Non Criteria Atmospheric Pollutants International Perspectives：非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大氣污染物的國際視野

1、INDOOR AIR POLLUTIONSOURCES AND POLICY Peter BrimblecombeUniversity of East AngliaNorwich UKA RECENT SCIENCEThere is much confusion in the literature as to whether this is a recent process or notThe problem is ancient - weapons of OdysseusConcern is long term e.g. smoky fireplacesScientific study re

2、centSINUSITISCommon in Saxon times Often related to lack of chimneys Scopulariopsis Brevicaulismetabolises arsenic to the volatiletrimethylarsine (CH3)3AsScheeles GreenINDOOR AIR POLLUTANTSBioemmisions (MVOCs)INDOOR AIR POLLUTIONHistorically very importantIncreasing time in indoor environmentSensiti

3、ve populations indoors:elderly, young and illMonitors outside!Lower ventilation rates - energy savingsNovel building materials - outgasalso poverty and gender issuesFORMALDEHYDEVOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDSDISCIPLINARY TRENDSVULNERABLE GROUPS INDOORS POVERTY AND GENDER ISSUES CoalPM10 250 g m-3CO 42 pp

4、mSO2 192 ppbWomen and children exposed in kitchen Poor people experience higher pollution indoors Kerosene and gas less mutagenic PAH.Heated interiors- La Pintana, SantiagoFirewood PM10 489 g m-3CO 57 ppmSO2 295 ppbAGE ISSUESSocial change young people on holiday old people in cityLittle community or

5、 health supportPoor knowledgeHome is safeSmogn Paris (& 400 000 morts prmatures en Europe, chaque anne)Climate change and increasing ozone? PARIS OZONE AND HEATWAVE 2003INTERIORSEthanol 590ppb - beverages, bakingAcetone 24ppb - smoking, metabolismToluene 18ppb - smoking, fuelFormaldehyde 7ppb - smok

6、ing, cleaningAcetic acid 6ppb - meals, cleaningNicotine 2ppb - smokingOrganochlorines - showersMineral fibresMicro-organismsLegionellaRadonDOMESTIC POLLUTANTSOutdoor pollutants Combustion productsheatingexciting cookingcapsaicinoilFrying pan fumes -kill canaries?polytetrafluoroethylene pyrolyses to

7、polyfluoro- and/or polychlorofluoro- (C3-C14) carboxylic acidsCase of the Teflon-intoxicated Red-tailed Black CockatooFRAGRANCES and TOILETRIESNitro-musksTalc TerpenesPolycyclic musks 134678hexahydr0-466788hexamethyl cyclopenta(g)-2-benzopyranMore in Iowa City air than pesticidesPARTICLES IN THE PAR

8、IS METROS. Mazoue et al (2001) role of iron wheels, rails and brakesand Fe may be 280 g m-3 (80%)g m-3AIRCRAFT CABINS (A310/A340)Much complaint about re-circulationTourist class syndromesNo increase in particles in recirculated airIncrease in bacteria, but non-pathogenicVOCs OK. Ethanol highest!Grou

9、nd engine exhaust/fuelSmokingPOLLUTANTS INDOORSNitrogen dioxide penetration at the Dreadnought Collection NO2 ppb INDOOR OUTDOOR RATIOSVery unifying concept that compares interiors1 indoor source 1 indoor source 1 indoor loss mechanismsO3 and SO2 very effective lossINDOOR AIR CHEMISTRYIndoor reactio

10、ns can elevate summer NO2 concentrations DG XII ENV4-CT95-0088Sainsbury Centre for Visual ArtsSYNERGISMSAER project studied air chemistry in museum environmentsINDOOR/OUTDOOR NO2 HIGH AIR FLOW3.0 changes/hour0.79 winter1.32 summer-autumnSECONDARY EMISSIONSNO2 with surfacesO3 reaction fabricsNO2HONOp

11、H dependentRAYCHAUDHURI M and BOWDEN D UEAO3 Org-OOZONE REACTIONS WITH SURFACESPaintsformaldehyde Carpets and counter tops a range of aldehydes, especially nonanalAIR CONDITIONING EMISSIONSThese reflect uptake and emissionsDominance of some characteristic aldehydes hexanal nonanalHyttinen et al Atmo

12、s Env 2006SYMPTOMS AND REACTIONSConcentrations of VOCs typically too low to explain SBSReactionsDependencyProduction of PM-10 from fragrancesCAFEmay abandon the pollutant by pollutant approachpreoccupied with ozone and particlesproblems with indoor sourcesHow do you regulate such heterogeneous inter

13、iors?INDOOR CHALLENGESHeterogeneity and monitoringOften indoor air not same governmental agency as outdoor air Department of Health or Housing or Safety or Industry oreven Cultural HeritageSub-critical concentrationsSick building syndrome - sociological contextPersonal freedomand it seems an environment we can control.DEPOSITION VELOCITY VdFundamental parameter to describe indo