國際商務(wù)(International Business)英文全套完整課件

1、International BusinessSession 1 - Globalization Two perspectives of studying international business Firstly, the comparison of the business environments of different countries and regionsSecondly, the study of multinationalsSession One - Globalization Introduction - Global companies are common at pr

2、esent An outstanding example the line of retailer Global companies use different strategies Ahold of Holland , “going globe with a local face” Wal-mart of US, “global retail brand”Session One - Globalization What is Globalization It refers to the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent wor

3、ld economy. With globalization, the previously remote world has turned into “the global village” Session One - Globalization Globalization has two main components - Globalization of Market - Globalization of Production Sometimes, Globalization of Trade is also frequently mentioned as a third compone

4、ntsSession One - Globalization Globalization of Market - It is referred to the merging of historically distinct and separate national market into one huge global market. - Standard products helped creating the global market. Especially those giants Citicorp, McDonalds, Coca-cola,etc. - The most glob

5、al markets are those industrial products and materials, but not consumer goods, due to different tastes and preferences.Session One - Globalization National market vs International market Since many companies competing in the international market, to talk about the national market as “the American m

6、arket”, or “the German market” is meaningless. Coca-cola vs Pepsi, Ford vs Toyota, Boeing vs AirbusSession One - Globalization The Globalization of Production - It refers to the sourcing of goods and services from locations around world to take the advantage of national differences in cost and quali

7、ty of factors of production - probably, in China for labor; in Canada for forest resources; in Saudi Arabia for oil resources; and in the America for capital and/or technologySession One - Globalization Advantages of the Globalization of production - reducing the overall cost - improving the quality

8、 or functionality of the product one of the best examples Boeing Boeing 777 - 132,500 major components, 545 suppliers around the world (including China)Session One - Globalization Outcomes of the Globalization of Production results in the creation of products that are global in nature called “global

9、 product”makes the country origin of production ambiguous Example cotton cultivated in Russia; spun in India; Woven in China; Dyed in German; Tailored in Mexico; and finally sewed in BrazilSession One - Globalization Drivers of Globalization Firstly: Declining Trade & Investment Barriers Tariff

10、is mainly to protect its domestic industry from foreign competitors. This “beggar thy neighbor” retaliatory policy was common during the 1930s the Great Depression period.Session One - Globalization Situations changed since the 1940s. GATT established in 1947, and eight rounds of negotiations were h

11、eld, resulting only 3.9% average tariff rate for most of the developed countries.GSP was adopted since 1971(which was reached agreement on the Second Session of the UNCTAD)Session One - GlobalizationTo The first regional economic integration was established in Europe EEC, based on Roman Convention,

12、signed between six countries in 1957, and came into force in 1958.Session One - GlobalizationA dramatic increase in bilateral investment treaties were also signed. The average FDI yearly increased from about $25 billion in 1975 to a record of $1.3 trillion in 2000. In 2000, China received nearly $50

13、 billion foreign investment, being the biggest recipient of FDI. By 2000, 60,000 parents companies had 820, 000 affiliates in foreign market.Session One - Globalization Secondly, The role of Technological ChangeTo Microprocessor & Telecommunications, such as satellite , optical fiber, wireless t

14、echnology, greatly reduced the cost of global communication .The Internet and World Wide Web - formed a backbone of Tomorrows global economic, made it possible for small business firms to access to the world market. In 2000, Web-based transaction reached $657 billion , mainly in the form of B2B(e-co

15、mmerce), rather than the B2C(e-business).Session One - Globalizationtransportation technology - increased the speed - reduced the cost All made it possible for managers to take care of worldwide factories in the same time. The use of containers has been one of the most significant revolution.Session

16、 One - Globalization The Changing Demographics of the Global EconomyThe changing world output and world trade pictures - China, South Korea,etc., increasing rapidly as being regarded as potential economic colossus. - The World Bank has estimated that by 2020 the Chinese economy could be larger than

17、that of the U.S., if current trends continue. - for tomorrows business opportunities.Session One - Globalizationthe Changing Foreign Direct Investment Picture - FDI beginning in 1970s - European & Japanese firms began to shift labor-intensive production to developing counties. - also, as a mean

18、of hedging against unfavorable currency movements and possible imposition of trade barriers (called Tariff Factory)Session One - Globalization the Changing Natures of Multinationals - Non U.S. multinationals and Mini-multinationals appeared - Although the Worlds largest 100 multinationals are domina

19、ted by developed countries, many multinationals from developing countries are also shown on the list, including Hutchison Whampoa of H.K.Session One - Globalization the Changing of World Order Between 1989 and 1991, remarkable democratic revolution swept in the Communist World. Market Economy has be

20、en a dominant mechanism since than.Session One - Globalization The globalization debate - brings with it risk of its own - even from a purely economic perspective, globalization is not all good.Session One - Globalization Globalization, Jobs and Income - Huge wage differences - Statistics shown that

21、 since 1980 lowest 10% Americans have seen a drop of wage by 20%, while the top 10%, increased by 10%. - Most people argued this is because of the importing cheap products from developing countries.Session One - Globalization Solution to the wage differences A solution to the problem of the declinin

22、g of the incomes is to be found not in limiting free trade and globalization, but to increase the investment in education and to reduce the supply of unskilled workers.Session One - Globalization Globalization, Labor policies and the Environment - the second source of concern of globalization is the

23、 inadequate protection of labor forces and the environment. - However, supporters of free trade and the globalization pointed out that tougher environment regulations & stricter labor standards go hand in hand with economic progress.Session One - Globalization Globalization, and National Soverei

24、gnty - another concern from the critics of globalization is todays increasingly interdependent global economy shifts economic power away from national governments towards supranational organizations, such as the UN and WTO. - supporters argued that these bodies are aimed at serving the collective in

25、terests of the members and the relevant decisions are made by the members.Session One - Globalization Globalization and Worlds Poor - The gap between the rich and the poor nations has gotten wider along with the progress of globalization. - Supporters also argued that many poorest countries have wit

26、nessed great transformation, especially in the Southeast Asia. - Poorer conditions have varied from country to country, such as war, totalitarian government, etc., none of these related to the globalization.Session One - GlobalizationSUM UP Managing in the Global MarketSession One - Globalization Ma

27、naging international business is different from managing in a purely domestic market:countries are different. Language/law/culturethe range problems of international business are wider. Long distance shipment/ different modes of enteringhas limitations imposed on by government intervention. Investme

28、nt area/percentageinvolving monetary issuesSession 2 National difference in Political Economy PEST FrameworkPoliticalEconomicSocialTechnologicalSession Two National difference in Political Economy Purpose of this Session:To develop an awareness of and appreciation for the significance of country dif

29、ferences in political systems, economic systems, legal systems and national culture (which will be dealt with in the following session)To describe how these systems are evolving and to draw out the implications of these changes for the practice of international business.Session Two National differen

30、ce in Political Economy Political Systems - The economic and legal systems of a country are shaped by its political system - by political system we mean the system of government in a nationSession Two National difference in Political Economy Two related dimensions of assessing the political system:c

31、ollectivism as opposed to individualismdemocratic as opposed to totalitarianSession Two National difference in Political Economy Collectivism and IndividualismCollectivism refers to a political system that stress the primacy of collective goals over individual goalsnormally regarded as “the good for

32、 society” or to “the common good”Advocacy of collectivism can be traced to the ancient Greek philosopher Plato(427-347BC)as the basis for socialists Session Two National difference in Political Economy SocialismKarl Marx(1818-1883) was the founder of Socialism. He argued that the few benefit at the

33、expense of the many in a capitalist society where individual freedoms are not restrictedAlthough the capitalists accumulate considerable wealth, Marx argued that the capitalists expropriate for their own use the value created by workers, while paying for the workers only subsistence wages in return.

34、Session Two National difference in Political Economy In the early 20th century, the socialist ideology split into two camps:the Communist, socialism can be achieved only through violent revolution and totalitarian dictatorship - more influential in Asiathe social democrats, to achieve socialism by d

35、emocratic means more influential in West nationsSession Two National difference in Political Economy Individualism Based on the philosophy that an individual should have freedom in his or her economic and political pursuits can be traced to another ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322BC), Pl

36、atos disciple The philosophy was refined by many British philosophers including David Hume, Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill, and it was explicitly expressed in the Declaration of IndependenceSession Two National difference in Political Economy The ground rules of individualism - individual economic and

37、 political freedomSession Two National difference in Political Economy Democracy and TotalitarianDemocracy government is formed by elected representativesTotalitarian government is formed in which one person or party exercises absolute controlSession Two National difference in Political Economy Grey

38、 Areasusually democracy and individualism go hand in hand, so as the collectivism and totalitarian.however, it is possible to have a totalitarian state with some degree of individualismSession Two National difference in Political Economy Different forms of Totalitarianismcommunist totalitariantheocr

39、atic totalitariantribal totalitarianright-wing totalitarianSession Two National difference in Political Economy Economic SystemThere is a connection between political ideology and economic systemsFree market economic systems are more likely to be found in countries where individual goals are given p

40、rimacy over collective goals.Session Two National difference in Political Economy Four broad types of economic systemsMarket EconomyCommand Economy (planned economy)Mixed Economy State-directed Economy - it differs from a mixed economy in that the state does not routinely take private enterprises in

41、to public ownership. It directs private investments through “industrial policy”Session Two National difference in Political Economy Intellectual Foundation for State-Directed EconomyInfant Industry Theory In some industries, economies of scale are so large that the prevailing domestic industry can o

42、nly be developed through industrial policy to overcome the disadvantages.Session Two National difference in Political EconomyNew Trade Theory In some industries, foreign competitors established advantages only because its early entry of the industry (so- called first-mover advantage), so the industr

43、ial policy can establish a leading position in an emerging industry or to offset the advantages of foreign competitors.Session Two National difference in Political Economy Legal SystemsIt refers to the rules, or laws, that regulates behaviors along with the process by which the laws are enforced and

44、 through which redress for grievances is obtained.The legal system is influenced by the prevailing political systems.Session Two National difference in Political Economy Important areas of law relating to international businessproperty rightsintellectual propertyproduct safety and product liabilityc

45、ontract lawSession Two National difference in Political Economy States in transition The political economy of many countries has changed radically since the late 1980s.First, a wave of democratic revolution swept the world.Second, there has been a strong move away from centrally planned and mixed ec

46、onomies toward a more free market economic model.Session Two National difference in Political Economy Implications for businessFirst, the political, economic, and legal environment of a country clearly influences the attractiveness of that country as a market/or investment site. The benefit, cost, a

47、nd risks associated with of doing business in a country are a function of that countrys relevant systems.Session Two National difference in Political EconomySecond, the political, economic, and legal systems of a country can raise important ethical issues that have implications for the practice of i

48、nternational business. There are three important issues of much debate: - violating human rights - suing different product standards/ child labor - corruption (Do the Romans do?) Session 3 Differences in Cultures What is culture? Geert Hofstede, an expert on cross-cultural differences and management

49、, defined culture as “the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from another.”Session Three Differences in Cultures To make it simple: Culture is the collection of values, beliefs, behaviors, customs, and attitudes that distinguish a society. Among whi

50、ch values and norms are the key elements of a culture.Session Three Differences in Cultures Values and NormsThe term Society is used to refer to a group of people who share a common set of values and norms.By VALUES we mean abstract ideas about what a group believes to be good, right, and desirable.

51、 Put differently, values are shared assumptions about how things ought to be.Session Three Differences in CulturesValues form the bedrock of a culture. They may include a societys attitudes towards such concepts as individual freedom, democracy, truth, justice, loyalty, social obligation, love, sex,

52、 marriage,etc. Session Three Differences in CulturesBy NORMS we mean the social rules and guidelines that prescribe appropriate behaviors in particular situations.Norms are the social rules that govern peoples actions toward one another.Session Three Differences in Cultures Two categories of NormsFo

53、lkways, routine conventions of everyday life, such as dress code in different situations; eating with correct utensils. People who violate folkways may be thought of as eccentric, but not to be considered evil or bad.Session Three Differences in CulturesMores, as the central to the functioning of a

54、society and to its social life. - Mores including such factors as indictment against theft, incest - People who violate mores can bring serious retribution. In many societies, certain mores have been enacted into law.Session Three Differences in Cultures Cultures, Society and the Nation-stateThere i

55、s not a strict one-to-one correspondence between a society and a nation-state;Sometimes, one nation-state can have several cultures. Canada, U.S.A.Similarly, one culture may embrace many nations, such as the Islamic Society.The Determinants of Culture Norms andValuesReligionSocialStructureLanguagesE

56、ducationsPoliticalPhilosophyEconomic PhilosophySession Three Differences in Cultures Social Structure refers to a societys basic social organization.Two dimensions are among the most important aspects when explaining the basic unit of an organization.One is the degree to which the basic unit of an o

57、rganization is the individual, as opposed to the group; Another is the degree to which a society is stratified into classes or castes.Session Three Differences in Cultures Pros and Cons for the individual vs. groupObviously, In many West societies, the individual is the basic building block of socia

58、l organization. While the example of the other extreme is the Japanese culture.Pros mobility, entrepreneurialCons lack of royaltySession Three Differences in Cultures Social Stratification - All societies are stratified on a hierarchical basis into social categories. These strata are usually formed

59、based on family background, occupation, income, etc. - We use the term Society Mobility to refer the extent to which individuals can move out of the strata into which they are born.Session Three Differences in Cultures Business Implications for social stratificationIn the U.S. people are easily acce

60、pted for his or her own economic achievement. While in the U.K., the person may still not be accepted by others of that class due to accent or background.Adverse result may occur in more rigid mobility societies. - lack of cooperation ,resulting high management costSession Three Differences in Cultures Religious and Ethical