第一章 緒論與微生物的分類 2

1、Bo CHEN, School of Life Science and Engineering, SWUSTBo CHEN, School of Life Science and Engineering, SWUSTBo CHEN, School of Life Science and Engineering, SWUSTMicrobes around us Have you seen any microbe? Where are microbes? Do microbes do us any good? Do microbes do us any harm?Microbes around u

2、sMicrobes around usYoghurtBeerMicrobes around usMicrobes around usRed wineAgaricus bisporus (雙孢蘑菇), the most common commercial mushroom of the Western world.Microbes around usShiitake (Lentinus edulus香菇), the most common commercial mushroom of the Far East.Microbes around usMicrobes around usgene cl

3、oning限制性內(nèi)切酶質(zhì)粒載體宿主PCR (polymerase chain reaction)Microbes around usTaq DNA polymerasePfu DNA polymerase 1347年，歐洲爆發(fā)瘟疫-鼠疫，鼠疫桿菌，1/3歐洲人口（約2500萬）死亡，此后80年，共導(dǎo)致75%歐洲人口死亡 2003年，全球爆發(fā)非典型性肺炎SARS，引發(fā)恐慌。據(jù)報道英國最近出現(xiàn)新型SARS病毒病例？ 艾滋?。篈IDS，現(xiàn)在全球蔓延 乙肝：中國人1/10帶毒（表抗陽性）？嚴重疾病Microbes around us 已被“消滅”的傳染病卷土重來：肺結(jié)核（WHO：已成人類頭號殺手，全球

4、近1/3人口已感染結(jié)核桿菌），霍亂（一種烈性腸道傳染病，屬甲類傳染病，由霍亂弧菌污染水和食物引起傳播，臨床上以起病急驟、劇烈瀉吐、排泄大量米泔水樣腸內(nèi)容物、脫水、少尿和無尿為特征，嚴重者可因休克、尿毒癥或酸中毒而死亡，在醫(yī)療水平低下和治療措施不力的情況下，病死率很高）Microbes around us嚴重疾病 出現(xiàn)以前從未有過的新疾?。函偱２。竽c桿菌0157（腸出血），霍亂0139新菌型，埃博拉病毒（Ebola virus）?。ㄒ环N急性出血性傳染病，通過血液和排泄物傳播，臨床表現(xiàn)急性起病發(fā)熱，肌痛出血皮疹和肝腎功能損害），軍團?。ㄊ确诬妶F桿菌，急性呼吸道傳染病，1976年美國費城召開退伍軍

5、人大會時暴發(fā)流行而得名）等Microbes around us嚴重疾病Microbes around us微生物雙刃劍巨大好處巨大害處利用控制學(xué)習(xí)掌握微生物學(xué)課程介紹1. 教學(xué)安排2. 教材與參考資料3. 考試4. 微生物學(xué)實驗 Lectures (64 hours, 微生物學(xué)1 32學(xué)時+微生物學(xué)2 32學(xué)時) Laboratory exercises (32 hours , 微生物學(xué)1 16學(xué)時+微生物學(xué)2 16學(xué)時) 教學(xué)安排 (生物工程專業(yè))章節(jié)內(nèi)容學(xué)時1Introduction to microbiology and taxonomy of microorganisms82The m

6、ethods for studying microbiology23Prokaryotes: bacteria and archaea84Eukaryotes: yeasts and moulds65Non-cellular microorganisms: viruses86Microbial nutrition, ecology and growth67Microbial control68Microbial metabolism89Microbial genetics610Microorganisms and genetic engineering6課時安排(生物64學(xué)時) Lecture

7、s (48 hours) Laboratory exercises (24 hours) 教學(xué)安排 (生物技術(shù)專業(yè))章節(jié)內(nèi)容學(xué)時1Introduction to microbiology and taxonomy of microorganisms82Methods for studying microorganisms13Prokaryotes: bacteria and archaea94Eukaryotes: yeasts and moulds65Non-cellular microorganisms: viruses46Microbial nutrition, ecology and

8、growth47Microbial control48Microbial metabolism49Microbial genetics410Microorganisms and genetic engineering4課時安排(生技48學(xué)時) 教材與參考資料教材實驗教材參考書 教材與參考資料Other references (不作要求)1.現(xiàn)代微生物學(xué). 劉志恒. 科學(xué)出版社. 20022.Brocks Biology of Microorganisms. 8th ed. Michael T. Madigan, John M. Martinko and Jack Parker. Prentic

9、e Hall. 19973.Medical Microbiology. 22nd ed. Geo. F. Brooks, Janet S. Butel, Stephen A. Morse. Mc Graw-Hill, 人民衛(wèi)生出版社. 2001網(wǎng) 站 丁香園論壇 (): 中國生物醫(yī)學(xué)網(wǎng)站 中國生物技術(shù)信息網(wǎng) () NCBI (): National Center for Biotechnology Information, USA. GenBank 考試 (生物工程)微生物學(xué)1總評成績平時成績30期末考試70平時成績：隨堂測驗（或課外作業(yè)）1-4次，選1

10、-4次計分作平時成績期末考試：閉卷考試，中文試卷，中文答題考試范圍：以多媒體講課范圍為準 考試 (生物技術(shù))微生物學(xué)A總評成績平時成績30期末考試70平時成績：隨堂測驗（或課外作業(yè)）1-6次，選1-6次計分作平時成績期末考試：閉卷考試，英文試卷，中文答題考試范圍：以多媒體講課范圍為準微生物學(xué)實驗 獨立設(shè)課 微生物學(xué)實驗A（生物技術(shù)專業(yè)） 微生物學(xué)實驗1+微生物學(xué)實驗2（生物工程專業(yè)）微生物學(xué)實驗A 實驗1 培養(yǎng)基的制備與滅菌 實驗2 微生物的分離 實驗3 微生物主要類群的形態(tài)觀察與顯微鏡的使用 實驗4 細菌的染色與油鏡的使用 實驗5 酵母菌的血球計數(shù)板計數(shù) 實驗6 微生物的應(yīng)用（紅葡萄酒的制作

11、或酸奶的制作）微生物學(xué)實驗1 實驗1 培養(yǎng)基的制備與滅菌 實驗2 微生物的分離 實驗3 微生物主要類群的形態(tài)觀察與顯微鏡的使用 實驗4 細菌的染色與油鏡的使用微生物學(xué)實驗2 實驗5 酵母菌的血球計數(shù)板計數(shù) 實驗6 酵母菌的大小測定 實驗7 水中細菌總數(shù)的測定 實驗8 微生物的應(yīng)用（紅葡萄酒的制作或酸奶的制作）實驗成績構(gòu)成微生物學(xué)實驗A、微生物學(xué)實驗1總評成績實驗過程評分40實驗報告評分60實驗過程評分：包括考勤、隨堂測驗等實驗報告評分：其中包括對實驗操作、實驗步驟、實驗現(xiàn)象和實驗結(jié)果等具體實驗內(nèi)容的考查實驗時間安排（生物技術(shù)專業(yè)） 微生物學(xué)實驗A 24學(xué)時，6次（實驗1實驗6），45人，分2批

12、，23人/批 第1批：7-12周周三下午4-5講 第2批：7-12周周四下午4-5講實驗時間安排（生物工程專業(yè)） 微生物學(xué)實驗1 16學(xué)時，4次（實驗1實驗4），77人，分3批 ，26人/批 第1批：13-16周周二下午4-5講 第2批：13-16周周三下午4-5講 第3批：13-16周四下午4-5講A Microbiology Course by Bo CHEN (e-mail: )Chapter 1 Introduction to Microbiology and Taxonomy of Microorganisms（第1章 緒論與微生物的分類）CONTENTS5 sections:1.

13、The Scope of Microbiology2. The Impact of Microorganisms3. The General Characteristics of Microorganisms4. The History of Microbiology5. Taxonomy of Microorganisms1 The Scope of Microbiology Microorganisms are living things that are too small to be seen without magnification (with naked eye), includ

14、ing: bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses, protozoa, and algae. sometimes called microbes, germs Microorganisms are microscopic living things, while plants and animals are macroscopic living things.1.1 Definitions of Microorganism and Microbiology Microbiology is the study of microorganisms living thin

15、gs that are too small to be seen without magnification, involving study in numerous areas, including their structure, function, nutrition, growth, ecology, taxonomy, metabolism, genetics, immunology, etc.1.2 Major Groups of Microorganisms 微生物 不是分類學(xué)分類級別上的術(shù)語，而是一群微小生物的俗稱、總稱、籠統(tǒng)的集合名詞。微生物分類術(shù)語 俗稱 總稱 集合名詞 1

16、.2 Major Groups of Microorganisms6 Subgroups 類群 (亞群)： Bacteria (bacterium 細菌) Archaea (archaeon 古生菌) Fungi (fungus 真菌) Viruses (virus 病毒) Algae (alga 藻類, microscopic algae 微藻) Protozoa (protozoan 原生動物) (sometimes including helminths 寄生蟲)學(xué)科: Applied microbiology1.3 Major Branches of MicrobiologyBy ca

17、tegoryBy functionBy relation with diseaseBacteriologyMicrobial physiologyImmunologyMycologyMicrobial geneticsVirologyMicrobial ecologyMedical microbiologyEdible fungiCellular microbiologyProtozoologyMolecular microbiologyEpidemiology(Public health microbiology)AlgaeMicrobial genomics(Microbial Taxon

18、omy)Applied microbiologyBy ecological environmentBy techniqueBy range of applicationSoil microbiology FermentationFood microbiologyEnvironmental microbiologyBiotechnologyIndustrial microbiologyMarine microbiologyGene engineering Agricultural microbiologyAquatic microbiologyAnalytical microbiologyMed

19、ical microbiologyCosmic microbiologyTechnical microbiologyPharmaceutical microbiologyTwo outstanding features of study of microbiology2 The Impact of Microorganisms2.1 Impact on human affairs 2.2 Impact on the earth2.1 Impact on human affairs Beneficial Human use of microorganisms Harmful Infectious

20、 diseases and human health Liquor Beer Wine Yellow wine (rice wine) Yoghurt Bread Vinegar SauceTradition:Beneficial Fermentation (microbial engineering) Gene engineering Transgenic animals and plants Genetically modified organisms Gene therapy Bioremediation BiominingModern :BeneficialMicrobes at wo

21、rkBeneficialWine makingWine makingWine makingCheers-for wine that is only 10 days old.Worldwide infectious disease statistics Infectious diseases are mainly caused by bacteria and virusesHarmful乙肝麻疹瘧疾肺結(jié)核腹瀉(霍亂、痢疾、傷寒)呼吸道感染(肺炎、流感)破傷風(fēng)雜病寄生蟲疾病 Energy flow Nutrient flow2.2 Impact on the earthEvolutionary t

22、imeline. The first bacteria appeared approximately 3.5 billion years ago. They were the only form of life for half of the earths history.爬行動物蟑螂white antsEnergy Flow1) Photosynthesis: Microbes were synthesizing long before the first plants appearedToday: photosynthetic microbes (including algae) account for more than 50% of the earths photosynthesisEnergy Flow2) Oxygen changing: They were responsible for changing the atmosphere of the earth from o