英語口譯技巧之?dāng)?shù)字譯法

1、口譯技巧之?dāng)?shù)字口譯口譯技巧之?dāng)?shù)字口譯數(shù)字口譯數(shù)字口譯n數(shù)字翻譯是口譯中的一大難關(guān)，數(shù)字之所以難譯，其中一個(gè)主要原因在于英語和漢語對(duì)于四位數(shù)以上的數(shù)字的表達(dá)，有不同的段位概念和分段方法。英語數(shù)字以每三位數(shù)為一段位，而漢語則以每四位數(shù)為一段位。 第一段位OneTenHundred第二段位ThousandTen thousandHundred thousand第三段位MillionTen millionHundred million第四段位BillionTen billionHundred billion第五段位Trillion第一段位個(gè) 十 百 千 第二段位萬十萬 百萬 千萬第三段位億十億百億千億

2、第四段位兆（萬億）漢語數(shù)字分段法：英語數(shù)字分段法：n用這個(gè)辦法要求記住“千”以上的四個(gè)漢語單位和它們的英語對(duì)應(yīng)單位，并能熟練運(yùn)用。n“萬”，英語是“10 thousand”（十千）；n“百萬”，英語有單位名稱“million”；n“億”, 英語是“100 million”(一百個(gè)百萬)；n“十億”，英語有單位名稱“billion”；n口譯時(shí)，聽到“萬”，將數(shù)字乘以“10”，讀為“千”（thousand）。n比如：“八十三萬”即為“八百個(gè)三千”，讀為“830 thousand”。n聽到“百萬”，讀數(shù)時(shí)，注意英語有單位“million”。n如“三百五十六萬”，是“三個(gè)百萬，五百六十個(gè)千”，讀“3

3、thousand”。n聽到“億”，將數(shù)字乘以“100”，讀為“百萬”（million）。n如“八億六千七百萬”是“八百六十七個(gè)百萬”，讀為“”n聽到“十億”，讀數(shù)時(shí)，注意英語有單位“billion”。n聽到“十億”以上，將數(shù)字除以“10”，讀“十億”（billion）。數(shù)字的翻譯數(shù)字的翻譯n一萬：一萬：10 thousandn十萬：十萬：100 thousandn百萬：百萬：millionn千萬：千萬：10 millionn億：億： 100 millionn十億：十億：a billionn百億：百億：10 billionn千億：千億：100 billionn萬億：萬億：1 trillionn實(shí)

4、踐是訓(xùn)練數(shù)字互譯的根本途徑?？谧g教學(xué)要集中一段時(shí)間專門進(jìn)行數(shù)字口譯訓(xùn)練。譯員只有經(jīng)過大量反復(fù)的數(shù)字口譯實(shí)踐才能掌握英漢數(shù)字互譯的不同特點(diǎn)和規(guī)律，達(dá)到數(shù)字互譯脫口而出，快速、準(zhǔn)確的程度。 nRead the following figures in Chinese: 3,8993,9087,00930,00990,59179,301780,120504,781312,6852,345,4101,129,1051,001,45331,289,09810,209,01324,155,876160,890,232101,870,171278,067,9911,898,220,0001,029,991,

5、12490,892,134,783672,009,719,2298,890,234,891,889135,481,901,270nRead the following Chinese figures in English, and write down the figures in Arabic figures:n六萬n五十七萬n四百七十六萬n九百六十一萬n五千九百三十三萬n七百五十億n十一億七千五百萬n三千五百三十八萬五千n九億三千六百七十七萬七千數(shù)字口譯補(bǔ)充材料數(shù)字口譯補(bǔ)充材料n先練習(xí)“大整數(shù)”換算對(duì)譯，再練各個(gè)數(shù)級(jí)換算，最后練習(xí)（million, billion對(duì)譯漢語的一百萬、十億）繁

6、雜零瑣的數(shù)字；n盡量利用筆記，提倡在聽辨源語數(shù)字同時(shí)立即譯成譯語（邊聽、邊記、邊譯）用B或b記錄“十億”，用M或m記錄“百萬”，如：two billion thirty-four million 2 B 34 M十二億四千萬 1 B 240 M點(diǎn)線法點(diǎn)線法中譯外時(shí)，應(yīng)在聽到“億”時(shí)即斜向劃一長線/，聽到“萬”時(shí)再劃同樣的斜長線/，剩下的數(shù)字則仍用“符號(hào)結(jié)合阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字”的通用方式完成，即三個(gè)零為，兩個(gè)零為，或者一律記阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字，但不一定立即譯成相應(yīng)的譯語數(shù)字。例1：一億三千零二萬零八百五十八 1/3002/0858例2：一百零一億七千四百八十九萬五百四十 101/7489/0540口譯時(shí)，從右向

7、左，逆著原記錄順序每三位打一個(gè)逗號(hào)（分節(jié)號(hào)），便可將這些數(shù)字切分成印歐語系諸語言的進(jìn)位單位了。用此方法，需要牢記分節(jié)號(hào)左位數(shù)的單位。從右向左：第一個(gè)分節(jié)號(hào)左位是“千”位，第二個(gè)分節(jié)號(hào)左位是“百萬”位，第三個(gè)分節(jié)號(hào)左位是“十億”位。例1：1/30,02/0,858 130M 20Th 8Hu &58例2：10,1/74,89/0,540 10B 174M 890Th 5Hu &40此形式譯成外語很方便，“回譯”成漢語也沒太大困難。外譯漢（如英文）時(shí)，譯員應(yīng)在聽到billion、million、thousand等位時(shí)，便立即打上一處逗號(hào)。例： thirty two billion four hun

8、dred fifty seven million eight hundred twenty six thousand nine hundred and thirty-seven 32,457,826,937在預(yù)備譯出時(shí)依然從左到右，按漢語數(shù)字進(jìn)位規(guī)律每四位數(shù)打上斜線：32,4/57,82/6,937，譯員只需照著斜線所提示的漢語數(shù)字表達(dá)習(xí)慣讀出即可。交替口譯中數(shù)字壓力及對(duì)策 外語與翻譯 98/1 pp20-23分?jǐn)?shù)和小數(shù)的口譯分?jǐn)?shù)和小數(shù)的口譯 Fractions(cardinal no./ordinal no.)六分之一：六分之一： 二分之一：二分之一：四分之一：四分之一：四分之三：四分之三：

9、one-sixtha/one halfa/one quarterthree quarters 8%eightpercentn15%fifteenpercentn42%forty-twopercentn4.35%fourpointthreefivepercentn0.5%pointfivepercentn4.032fourpointnaughtthreetwon71.006seventy-onepointnaughtnaughtsix n1/2onehalf;ahalfn1/3onethirdn1/4aquartern3/5three-fifthsn7/8seven-eighthsn1/10on

10、e-tenthn1/100one-hundredth；onepercentn1/1000one-thousandthn14/1000fourteen-thousandthsn1/10000one-tenthousandthsn2-1/2twoandahalfn4-2/3fourandtwo-thirds分?jǐn)?shù)和小數(shù)的口譯分?jǐn)?shù)和小數(shù)的口譯五分之二：五分之二：十分之七：十分之七：千分之三：千分之三：two-fifthsseven-tenthsthree-thousandths分?jǐn)?shù)和小數(shù)的口譯分?jǐn)?shù)和小數(shù)的口譯 Fractions六十分之九十七：六十分之九十七：七十五分之三十四：七十五分之三十四：nin

11、ety-seven over sixty-threethirty-four over seventy-five 分?jǐn)?shù)和小數(shù)的口譯分?jǐn)?shù)和小數(shù)的口譯六又七分之四：六又七分之四：六又二分之一：六又二分之一：九又四分之三：九又四分之三：six and four-seventhssix and a halfnine and three quarters分?jǐn)?shù)和分?jǐn)?shù)和小數(shù)的口譯小數(shù)的口譯0.7:0.546: 0.009%:point seven; zero point sevenpoint five four sixzero point o o nine percent分?jǐn)?shù)和分?jǐn)?shù)和小數(shù)的口譯小數(shù)的口譯9.0

12、07：87.36%:nine point 0 0 seven； nine point zero zero seveneighty-seven point three six percent分?jǐn)?shù)和分?jǐn)?shù)和小數(shù)的口譯小數(shù)的口譯0.8 萬萬 ：0.7億：億：0.93億：億：56.08萬：萬：8，000；eight thousand70,000,000; seventy million93,000,000; ninety-three million560,800; five hundred and sixty thousand eight hundredn練習(xí)練習(xí)n模糊數(shù)字的口譯模糊數(shù)字的口譯 口譯中經(jīng)

13、常遇到一些模糊數(shù)字，如“幾個(gè)”、“十幾個(gè)”、“幾十個(gè)”、“成百上千個(gè)”等等。模糊數(shù)字的口譯雖也有一定的規(guī)律，但主要靠平時(shí)熟記，用時(shí)才能熟練自如，準(zhǔn)確無誤。注意以下模糊數(shù)字的口譯n幾個(gè) n十幾個(gè) n幾十個(gè) n幾十年 n七十好幾了 n好幾百個(gè) n成千上萬 /千千萬萬 n幾十萬 nsome; a few;/several; a number ofnmore than 10; no more than twentyndozens ofnDecadesnwell over seventynhundreds ofnthousands ofnhundreds of thousands ofNote the

14、following ways of uncertain numberswell over seventyin her/his early twentiesin her/his late thirtiesthousands and thousands ofhundreds ofthousands upon thousand ofhundreds of thousands ofmillions ofhundreds of millions ofa decadea score/four score and seven years agoa generationhalf a centurycenten

15、nial CenturyUsefulverbsn位居世界第二nIs ranked the second/ n中國經(jīng)濟(jì)總量位居世界第六，進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易額居世界第四。nChinas economy is ranked the 6th in the world and its foreign trade is ranked the 4th. nChina is the worlds sixth largest economy and the fourth largest trader. n上漲，增長nTo rise, to increase, to climb, to go up, to jump, t

16、o soarnA sharp/considerable/slight increase/ risen下降，減少nTo fall, to drop, to decline, to decrease, to reduce，to go downnA sharp/slight drop/decline nTotal 總計(jì)n去年收入總計(jì)人民幣150億元，比上年增長20%nThe revenue of last year totaled RMB 15 b yuan, a 20% increase over the previous year.Shortexpressionsn今年為, 比上年上漲了n, a

17、 % increase over the previous/last yearn, up %. n, tons more than last year.n a year on year growth of %n全年產(chǎn)量nThe annual output ofn年均進(jìn)口增速達(dá)到20%nThe import grows at an annual rate of 20%. n國民經(jīng)濟(jì)繼續(xù)保持平穩(wěn)較快增長。國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值超過30萬億元，比上年增長9%；物價(jià)總水平漲幅得到控制；財(cái)政收入6.13萬億元，增長19.5%；糧食連續(xù)五年增產(chǎn)，總產(chǎn)量10570億斤，創(chuàng)歷史最高水平。nThe national ec

18、onomy continued to maintain steady and rapid growth. GDP topped 30 trillion yuan, an increase of 9% over the previous year. Overall price rises were held in check. Government revenue was 6.13 trillion yuan, an increase of 19.5%. Grain output rose for the fifth consecutive year and totaled 528.5 mill

19、ion tons, a record high.增增/減倍數(shù)的口譯減倍數(shù)的口譯英漢倍數(shù)的表達(dá)有相似之處，也有不同。英漢互譯時(shí)要特別注意不同的英語句型和表達(dá)方法所表示的倍數(shù)概念與漢語不同。英語用times 表示倍數(shù)。無論在何種句型中都表示乘的關(guān)系，即包括基數(shù)在內(nèi)的倍數(shù)。請(qǐng)注意以下表示倍數(shù)的英語句型及其含義：A is N times larger（longer，heavier）than B.A is larger（longer，heavier）than B by N times.A is N times as large（long，heavy）as B.這三句英語的含義都是“A的大小(長度、重量)

20、是B的N倍”，或者“A比B大（長、重）N-1倍”。根據(jù)以上規(guī)律，請(qǐng)看下面英語句子的漢譯：n(1) The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.n地球的大小是月球的49倍。(或地球比月球大48倍)n(2) Since mid-century, the global economy has nearly quintupled, While the population has doubled, demand for grain has nearly tripled, and the burning of fossil fuels has increased

21、 nearly fourfold.n自本世紀(jì)中葉以來，全球經(jīng)濟(jì)增長了將近四倍，人口翻了一番。結(jié)果，糧食的需求增加了近兩倍，石油燃料增加了近三倍。n(3) Within 30 years there will be twice as many urban people as countryside people in the world.n30年內(nèi)，全世界的城市居民將是農(nóng)村人口的兩倍。n(4) Although London covers less than 400,000 acres, it needs nearly 50 million acre-125 times its area-to

22、provide it with food, timber, and other resources, and to absorb its pollution.n雖然倫敦占地不到40萬英畝，卻需要近5000萬英畝的土地125倍于它本身的面積來供給它食品，原木和其他資源，并吸收它產(chǎn)生的污染物。n 漢語倍數(shù)的表示法歸納起來有兩類：n第一類表示是(原數(shù)的)幾倍，幾倍于(原數(shù))或增加到(原數(shù)的)幾倍。n第二類表示(比原數(shù))大幾倍或(比原數(shù))增加了幾倍；這兩類說法含義不同。n第一類表示包括基數(shù)在內(nèi)的倍數(shù)，與英語倍數(shù)表示法的含義相同。n第二類表示凈增倍數(shù)。n因此，漢語倍數(shù)的英譯首先要區(qū)分不同含義，選用恰當(dāng)?shù)?/p>

23、句型，靈活準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)。如果用能N times/表示英語的包括基數(shù)在內(nèi)的倍數(shù)，那么漢語的第二類表示“增加了幾倍”的英譯就要用 (N+1) times 來表示。例如：n去年這個(gè)公司手機(jī)的銷量增長了近一倍（為原來的兩倍）。nThe sales volume of portable phones of this company increased nearly twice last year.nThe sales volume of portable phones of this company nearly doubled last year.n漢語增加倍數(shù)的說法很多，英譯時(shí)，首先要仔細(xì)區(qū)分是包括基

24、數(shù)在內(nèi)的增加倍數(shù)還是凈增倍數(shù)，然后決定用N times 還是（N+1）times 來表達(dá)。 (1) 過去20年中，中國的國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值增長了近五倍。nIn the past 20 years, Chinas gross domestic product increased nearly six times.n(2) 1978年至1997年，中國人均生產(chǎn)總值增長了3.4倍。nChinas per capita GDP went up by 4.4 times between 1978 and 1997.n(3) 中國城鎮(zhèn)居民人均居住面積由1978年的3.6平方米提高到1997年的8.8平方米，增加

25、1.4倍。nThe per capita living space for urban residents in China expanded from 3.6 square meters in 1978 to 8.8 square meters in 1997, a rise of 2.4 times.n(4) 1949年至1998年, 中國的糧食總產(chǎn)量由1.1億噸增加到5.1億噸, 增長3.5倍, 年平均增長3.1%, 是人口增長率的2.5倍。nChinas total grain output increased from 110 million tons in 1949 to 510

26、million tons in 1998, or an increase of over 4.5 times, with an average annual growth rate of 3.1 percent, 2.5 times that of the population growth.n(5) 1997年, 全國高等學(xué)校在校生總數(shù)為608萬人, 其中研究生18萬人, 分別是1979年的2.2倍和9.6倍。nIn 1997，6.08 million students were studying in colleges and universities, including 180,000

27、 postgraduates, 2.2 times and 9.6 times the figures of 1979 respectively.特殊倍數(shù)的表達(dá)特殊倍數(shù)的表達(dá)n到2020年實(shí)現(xiàn)國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值比2000年翻兩番,達(dá)到40,000億美元左右nQuadruple nBy 2020, Chinas GDP will quadruple that of 2000 to approximately USD 4 trillion.n今年的糧食產(chǎn)量比去年增長2成. n20%nThe output of grain this year increased by 20% over the last

28、year. n由于漢語很少用“減少了若干倍”的說法，而多用“減少了百分之幾”或“減少了幾成”的說法，因此，減少多用百分?jǐn)?shù)和分?jǐn)?shù)表示。 n(1) 由于水災(zāi)，去年的收成減少了三成。nOwing to flood, the crop last year was declined by 30 percent.n(2) 該公司的員工裁減了近三分之一，開支減少了四分之一。nThe personnel of the company have been reduced nearly by one-third and the expenses by one-fourth.n(3) 1998年，政府機(jī)構(gòu)改革目標(biāo)實(shí)

29、現(xiàn)。國務(wù)院下設(shè)部門從40個(gè)減少到29個(gè)，人員減少了近一半。nIn 1998，the targets of restructuring governmental institutions were met. Departments under the State Council were reduced from 40 to 29 and personnel were cut nearly by half.增增/ /減百分比的口譯減百分比的口譯n“增/減了百分之幾”英語和漢語的含義一致，都表示凈增或凈減百分?jǐn)?shù)。英漢增/減百分?jǐn)?shù)的表示法有以下幾種：n1) 增/減了%nincrease/rise/g

30、row%ndecrease/drop/fall/sink %n或者nincrease/rise/grow/go up by %ndecrease/drop/fall/go down by %n(1) Between 1986 and 1987, Nikes sales dropped 18 percent and profits sank by more than 40 percent as a result of competition with Reebok.n與“銳步”鞋業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的結(jié)果，從1986到1987年， 耐克（鞋）的銷售額下降了18%，利潤下降了40%多。n(2) By putti

31、ng out more than one new shoe style everyday on average, in 1995 and 1996, Nikes sales and profits grew 71 percent and 80 percent respectively；meanwhile, Nikes closest rival Reebok grew just nine percent in the same period. n靠平均每天推出一個(gè)以上新（鞋）款式，1995到1996，耐克的銷售額和利潤分別上漲了71%和80%。而同期最接近耐克的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手銳步只上漲了9%。n(3

32、) Procter & Gamble just raised prices on its paper products by as much as 8%.n(美國) 普羅科特甘布爾公司剛剛把他們的紙制品價(jià)格提高了8%。n(4) Spending on non-durables-everything from soap flakes to razors to tennis shoes-rose 30% last year.n去年非耐用品，從皂片、剃須刀到網(wǎng)球鞋的消費(fèi)上升了30%。n(5) In the fiscal year of 2000, ending on March 30, export

33、 slumped 11.3 percent in Taiwan, 10 percent in Thailand, 9.9 percent in South Korea and 2.4 percent in Hong Kong. However, the Chinese mainland posted a respectable 7.5 percent rate in the first quarter.n在3月30日剛剛結(jié)束的2000財(cái)政年度，臺(tái)灣的出口猛跌了11.3%，泰國10%、南韓9.9%、香港2.4%。然而，中國大陸卻公布了第一季度7.5%的可觀增長。n(6) In America,

34、the number of people engaged in farming as their principle of occupation fell to 961,560 in 1997, down 8.7 percent from 1992, while the number between (the age of) 25 to 34 fell 28 percent.n在美國以農(nóng)業(yè)為主要職業(yè)的人數(shù)1997下降到961560人，比1992下降了8.7%，而年齡在25到34歲的人數(shù)下降了28%。n2) 與相比，增/減了%nincrease/rise/grow /go up by % (as

35、) compared with /as against / as opposed to / overndecrease/drop/fall/go down by % (as) compared with /as against / as opposed to /overn(1) 1999年，普通高校招生規(guī)模比上年擴(kuò)大了47.4%。 University and college enrollment in 1999 increased by 47.4 percent over the previous year.n (2) 同1997年相比，1998年工業(yè)排污減少了11.6%；家庭排污增加了2.

36、6%。 Compared with 1997, the discharge of industrial wastewater dropped by 11.6 percent, while that of domestic sewage rose by 2.6 percent in 1998.n(3) 因受亞洲金融危機(jī)的沖擊，1998年中國進(jìn)出口總額比上年下降0.4%，其中進(jìn)口總額下降1.5%；出口總額增長0.5%。 As a result of Asian financial crises, Chinas total volume of import and export in 1998 dr

37、opped by 0.4 percent over the previous year, of which the volume of import went down by 1.5 percent, and the value of export went up by 0.5 percent.n3) 增/減率 be % increase/ rise /growth be % decrease/drop /decline an increase / a rise / a growth rate of % a decrease / drop / decline of % be % up /dow

38、n be up / down%n1999年，中國外貿(mào)出口達(dá)1949億美元，比上年增長6.1%。nChinas total exports reached US$194.9 billion in 1999, a rise of 6.1 percent over the previous year.n1998年，中國全年海外游客入境人數(shù)6348萬人次，比上年增長10.2%, 國際旅游收入達(dá)126億美元, 增長4.4%。nIn 1998, China received 63.48 million tourists from overseas, up by 10.2 percent. Income o

39、f foreign exchange from tourism reached 12.6 million US dollars, up 4.4 percent.n4) 增/減具體數(shù)字的英譯也可用 “by” +具體數(shù)字來表示。n我國水土流失面積每年以10,000平方公里的速度在擴(kuò)大。目前，水土流失面積已達(dá)367萬平方公里,占總土地面積將近38%。 The area of soil erosion in China has been increasing by 10,000 square km. annually to 3.67 million square km. at present, acc

40、ounting for nearly 38 percent of the total land area.n由于低溫多雨的影響, 我國夏糧減產(chǎn)1460萬噸。 Chinas output of summer grain declined by 14.6 million tons due to low temperature and rainy days during the growing period.n漢語增/減百分?jǐn)?shù)的英譯還有一些其它表示法，但不管用什么方法，英語的增/減百分?jǐn)?shù)都是凈增/減數(shù)。n實(shí)踐實(shí)踐是訓(xùn)練數(shù)字互譯的根本途徑。n譯員只有經(jīng)過大量反復(fù)的數(shù)字口譯實(shí)踐才能掌握英漢數(shù)字互譯的不同

41、特點(diǎn)和規(guī)律，達(dá)到數(shù)字互譯脫口而出，快速、準(zhǔn)確的程度。英語中有豐富的描述數(shù)字上升、下降或穩(wěn)定的詞匯，即趨勢(shì)語（trend language）。如下列句子中劃線的詞匯：nThe area of cultivated land decreased by 7.6 million hectares, but the yield per hectare rose by an average of 180 kg.nAverage annual grain supply per person grow from 200 to 400kg, and meat from 9 to 15kg.下面列舉一些英語中常用來表達(dá)趨勢(shì)的詞匯：下面列舉一些英