edmund Spenser(1552-1599