新托福閱讀真題精選5篇

1、新托福閱讀真題精選5篇Artisans and Industrialization (OG Practice Set 5)Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. In addition, women often worked in thei

2、r homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availabili

3、ty of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.The creation of a labor force that was accustomed to working in factories did not occur easily. Before the rise of the factory, artisans had worked within the home. Apprentices were considered part of the family, and masters wer

4、e responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising their moral behavior. Journeymen knew that if they perfected their skill, they could become respected master artisans with their own shops. Also, skilled artisans did not work

5、 by the clock, at a steady pace, but rather in bursts of intense labor alternating with more leisurely time.The factory changed that. Goods produced by factories were not as finished or elegant as those done by hand, and pride in craftsmanship gave way to the pressure to increase rates of productivi

6、ty. The new methods of doing business involved a new and stricter sense of time. Factory life necessitated a more regimented schedule, where work began at the sound of a bell and workers kept machines going at a constant pace. At the same time, workers were required to discard old habits, for indust

7、rialism demanded a worker who was alert, dependable, and self-disciplined. Absenteeism and lateness hurt productivity and, since work was specialized, disrupted the regular factory routine. Industrialization not only produced a fundamental change in the way work was organized; it transformed the ver

8、y nature of work.The first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily. The factory clock became the symbol of the new work rules. One mill worker who finally quit complained revealingly about "obedience to the ding-dong of the bell-just as though we are so man

9、y living machines." With the loss of personal freedom also came the loss of standing in the community. Unlike artisan workshops in which apprentices worked closely with the masters supervising them, factories sharply separated workers from management. Few workers rose through the ranks to super

10、visory positions, and even fewer could achieve the artisan's dream of setting up one's own business. Even well-paid workers sensed their decline in status.In this newly emerging economic order, workers sometimes organized to protect their rights and traditional ways of life. Craft workers su

11、ch as carpenters, printers, and tailors formed unions, and in 1834 individual unions came together in the National Trades' Union. The labor movement gathered some momentum in the decade before the Panic of 1837, but in the depression that followed, labor's strength collapsed. During hard tim

12、es, few workers were willing to strike* or engage in collective action. And skilled craft workers, who spearheaded the union movement, did not feel a particularly strong bond with1新托福閱讀真題精選5篇semiskilled factory workers and unskilled laborers. More than a decade of agitation did finally bring a workd

13、ay shortened to 10 hours to most industries by the 185Os, and the courts also recognized workers' right to strike, but these gains had little immediate impact.Workers were united in resenting the industrial system and their loss of status, but they were divided by ethnic and racial antagonisms,

14、gender, conflicting religious perspectives, occupational differences, political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics. For them, the factory and industrialism were not agents of opportunity but reminders of their loss of independence and a measure of control over their lives. As United Sta

15、tes society became more specialized and differentiated, greater extremes of wealth began to appear. And as the new markets created fortunes for the few, the factory system lowered the wages of workers by dividing labor into smaller, less skilled tasks.Passage EndQuestionParagraph 1: Before 1815 manu

16、facturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by mer

17、chant capitalists. After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.1. Wh

18、ich of the following can be inferred from the passage about articles manufactured before 1815? They were primarily produced by women. They were generally produced in shops rather than in homes. They were produced with more concern for quality than for speed of production. They were produced mostly i

19、n large cities with extensive transportation networks.Paragraph 2: The creation of a labor force that was accustomed to working in factories did not occur easily. Before the rise of the factory, artisans had worked within the home. Apprentices were considered part of the family, and masters were res

20、ponsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising their moral behavior. Journeymen knew that if they perfected their skill, they could become respected master artisans with their own shops. Also, skilled artisans did not work by t

21、he clock, at a steady pace, but rather in bursts of intense labor alternating with more leisurely time.2. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essent

22、ial information. Masters demanded moral behavior from apprentices but often treated them irresponsibly. The responsibilities of the master to the apprentice went beyond the teaching of a trade. Masters preferred to maintain the trade within the family by supervising and educating the younger family

23、members.2新托福閱讀真題精選5篇 Masters who trained members of their own family as apprentices demanded excellence from them.Paragraph 3: The factory changed that. Goods produced by factories were not as finished or elegant as those done by hand, and pride in craftsmanship gave way to the pressure to increase

24、rates of productivity. The new methods of doing business involved a new and stricter sense of time. Factory life necessitated a more regimented schedule, where work began at the sound of a bell and workers kept machines going at a constant pace. At the same time, workers were required to discard old

25、 habits, for industrialism demanded a worker who was alert, dependable, and self-disciplined. Absenteeism and lateness hurt productivity and, since work was specialized, disrupted the regular factory routine. Industrialization not only produced a fundamental change in the way work was organized; it

26、transformed the very nature ofwork.3. The word disrupted in the passage is closest in meaning to Prolonged Established Followed UpsetParagraph 4: The first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily. The factory clock became the symbol of the new work rules. One mi

27、ll worker who finally quit complained revealingly about "obedience to the ding-dong of the bell-just as though we are so many living machines." With the loss of personal freedom also came the loss of standing in the community. Unlike artisan workshops in which apprentices worked closely wi

28、th the masters supervising them, factories sharply separated workers from management. Few workers rose through the ranks to supervisory positions, and even fewer could achieve the artisan's dream of setting up one's own business. Even well-paid workers sensed their decline in status.4. In pa

29、ragraph 4, the author includes the quotation from a mill worker in order to Support the idea that it was difficult for workers to adjust to working in factories To show that workers sometimes quit because of the loud noise made by factory machinery Argue that clocks did not have a useful function in

30、 factories Emphasize that factories were most successful when workers revealed their complaints5. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 4 as consequences of the new system for workersEXCEPT a loss of Freedom Status in the community Opportunities for advancement Contact among workers who we

31、re not managersParagraph 5: In this newly emerging economic order, workers sometimes organized to protect their rights and traditional ways of life. Craft workers such as carpenters, printers, and tailors formed unions, and in3新托福閱讀真題精選5篇1834 individual unions came together in the National Trades

32、9; Union. The labor movement gathered some momentum in the decade before the Panic of 1837, but in the depression that followed, labor's strength collapsed. During hard times, few workers were willing to strike* or engage in collective action. And skilled craft workers, who spearheaded the union

33、 movement, did not feel a particularly strong bond with semiskilled factory workers and unskilled laborers. More than a decade of agitation did finally bring a workday shortened to 10 hours to most industries by the 185Os, and the courts also recognized workers'right to strike, but these gains h

34、ad little immediate impact.6. The phrase gathered some momentum in the passage is closest in meaning to Made progress Became active Caused changes Combined forces7. The word spearheaded in the passage is closest in meaning to Led Accepted Changed Resisted8. Which of the following statements about th

35、e labor movement of the 1800's is supported by paragraph5? It was most successful during times of economic crisis. Its primary purpose was to benefit unskilled laborers. It was slow to improve conditions for workers. It helped workers of all skill levels form a strong bond with each other.Paragr

36、aph 6: Workers were united in resenting the industrial system and their loss of status, but they were divided by ethnic and racial antagonisms, gender, conflicting religious perspectives, occupational differences, political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics. For them, the factory and i

37、ndustrialism were not agents of opportunity but reminders of their loss of independence and a measure of control over their lives. As United States society became more specialized and differentiated, greater extremes of wealth began to appear. And as the new markets created fortunes for the few, the

38、 factory system lowered the wages of workers by dividing labor into smaller, less skilled tasks.9. The author identifies political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics as two of several factors that Encouraged workers to demand higher wages Created divisions among workers Caused work to b

39、ecome more specialized Increased workers' resentment of the industrial system4新托福閱讀真題精選5篇10. The word them in the passage refers to Workers Political patty loyalties Disagreements over tactics Agents of opportunityBefore 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by

40、skilled artisans.As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen.In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. After 181 5 this older form of manufacturing bega

41、n to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.11. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence

42、can be added to the passage. This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of laborers.Where would the sentence best fit? 1 2 3 412. Directions: Complete the table below by indicating which of the answer choices describe characteristic

43、s of the period before 1815 and which describe characteristics of the 181 5-1 850 period. This question is worth 3 points.To review passage, Click View TextBefore 18151815-1850Answer choices A united, highly successful labor movement took shape. Workers took pride in their workmanship. The income ga

44、p between the rich and the poor increased greatly. Transportation networks began to decline. Emphasis was placed on following schedules. Workers went through an extensive period of training. Few workers expected to own their own businesses.5新托福閱讀真題精選5篇ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS:1. 3This is an Inferenc

45、e question asking for an inference that can be supported by the passage. The correct answer is choice 3, "They were produced with more concern for quality than for speed of production." A number of statements throughout the passage support choice 3. Paragraph 1 states that "Before 181

46、5 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans . . . After 18 15 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers." Paragraph 2 states that "Before the rise of the factory .

47、. . skilled artisans did not work by the clock, at a steady pace, but rather in bursts of intense labor alternating with more leisurely time." Paragraph 3 states, "The factory changed that. Goods produced by factories were not as finished or elegant as those done by hand, and pride in craf

48、tsmanship gave way to the pressure to increase rates of productivity."Taken together, these three statements, about production rates, the rise of factories after 18 15, and the decline of craftsmanship after 18 15, support the inference that before 18 15, the emphasis had been on quality rather

49、 than on speed of production. Answer choices 1, 2, and 4 are all contradicted by the passage.2. 2This is a Sentence Simplification question. As with all of these items, a single sentence in the passage is highlighted:Apprentices were considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not on

50、ly for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising their moral behavior. The correct answer is choice 2. Choice 2 contains all of the essential information in the highlighted sentence. The highlighted sentence explains why (part of the family) an

51、d how (education, moral behavior) a master's responsibility went beyond teaching a trade. The essential information is the fact that the master's responsibility went beyond teaching a trade. Therefore, choice 2 contains all that is essential without changing the meaning of the highlighted se

52、ntence.Choice 1 changes the meaning of the highlighted sentence b stating that masters often treated apprentices irresponsibly.Choice 3 contradicts the essential meaning of the highlighted sentence. The fact that "Apprentices were considered part of the family . . . " suggests that they we

53、re not actual family members.Choice 4, like choice 3, changes the meaning of the highlighted sentence by discussing family members as apprentices.3. 4This is a Vocabulary question. The word being tested is disrupted. It is highlighted in the passage. The correct answer is choice 4, "upset."

54、; The word "upset" here is used in the context of "hurting productivity." When something is hurt or damaged, it is "upset."4. 1This is a Factual Information question asking for specific information that can be found in paragraph 4.6新托福閱讀真題精選5篇The correct answer is choic

55、e I, "support the idea that it was difficult for workers to adjust to working in factories." The paragraph begins by stating that workers did not adopt new attitudes toward work easily and that the clock symbolized the new work rules. The author provides the quotation as evidence of that d

56、ifficulty. There is no indication in the paragraph that workers quit due to loud noise, so choice 2 is incorrect. Choice 3 (usefulness of clocks) is contradicted by the paragraph. The factory clock was "useful," but workers hated it. Choice 4 (workers complaints as a cause of a factory'

57、;s success) is not discussed in this paragraph.5. 4This is a Negative Factual Information question asking for specific information that can be found in paragraph 4. Choice 4, "contact among workers who were not managers," is the correct answer. The paragraph explicitly contradicts this by

58、stating that "factories sharply separated workers from management." The paragraph explicitly states that workers lost choice I (freedom), choice 2 (status in the community), and choice 3 (opportunities for advancement) in the new system, so those choices are all incorrect.6. 1This is a Voc

59、abulary question. The phrase being tested is "gathered some momentum." It is highlighted in the passage. The correct answer is choice I, "made progress." To "gather momentum" means to advance with increasing speed.7. 1This is a Vocabulary question. The word being tested is spearheaded. It is highlighted in the passage. The correct