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1、Producing time (before 1978)Selling time (before 1990)Marketing time ( since 1990)e.g. The development of laundry/washing powder;“Marketing mix”, first adopted by Harvard Business School, refers to a companys performance actions that can influence the consumer decision to purchase goods or services.

2、 Productto produce different and competitive goods to satisfy customers needs and want Pricingto price based on the cost, rivals prices and pricing regulationsPlacement referring to the channel by which a product or service is sold (e.g. online vs. retail)promotionMaking a product known to others an

3、d stimulating consumer demand for it. This includes advertising, sales promotion, publicity, and personal selling, brandingWhat is a target market?A target market, is a subgroup of people or organizations sharing one or more characteristics that cause them to have similar product and/or service need

4、s.Market segmentation The action of dividing a market into segments according to customers needs, wants and interest.User statusUsage rateLoyalty statusMarket research/surveyMarket shareTarget marketMarket positioningMarketing strategyPromotion toolsPoints of salesMarket structureMarket opportunityPersonal sellingBulk buyingUniform spec

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