高三英語閱讀理解解題技巧PPT課件

1、1“指讀” 2“聲讀” 3“譯讀” 4“回讀” 5“析讀” 6“參照讀” 7“視幅過窄”8“毛病”（bad habits）: 教學(xué)過程中，發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生在閱讀時(shí)常做些不利于閱讀的壞動(dòng)作。有的同學(xué)晃頭、顛腿、轉(zhuǎn)筆、聽音樂、咬指頭、趴在桌子上、揪頭發(fā)等等。 第1頁/共36頁高考英語考試中閱讀理解的文章一般有這樣幾種文體，即記敘文、描寫文、說明文、應(yīng)用文和論述文。不同的文體有不同的段落組織方式和脈絡(luò)層次。體裁分析能力體裁分析能力第2頁/共36頁論述文的閱讀難在這種文章處處都滲透作者的個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度。閱讀論述文應(yīng)該從文體的寫作和結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)入手. .體裁分析能力體裁分析能力第3頁/共36頁分析題干能力分析題干能

2、力第4頁/共36頁細(xì)節(jié)理解題：細(xì)節(jié)理解題：細(xì)節(jié)理解題就是我們常見的細(xì)節(jié)理解題就是我們常見的wh-wh-題，它們大題，它們大多是根據(jù)多是根據(jù) 文章中的具體信息如事實(shí)、例證、文章中的具體信息如事實(shí)、例證、原因、過程、論述等進(jìn)行提問的。有些問題原因、過程、論述等進(jìn)行提問的。有些問題可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些則要我們可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些則要我們?cè)诶斫獾幕A(chǔ)上將有關(guān)內(nèi)容系統(tǒng)化才能找到，在理解的基礎(chǔ)上將有關(guān)內(nèi)容系統(tǒng)化才能找到，比如計(jì)算、排序、是非判斷、圖形比較等。比如計(jì)算、排序、是非判斷、圖形比較等。做此類題的方法做此類題的方法一般是先用尋讀法找出與問一般是先用尋讀法找出與問題相關(guān)的詞語或句

3、子，再對(duì)相關(guān)的部分進(jìn)行題相關(guān)的詞語或句子，再對(duì)相關(guān)的部分進(jìn)行細(xì)讀，找出正確答案。細(xì)讀，找出正確答案。第5頁/共36頁a.三正一誤： Which of the following is true except? Which of the following is mentioned exceptb.三誤一正： Which of the following is true? 這種做題方法主要與三正一誤的下列問法相聯(lián)系： Which of the following mentioned except Which of the following is not mentioned? 這種問題的正確選項(xiàng)

4、所包含的信息通常連續(xù)出現(xiàn)在同一段，而且往往無列舉標(biāo)志詞，如first，second，third等。做題時(shí)只需閱讀有關(guān)段落，根據(jù)一個(gè)選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞在其前后找其他兩個(gè)正確先項(xiàng)，剩下一個(gè)原文中未提到的，為正確答案。 分析題干能力分析題干能力第6頁/共36頁 例子為高考閱讀理解的常見考點(diǎn)之一，這類題的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為:The author provides in line(或Paragraph)an example in order to意思是問文中舉出某現(xiàn)象或例子的目的。文章中舉出一些例子無非是為了說明一定的道理。關(guān)鍵在于這個(gè)例子在原文出現(xiàn)的位置，但不管如何，這個(gè)例子之前或之后不遠(yuǎn)處通常都有一句總結(jié)說明性

5、的話，這句話就是答案，即舉例的目的。如果例子與全文主題有關(guān)，則例證主題，答案為主題句。如果例子與段落主題有關(guān)，就例證段落主題，則答案為段落主題句；此外，答案為例子前后總結(jié)說明性的話。 分析題干能力分析題干能力第7頁/共36頁 a.比較級(jí)與含有比較意義的詞匯手段和句型結(jié)構(gòu)； b.表示絕對(duì)意義的字眼： first(第一)，least(最不)，most(最)等； c.表示惟一性的詞匯：only, unique等；閱讀最好能圈出表示最高級(jí)、惟一性和絕對(duì)意義的詞匯，便于做題時(shí)回原文定位。分析題干能力分析題干能力第8頁/共36頁這種題的答案在原文通常有一些表示因果關(guān)系的詞匯手段提示：result, rea

6、son;result in(結(jié)果)，result from(由于， baseon(以為基礎(chǔ))，be due to (由于)；because, for, why;as a result, consequently等。閱讀時(shí)對(duì)這些提示詞應(yīng)該予以注意。原文相關(guān)句出現(xiàn)的格式都是先說原因，后說結(jié)果，而在題干中通常給出結(jié)果，就其原因提問。 分析題干能力分析題干能力第9頁/共36頁Invited by Mr. Ye Huixian, host of the well received TV programme “Stars Tonight”，Miss Luo Lin, Miss Asia of 1991，a

7、ppeared as the guest hostess on the Shanghai TV screen last Sunday.Born in Shanghai and taken to Hong Kong when she was only six years old， Luo Lin has never dreamed of being Miss Asia. Her childhood dream was to be an air hostess. Before she took part in the competition, she had been an airhostess

8、in Cat hay Airline for seven years. However，it still took her three months to learn the art of walking on the stage, dancing, singing, making-up and other proper manners, designed by the Asia TV Station. “Its really a hard job for me. I wont enter for such competition any more. Anyhow, I am quite lu

9、cky. I am also glad to have had more chance to work for the social welfare since I won the title. This time, in Shanghai, Id love to make a deep impression on my TV audience, said Luo Lin with a sweet smile.Q： Which of the following is NOT true?A. Luo Lin is a native of Shanghai.B. Luo Lin moved to

10、Hong Kong with her parents.C. Luo Lin won the title of Miss Asia in 1991.D. Asia TV Station helped Luo Lin to become Miss Asia. 解析：解析： A、C 和和D都可在原文找到答案，而都可在原文找到答案，而B項(xiàng)原文列的是：項(xiàng)原文列的是： taken to Hong Kong可判斷不是可判斷不是moved to Hong Kong with her parents，因此選，因此選B。 return第10頁/共36頁9）The authors main purpose in w

11、riting the passage is to 10）The passage is meant to .11）The purpose of this article is to 分析題干能力分析題干能力第11頁/共36頁1.認(rèn)真閱讀文章的第一段或每段的第一個(gè)句子。2.文章的主題作者往往有意識(shí)地反復(fù)論述。抓住反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也抓住反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞。（叫做主題詞。（0404年全國卷年全國卷1 1（河南等）（河南等）E E篇中篇中majormajor出現(xiàn)過八次，盡管其詞性、詞義有出現(xiàn)過八次，盡管其詞性、詞義有所不同，但它就是關(guān)鍵詞）。所不同，但它就是關(guān)鍵詞）。3

12、.文章或段落的主題句常常會(huì)出現(xiàn)在一些標(biāo)志性的提示后。例如：On the whole , in short, therefore I agree with the opinion thatGiven all these points above , I would support the idea that For all the reasons mentioned above ,I would prefer 掌握了找主題句的方法，就可以依據(jù)主題句歸納主題。但歸納主題容易出現(xiàn)以下三種錯(cuò)誤，需要同學(xué)們注意。 1以偏概全。即只抓住了主題的一個(gè)側(cè)面就誤以為是主題。 2過于籠統(tǒng)。即歸納的主題太泛，與細(xì)節(jié)

13、脫節(jié)或是沒有對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)加以充分論證。 3把觀點(diǎn)強(qiáng)加給作者。讀者往往根據(jù)自己的常識(shí)對(duì)文章進(jìn)行判斷而忽視了作者的見解。 分析題干能力分析題干能力第12頁/共36頁 如何尋找主題句Sample 1 People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer

14、vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast-foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink. （1）主題句在段首）主題句在段首 一個(gè)主題句常常是一個(gè)段落的開頭，其后的句子則是論證性細(xì)節(jié)。在論說文，科技文獻(xiàn)和新聞報(bào)道中多采用這種格式。 第13頁/共36頁Sample 2Some student

15、s prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time. （2 2）主題句也會(huì)出現(xiàn)在段尾。）主題句也會(huì)出現(xiàn)在段尾。作者先擺出事實(shí)依據(jù)作者先擺出事實(shí)依據(jù), , 層層推理論

16、證層層推理論證, , 最后自然得出結(jié)論最后自然得出結(jié)論, , 即段落的主題。本即段落的主題。本段的中心思想在結(jié)尾句得到體現(xiàn)段的中心思想在結(jié)尾句得到體現(xiàn), ,它是此段內(nèi)容的結(jié)論。它是此段內(nèi)容的結(jié)論。 第14頁/共36頁 Sample 3 Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings li

17、ght to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand . A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.（3 3）在短文中間）在短文中間當(dāng)主題句被安排在段中間時(shí)當(dāng)主題句被安排在段中間時(shí), , 通常前面只提出問通常前面只提出問題，題， 文中的主題由隨之陳述的細(xì)節(jié)或合乎邏輯文中的主題由隨之陳述的細(xì)節(jié)或合乎邏輯的引申在文中導(dǎo)出的引申在文中導(dǎo)出, , 而后又

18、作進(jìn)一步的解釋而后又作進(jìn)一步的解釋, , 支支撐或發(fā)展撐或發(fā)展. .return第15頁/共36頁分析題干能力分析題干能力第16頁/共36頁分析題干能力分析題干能力第17頁/共36頁推斷題推斷題 1.1.解推斷題應(yīng)注意：解推斷題應(yīng)注意：(1)不能以自己的觀點(diǎn)代替作者的觀點(diǎn)；不能以自己的觀點(diǎn)代替作者的觀點(diǎn)；(2)推理的根據(jù)來自于上下文。推理的根據(jù)來自于上下文。 2.2.解推斷題的方法：解推斷題的方法：解推斷題最主要的方法是根據(jù)詞義關(guān)系推斷具體細(xì)節(jié)。解推斷題最主要的方法是根據(jù)詞義關(guān)系推斷具體細(xì)節(jié)。 第18頁/共36頁確定作者態(tài)度，可以有兩種思路：1、問全文主體事物的(包括主題)，可以根據(jù)闡述主題或

19、有關(guān)主體事物的相關(guān)句中的形容詞、副詞或動(dòng)詞確定作者的態(tài)度；2、如果問的是對(duì)某一具體事物的態(tài)度，則可以定位到具體相關(guān)句，然后確定答案。 分析題干能力分析題干能力第19頁/共36頁Example 1 One day a man walked into a pet shop and said to the shop assistant，“I need two small mice and about five dozen roaches (蟑螂蟑螂) and two spiders.” “What do you need these things for?” the shop assistant w

20、as very surprised. “Well，”replied the man，“Im moving out of my apartment and the landlord insists that I should leave the house in exactly the same condition as I found it.”Q： The passage suggests that when the writer moved into the house, it was _.A. very clean B. just cleaned by the landlordC. tid

21、y and comfortable D. dirty and full of insects解析：他要搬出所租的房子，而房東要求房屋必須是他租進(jìn)來時(shí)的原解析：他要搬出所租的房子，而房東要求房屋必須是他租進(jìn)來時(shí)的原樣，所以他須買些老鼠和蟑螂等昆蟲對(duì)房屋進(jìn)行樣，所以他須買些老鼠和蟑螂等昆蟲對(duì)房屋進(jìn)行“恢復(fù)恢復(fù)”，因此推出，因此推出答案為答案為D D。 第20頁/共36頁Example 2 Some people are never right. They never have good luck. They usually do the wrong thing and say the wrong

22、thing. And even if what they say or do is OK，they as a rule say it or do it at the wrong time. So these people always have problems. They often break dishes. They sometimes miss buses and airplanes. Mr. Neff is different. He is always right. He is never wrong. He usually has good luck. He seldom has

23、 problems. He never breaks dishes. He never misses buses or airplanes. Even if he does miss them，it is always the fault of the buses or air planes. Mr. Neff knows almost everything. He doesnt ask questions；he answers questions. He never says，“I dont know.”Q： Which of the following best describes the

24、 writers attitude to Mr. Neff?A. He finds Mr. Neff hard to understand.B. He thinks Mr. Neff wonderful.C. He feels pity for Mr. Neff.D. He does not like Mr. Neff.解析：從作者的語氣中我們可以體會(huì)他的態(tài)度，特別是解析：從作者的語氣中我們可以體會(huì)他的態(tài)度，特別是Even if he does miss them，it is always the fault of the buses or the airplanes. 誤了車或飛誤了車或飛機(jī)

25、本該是人的失誤怎能歸咎于車或飛機(jī)呢？明顯是譏諷，也是暗示他機(jī)本該是人的失誤怎能歸咎于車或飛機(jī)呢？明顯是譏諷，也是暗示他對(duì)對(duì)Mr. Neff的討厭之情。答案為的討厭之情。答案為D。 return第21頁/共36頁 分析題干能力分析題干能力第22頁/共36頁例如： The old man put on his spectacles and began to read The door was so low that I hit the head on the lintel 猜詞能力猜詞能力第23頁/共36頁例如： Skimming means looking over a passage quic

26、kly to get the main idea before you begin to read it carefully The harbor is protected by a jettya wall built out into the water 例如： The doctor is studying glaucoma and other diseases of the eye 例如： Mr. Smith always arrives home punctually，neither early nor late猜詞能力猜詞能力第24頁/共36頁閱讀中出現(xiàn)一些難詞，有時(shí)后面就是一個(gè)同位語

27、，對(duì)前面的詞進(jìn)閱讀中出現(xiàn)一些難詞，有時(shí)后面就是一個(gè)同位語，對(duì)前面的詞進(jìn)行解釋，這種解釋有時(shí)也用連詞行解釋，這種解釋有時(shí)也用連詞“ “or”連接。連接。 a）（）（NMET2001，D篇），篇），and other Germanic and Nordic peoples，who spoke what we now call Anglo-Saxon（or Old English），），a Germanic language b）（NMET2002，A篇）The Chunnel，a tunnel（隧道）connecting England and France，is now complete猜詞能力

28、猜詞能力第25頁/共36頁 One of the obstacles to false reading is vocalizingsaying the words to themselves in a low voice The early scientific study of chemistry，known as alchemy，grew up in Egypt in the first few centuries AD 猜詞能力猜詞能力第26頁/共36頁文章中的代詞文章中的代詞it，that，he，him或或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和和that

29、還可以指一件事。有時(shí)代詞指代的對(duì)象相隔較遠(yuǎn)，要認(rèn)真查找；也有時(shí)需要還可以指一件事。有時(shí)代詞指代的對(duì)象相隔較遠(yuǎn)，要認(rèn)真查找；也有時(shí)需要對(duì)前面提到的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總結(jié)，才能得出代詞所指代的事。對(duì)前面提到的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總結(jié)，才能得出代詞所指代的事。 例如（例如（NMET2002，A篇篇）原題第57題：題： What does the underlined word it（paragraph 2）refer to？ ADiscovering the moons inner space BUsing the earths inner space CMeeting the moon people“ again DT

30、raveling to outer space 原文：However，the question that moon people asked is still an interesting oneA growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it猜詞能力猜詞能力由此可以看出由此可以看出it指上句中的指上句中的the question，而，而the question又指第又指第一段中一段中月球人月球人所提的問題。所以根據(jù)第一段中的問題所提的問題。所以根據(jù)第一段中的問題Why are you traveling to out

31、er space when you dont even use your inner space？就可以判斷出答案為就可以判斷出答案為B。 第27頁/共36頁根據(jù)上下句的連接詞，如：根據(jù)上下句的連接詞，如：but，however，otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意義上等就可以看到前后句在意義上的差別，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義，來確定另一句的含義。分號(hào)（；）還可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)的差別，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義，來確定另一句的含義。分號(hào)（；）還可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比或不相干的意義比或不相干的意義。He has been getting better，but during the night his condition deteriorated 猜詞能力猜詞能力第28頁/共36頁根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測結(jié)果，根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測結(jié)果，根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。 （NMET2001，A篇）篇）Biggest power failure in the citys historyAll of our ice-cream and frozen foods melted 猜詞能力猜詞能力后一句承接前一句，前一句的原因?qū)е潞笠痪涞慕Y(jié)果。根據(jù)因果后一句承接前一句，