國外心理語言學課件1

1、1PSY 369: PsycholinguisticsIntroductions, Syllabus & Brief History of Psycholinguistics2Your syllabusnCan be found on-linenThrough BlackboardnLogin and password - use your ULIDnAlso accessible at:3What is “psycholinguistics”?4What is “psycholinguistics”?PsychoLinguisticsThe study of language fro

2、m a psychological perspective.5What is “psycholinguistics”?Knives R usKnives R usHow are these two going to communicate? What are the “issues” going to be?6What is “psycholinguistics”?Mental Processes-Short Term Memory-Long Term Memory-Encoding-Retrieval-Mental RepresentationsLinguistic Theory- Phon

3、ology- Morphology- Syntax- Semantics- RulesPsychoLinguistics7Psycholinguistics : A brief history1900102050607080902000Pre-psycholinguistics:The ancient Greeks: Noticed that brain damage could cause aphasia Aristotle: objects of the world exist independent of language and that definite words are subs

4、equently allied to these objects8Psycholinguistics : A brief history1900102050607080902000Pre-psycholinguistics:Paul Broca (1861): described a patient who could say only one word.tan. damage to part of the left frontal cortex (Brocas Area”)9Psycholinguistics : A brief history1900102050607080902000Pr

5、e-psycholinguistics: Karl Wernicke (1876): Found that damage to posterior part of the temporal lobe caused a different kind of language problems. Wernickes Area10Psycholinguistics : A brief history1900102050607080902000Pre-psycholinguistics (1800s):Philosophers of Language: Wittgenstein: underlying

6、logic of language Russell: reference and language universals Frege: sense and reference (meaning)11Psycholinguistics : A brief history1900102050607080902000Pre-psycholinguistics:Merringer & Meyer (1895): Speech errors reveal properties of linguistic systempsycINFO16Pre 192012Psycholinguistics :

7、A brief history1900102050607080902000Pre-psycholinguistics:Wilhelm Wundt: Physiologist Established the first psychological laboratory Wrote about language Early theory of language productionpsycINFO16Pre 192013Psycholinguistics : A brief history1900102050607080902000Pre-psycholinguistics:Ferdinand d

8、e Saussure: Linguist Separation of historical linguistics and descriptive linguisticspsycINFO16Pre 192014Psycholinguistics : A brief history1900102050607080902000Pre-psycholinguistics: From the 1920s to the mid 1950s Psychology was dominated by behaviorism John B. Watson (1920): Is thinking merely t

9、he action of language mechanisms? Leonard Bloomfield (1935): LanguagepsycINFO39901920-5015Psycholinguistics : A brief history1900102050607080902000Dawn of psycholinguistics (50s):Lashley (1951): Neuropsychologist Argued that the structure of a sentences must be more than just associations between ad

10、jacent wordspsycINFO29111951-6016Psycholinguistics : A brief history1900102050607080902000Dawn of psycholinguistics (50s):1951: Social Science Research Council Conference which invited many of the most prominent psychologists and linguists Often identified as the “birth” of psycholinguisticspsycINFO

11、29111951-6017Psycholinguistics : A brief history1900102050607080902000Dawn of psycholinguistics (50s):1953: Another conference Included psychologists, linguists, anthropologists, and communication engineers First time the term psycholinguistics is used Birth of Cognitive SciencepsycINFO29111951-6018

12、Psycholinguistics : A brief history1900102050607080902000Dawn of psycholinguistics (50s):Defense department funds projects: Machine translators Machine speech processors The beginnings of the field of artificial intelligence researchpsycINFO29111951-6019Psycholinguistics : A brief history19001020506

13、07080902000Dawn of psycholinguistics (50s):B. F. Skinner (1957): Behavioral psychologist Published Verbal Behavior In-depth analysis of language within the behavioral frameworkpsycINFO29111951-6020Psycholinguistics : A brief history1900102050607080902000Dawn of psycholinguistics (50s):Noam Chomsky :

14、 Linguist (1957) published Syntactic Structures (1959) book review of Verbal BehaviorpsycINFO29111951-6021Chomskyan revolutionnMajor proposals/innovations nDevelop a grammar that can generate an infinite number of grammatical sentencesnTransformational-generative grammarnLanguage acquisition - innat

15、e universal grammarnLimited explicit instruction for language learnersnArguments against behaviorist accounts of languagenOften credited with the downfall of behaviorism22Psycholinguistics : A brief history1900102050607080902000Psycholinguistics (60s):George Miller Cognitive psychologist Collaborate

16、d with Chomsky Beginnings of the search for the psychological reality of linguistic rulespsycINFO42211961-7023Psycholinguistics : A brief history1900102050607080902000Psycholinguistics (60s):The search for psychological reality of syntactic transformations begins e.g., studies by Bever, Fodor, and G

17、arrettpsycINFO42211961-7024Psycholinguistics : A brief history1900102050607080902000Artificial intelligence (60s & 70s):Computer theory began to have an impact: Newell & Simon: computers are symbol manipulators, information processing approach Collins & Quillian: natural language process

18、ing requires an explicit representation of conceptual knowledge Networks of proposition & spreading activationpsycINFO81371971-8025Psycholinguistics : A brief history1900102050607080902000Psycholinguistics (70s):Psycholinguistic research begins to drift away from linguistics: Mounting evidence a

19、gainst psychological reality of transformation New competing linguistic theories (e.g., generative semantics) and rapid change to existing theoriespsycINFO81371971-8026Psycholinguistics : A brief history1900102050607080902000Psycholinguistics (mid70s):Psycholinguistics without linguistics: Began to

20、shift focus away from syntax Higher levels of comprehension (e.g., meaning and discourse) Lower levels: word recognition and sub-lexical perceptionpsycINFO81371971-8027Psycholinguistics : A brief history1900102050607080902000Psycholinguistics (80s):Psycholinguistics further splits: More drifting awa

21、y from linguistic, focusing on cognitive psychology (i.e. incorporation of more information processing ideas) Splits within psycholinguistics: experimental psycholinguistics and developmental psycholinguisticspsycINFO16,8381981-9028Psycholinguistics : A brief history1900102050607080902000Psycholinguistics (m