高考語法復(fù)習(xí)之動詞的時態(tài)與語態(tài)

1、高考語法復(fù)習(xí)之動詞的時態(tài)與語態(tài)一、動詞的時態(tài)1、 一般現(xiàn)在時1） 現(xiàn)在經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性動作。I read English every morning.2）客觀真理、普遍真理、科學(xué)事實。 The sun rises in the east. I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school.3）現(xiàn)有的興趣、愛好或能力。 He likes playing football.4）現(xiàn)存的性質(zhì)、特征或狀態(tài)。 He is very happy.5）介紹故事梗概、劇情、用于新聞標題。Wen meets journ

2、alists.6）按時刻表將要發(fā)生的動作。（只限于少數(shù)動詞 come, go, leave, arrive, begin, start, return, stop, open, close, take off 等） The train starts at eight in the morning.7）時間、 條件和讓步狀語從句中要用一般現(xiàn)在時或現(xiàn)在完成時代替一般將來時。 表時間: when, until, till, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment, the minute, 表條件: if, unless, provided 表讓步: n

3、o matter what( who, which, when, where, how) whatever, whoever, whichever, whenever, wherever, wheneverIf it rains I wont go out for a walk.Ill not go unless Im invited.Tell him the news as soon as he comes.8）here, there, now 等開頭的倒裝句要用一般現(xiàn)在時代替現(xiàn)在進行時。 Look! Here comes the bus.2、 一般過去時1）過去經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性動作或狀態(tài)。H

4、e often cried when he was a child.She went to the cinema once a week when she was at school.2） 過去某時的動作或狀態(tài)。They went to the bank just now.3） 用于I didnt know 或 I forgot，表示事先不知道或不記得，但現(xiàn)在已知道或記得的事情。I didnt know you were here.Sorry, I forgot to bring my book.4） 時間、條件和讓步狀語從句中要用一般過去時或過去完成時代替過去將來時。He promised

5、to buy me a computer if he got a rise.5） 表示過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作，也可用 used to 或 would+動詞原形When he was young, he used to swim in the sea.3、 一般將來時1）現(xiàn)在看來以后要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。They will come here next week.They will be here tomorrow.2） 事物的固有屬性或必然趨勢。Oil will float in water.Fish will die without water.3）對將來某個動作的安排、計劃。He is g

6、oing to speak on TV this evening.4. be going to, be about to, be tobe going to 表示按安排或計劃要發(fā)生的動作。The railway is going to be open on October 1.be about to表最近的將來，后面不接時間狀語。I was be about to go out when it began to rain.be to do 表示必須、必然或計劃將要做的事，側(cè)重“意志”“計劃”“安排”。Im to meet my parents. You are to hand in your

7、papers by 10 oclock.The president is to speak on TV tonight.4、 現(xiàn)在進行時1） 此時此刻正在發(fā)生的動作。Im studying English now.2） 現(xiàn)階段正在發(fā)生的動作。We are building our socialism.The foreign guests are visiting Beijing this week.He is writing a novel now.3） 情況的暫時性。I dont really work here. I am just helping until the secretary

8、arrives.4） 與always, forever, constantly, continually 連用，表示贊賞或厭惡等感情色彩，但并非強調(diào)動作正在進行。He is always helping others.She is always forgetting something.He is constantly leaving his things about.5） 按計劃、安排近期發(fā)生的動作。（只限于come, go, leave, arrive, start, move, sail, fly, travel, stay 等）A foreigner is coming to visi

9、t our school.He is leaving for Guangzhou tomorrow.6、系動詞+介詞或副詞 也表示進時的意義。The bridge is under construction.7、用進行時表示漸變過程。The food is getting cold.8、不用進行時的動詞。（1） 感覺類；look, smell, feel, sound, taste, see, hear（2） 情感類；like, love, prefer, admire, hate, fear（3） 心態(tài)類；wish, hope, expect, want, need, believe, th

10、ink, understand, agree, know, remember, forget（4） 所有類；have, contain, own, hold（容納）, belong to 5、過去進行時 1）過去某一時刻或階段正在發(fā)生的動作。He was watching TV this time yesterday.He was reading a novel when I came in.It was raining the whole morning.2） 與always, forever, constantly, continually 連用，表示贊賞或厭惡等感情色彩。Comrade

11、Lei Feng was always thinking of others never thinking of himself.3） 過去計劃、安排好的將來動作。（只限于come, go, leave, arrive, start, move, sail, fly, travel, stay 等）He said that he was leaving the next day.I was told the train was starting soon.6過去將來時過去某一時刻后將要發(fā)生的過去動作或過去的意圖、打算（主要用于賓語從句）He was sure he would succeed.

12、I thought she would come here.7現(xiàn)在完成時1） 現(xiàn)已完成或剛剛完成且對現(xiàn)在有影響的動作。I have finished my homework.2） 發(fā)生在過去的動作，但已成為現(xiàn)在的經(jīng)歷或經(jīng)驗。They have all played with snow and ice.3） 始于過去持續(xù)至，也許延于將來的動作或狀態(tài)。He has lived here since 1990.They have stayed here for 20 years.4） 將來某時先要做完的動作（只限于時間和條件狀語從句）Dont get off the bus until it has

13、 stopped.Ill go to your home when I have finished my homework.If it has stopped raining in the morning, well go to the park.5） 到目前為止的一段時間內(nèi)，多少次或第幾次干某事。Hes been to Beijing for five times. Its the second time that Ive seen the film.6） 現(xiàn)在（過去）完成時不能與過去特定時間的狀語連用；瞬間動詞的肯定式現(xiàn)在（過去）完成時不能與一段時間狀語連用。判斷下列句子的正誤。He ha

14、s come to Guangdong since last year.He has lived in Guangdong since last year.He has joined the army for two years.He has served in the army for two years.He joined the army two years ago.He has been a soldier for two years.It is two years since he joined the army.He has joined the army.常見的瞬間動詞有：mar

15、ry, close, die, arrive, fall, leave, go, break, lose, give, join, jump, receive, buy, borrow, start, begin, graduate等。8、過去完成時 (常用 by, for, before, when, until 等詞引導(dǎo)的時間狀語)1）過去某時間前已發(fā)生的動作或情況。He had learned some English before he went to America.2） 過去某動作前已發(fā)生的另一動作。(常用 等詞引導(dǎo)的時間狀語)The train had left when I g

16、ot to the station.3） 始于過去持續(xù)至過去另一時間，也許延續(xù)下來的動作。He said that he had been in the Party for 5 years.Before he slept, he had worked for 10 hours.4） 過去未曾實現(xiàn)的意圖、打算或希望（只限于think, want, plan, mean, intend, hope, expect, suppose 等動詞） I had planned to see you yesterday, but the train prevented me.5）before, after本

17、身“前”“后”明顯，因此可用一般過去時代替過去完成時 He (had) left before I arrived.9、將來完成時1）常用的時間狀語一般用by+將來的時間。如；by the end of this year , by 8 oclock this evening , by March next year。以及由 by the time.before 或when 等引導(dǎo)的從句。By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot到下月，他就徒步旅行1000英里了。2）在時間和條件狀語從句中，將來完成時則

18、由現(xiàn)在完成時表示；例如：The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school.孩子們一放學(xué)回家，就開始做作業(yè)。二、動詞的語態(tài)各種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)及其他形式的被動語態(tài)1、 一般現(xiàn)在時 ( is / am / are + 過去分詞 )English is spoken in many countries.2、 一般過去時 ( was / were + 過去分詞 )Thousands of people were killed in that war.3、 一般將來時 ( will / sha

19、ll + 過去分詞 )The play will be put on next Saterday.4、過去將來時( would + be + 過去分詞 )He told me that the meeting would be put off till the next Sunday.5、現(xiàn)在進行時( is / am /are + being + 過去分詞 )A new teaching building is being built now in their school.6、過去進行時( was / were + being + 過去分詞 )The last time they went

20、back to their hometown, a big power station was being built there.7、現(xiàn)在完成時( has / have + been + 過去分詞 )A new satellite has been sent up into space to do some scientific research work.8、過去完成時( had + been + 過去分詞 )By the end of last year the railway had been completed.一般過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別1、一般過去時所表示的一個或一段過去時間是可

21、以具體確定的，與其他時間沒有牽連。它所表示的事情純屬過去，與現(xiàn)在沒有聯(lián)系。 現(xiàn)在完成時所表示的事情發(fā)生在不能具體指出的現(xiàn)在已前的過去某個或某段時間；它所表示的事情與現(xiàn)在情況有關(guān)系，是過去事情在現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或現(xiàn)在的影響。2、一般過去時常用的狀語有 yesterday, last night, two days (weeks months.) ago, at that time等?，F(xiàn)在完成時常用的狀語有 already, just, yet, never, before, lately, recently, in the past /last fews days /years, since th

22、en, up to now, so far.等(1)He served in the army from 1990 to 1992.(2)He has served in the army for 5 years (3)He wrote many plays when he was at college.(4)He has written many plays.用主動式表示被動含義的幾種情況1、用主動用謂語動詞的主動形式表示被動含義（1）、表示狀態(tài)性的連系動詞 look, sound, feel, smell, taste, prove, appear+形容詞/名詞構(gòu)成的系表結(jié)構(gòu)The ste

23、el feels cold.His plan proved (to be) practical.（2）、表示“開始”“結(jié)束”“運動”的動詞。如 begin, finish, start, open, close, stop, end, shut, run, move.Work began at 7 oclock this morning.The shop closes at 6 p.m. every day.（3）、表示主語的某種屬性特征的動詞。如 read, write, act, sell, wash, clean, wear, open, cook, lock, shut, dry, e

24、at, drink.This coat dries easily.The pen writes smoothly.2、非謂語動詞的主動形式表示被動含義（1）、want, need, require 作“需要”講時，后用動名詞的主動形式表被動含義，這時動名詞同句子的主語之間在邏輯上有動賓關(guān)系。The house needs/ wants/ requires repairing /to be repaired. （2）、形容詞 worth 后用動名詞的主動形式表示被動含義。The book is well worth reading.（3）、不定式在某些形容詞( difficult, easy, hard, comfortable, pleasant, fit, unfit, light, heavy, good, safe, dangerous )后作狀語且和句子的主語（或賓語）構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系時，用主動形式表示被動含義。The book is difficult (for me) to understand.The boy is easy (for people)