英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法：比較結(jié)構(gòu)終極大總結(jié)

1、英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法：比較結(jié)構(gòu)終極大總結(jié)比較結(jié)構(gòu)的講解（34句）來(lái)自長(zhǎng)難句：1、it is not thatbut that這不是說(shuō).而是說(shuō)（分析見22）It is not that the scales in the one case, and thebalanee in the other, differ in the principles of theirconstruction or manner of working; but that the latteris much finer apparayue and of couse much moreaccurate in its measurem

2、ent tha n the former.2、nothing less than完全是，實(shí)在是2What the man said was noting else than nonsense.那個(gè)人講的話完全是一派胡言。It is nothing else tha n a blackmail.這簡(jiǎn)直就是敲竹杠。3、as引導(dǎo)的特殊狀語(yǔ)從句，翻譯時(shí)作定語(yǔ)從句 處理。We hope the measures to con trol prices ,as theyhave been taken by the government, will succeed.4、n.+or + n. or后面的名詞是同

3、位語(yǔ)，應(yīng)譯為 “即，或者”。Moreover , tech no logy in cludes tech niq ues, orways to do things ,as well as the mach ines that mayor may not be n ecessary to apply them.再者，除機(jī)器外，技術(shù)還包括技藝，即制作方法， 而運(yùn)用這些技藝并不一定都要機(jī)器。我們希望， 政府已經(jīng)采取的控制物價(jià)的措施將取得成功。5、morethan3The complexity of the human situation and injusticeof the social orde

4、r dema nd far more fun dame ntalcha nges in the basic structure of society itself thansome politicians are willing to admit in theirspeeches.人類社會(huì)形式的復(fù)雜性和社會(huì)制度的不公 正性要求對(duì)社會(huì)基本結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行徹底變革，而一些 政客口頭上是很不情愿承認(rèn)這一點(diǎn)的。（than連 接肯定形式的從句時(shí)，該從句譯為否定句。）It seems that these two bran ches of scie neeare mutually dependend, and t

5、hat the so-calleddivision between the pure scientist and the appliedscie ntist is more appare nt tha n real.看來(lái)，這兩門學(xué)科是相互依存的，因?yàn)樵诶碚摽?學(xué)家和應(yīng)用科學(xué)家之間，與其說(shuō)存在著所謂的區(qū) 分，不如說(shuō)這種區(qū)分只是表面存在的。（在比較 的基礎(chǔ)上表示選擇關(guān)系時(shí)，可譯為“與其說(shuō) 不如說(shuō)”）There are more cars on the roads in summer than inwinter.夏天公路上的汽車比冬天的多。（進(jìn)行同類比較 時(shí)，譯成“比更”）6、no morethan

6、與notany more thanThe food on the ship was no better tha n on any4ship on which Billy had sailed.這條船上的食品并不如比利工作過(guò)的其他船上 的（食品）好。The archaeologistsefforts are not directed at“proving ” the correctness of the Bible any morethan belief in God can be scientifically dem onstrated正如上帝不能從科學(xué)上證明一樣，考古學(xué)家們的 努力并不是要“

7、驗(yàn)證”圣經(jīng)的正確性。No one can hold back the tide of revolutionany more than a man with a broom can hold a floodthat has brust the dam.任何人都無(wú)法阻止革命的洪流，正如一個(gè)人不能 拿著掃帚去擋住決了堤的洪水一樣。7、not so much as與其說(shuō).不女口Scie neemoves forward, they say , not so much through thein sights of great men of genius as(Scienee moves forward

8、省略的成分)becauseof more ordi nary thi ngs like improved tech niq ues5and tools.新學(xué)派科學(xué)家說(shuō)，科學(xué)的發(fā)展與其說(shuō)源于天才偉 人的真知灼見，不如說(shuō)源于改進(jìn)了的技術(shù)和工具 等等更為普遍的東西。8、the sameasYou have made the same mistake as last time.9、no less than(no lessthan) 不但.而且；不亞于；簡(jiǎn)直是，實(shí)在是Chi na in sists always on the n eed for self-relianee, no less in eco

9、no mic policies tha n inmak ingrevoluti on.中國(guó)始終堅(jiān)持獨(dú)立自主，不但在進(jìn)行革命方 面，而且在經(jīng)濟(jì)政策方面?！窘馕觥縩o lessthan連接兩個(gè)并列成分，信息重心在前，因此漢譯是要倒過(guò)來(lái)譯。There were no less than one thousand people6at the meeti ng.到會(huì)的有一千人之多。 （有“到會(huì)人多”的 含義）no less than連寫時(shí)，意為不亞于、多 達(dá)”，強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)量多。not less than連寫時(shí)，意為不少于，無(wú)數(shù) 量多少含義。女口：There were not less than noe th

10、ousandpeople at the meeti ng.到會(huì)的至少有一千人。（沒有表達(dá)到會(huì)人多 或少的含義。）It is no less tha n blackmail to ask such ahigh price.如此所要高價(jià)，簡(jiǎn)直是敲詐。10、none other than不是.正是；除了外，不會(huì)是React ion other tha n the desired one ofte noccur whe n reacta nts are brought together.當(dāng)這些反應(yīng)物放在一起時(shí)，常發(fā)生不希望有 的一些反應(yīng)。Other women than Sally would hav

11、e saidno thi ng.7除了薩利，別的女子就什么也不說(shuō)了【解析】other than可分寫為otherthan, other后可插入名詞，than的意思是“除了”。11、nothing but=nothing else than=nothingless tha n不是別的. 正是.Genius is no thi ng but labor and dilige nee.天才不過(guò)是勞動(dòng)加勤奮而已。His failure was due to nothing else than hiscareless ness.他的失敗完全是由于他自己的粗心。His negligenee was not

12、hing less than crim inal.他的粗心大意無(wú)異于犯罪。12、much less = still less更不用說(shuō)I could not agree to, much less participate insuch proceedi ngs我不能同意這種行為，更談不上參加這些行 動(dòng)了。8He is too shy to ask a stra nge the time, stillless speak to a room full of people.（對(duì)著充滿人 的房間講話，由于文化差異，原本意思就是對(duì) 著一屋子的人講話）to say nothing ,not to spea

13、k of, not to men ti on, letalone都是更不必說(shuō)的意思。但這些詞組可 以隨前一句的意思而定，前一句是肯定，則追 加的也是肯定意義，如果前一句是否定，則追 加的也是否定意義。比較下面兩個(gè)句子。In old China ,there was hardly anymachine-building industry ,to say nothing ofelectro nic in dustry在舊中國(guó)，幾乎沒有什么機(jī)械制造工業(yè)，更 不用說(shuō)電子工業(yè)了。Sally takes singing and dancing less ons, tosay nothing of swim

14、m ing and tennis lesi ons.Sally上了唱歌和舞蹈課，而且還上了游泳 和網(wǎng)球課。913、anything but（but意為except）根本不；all but（but意為except）幾乎，差一點(diǎn), 除以外其余都是；but for要不是；but that+從句；若不是.nothing but（but意為except） 只不過(guò).Alone in a deserted house, he was so busywith his research work that he felt anything butIonely.（句中but作介詞，意為except）雖然他單獨(dú)一人

15、呆在這所無(wú)人居住的房子里，但他埋頭于研究工作，一點(diǎn)也沒感到孤獨(dú)。（除了孤獨(dú)之外可以感受到任何事情， 其意思為他一點(diǎn)也不感到孤獨(dú)。）The method of scientific investigation isnothing but the expressi onof the necessary mode of working of the human min d; it is simplythe mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and give nprecise and exact expla nati on.10科學(xué)研究的方式

16、是人類思維活動(dòng)的必要表 達(dá)方式，也就是對(duì)一切現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行思索并給以準(zhǔn)確 而嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)谋磉_(dá)方式。It was all but impossible to climb back into theboat.再回到小船上已經(jīng)不可能了。But for the rain we could have had a niceholiday.要不是這場(chǎng)雨，我們應(yīng)該度過(guò)了一個(gè)愉快的 假期。14、notnearly=far from，much less than相差彳艮遠(yuǎn)，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)少于The food supply will not in crease n early eno ugh tomatch this, which me

17、a ns that we are headi ng into acrisis in the matter of producing an(marketi ngfood.11食品供應(yīng)將遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)趕不上人口增長(zhǎng)，這就意味著我 們?cè)诩Z食的生產(chǎn)和購(gòu)銷兩方面正陷入危機(jī)。15、can nottoo再.也不過(guò)分。We cannot be too faithful to our duties.【誤譯】我們不能太終于值守。【正譯】我們必須盡力忠于職守（我們?cè)僦矣诼?守也不為過(guò)。）You cannot attach too much importanee to thematter.你應(yīng)該十分重視這件事。1216、as

18、well as=in addition也，和.一樣，除之外，不但而且econo mic basis.社會(huì)主義革命不僅要求改變經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)，也要求改 變上層建筑。【解析】as well as作連詞連接兩個(gè)對(duì)等的部分， 其信息重心在as well as之前的部分，翻譯時(shí)應(yīng) 先翻譯as well as之后的部分，再翻譯as well a；之前的部分。Revoluti on in the Marxist scie nee mea ns a moralas well as a material change根據(jù)馬克思主義的 學(xué)說(shuō)，革命不但意味著物質(zhì)的改變，而且意味著 精神的改變。17、more than+從

19、句（謂語(yǔ)中含can或could） 意為：“實(shí)在不能”Some math problems in that book are more tha nI can work out.那本書上的數(shù)學(xué)難題我實(shí)在解不出來(lái)。18、only to+V.“結(jié)果卻”表示與句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng) 作的The Socialist Revolutionrequires a changethe superstructureas well as a change of13目的相反的結(jié)果。They dont have to pay for expensive seats at ththeatre, the cinema or the op

20、era, only to discover,perhaps, that the show is disappo in ti ng.他們不必花錢去劇院、電影院、或歌劇院買價(jià)格 昂貴的票，結(jié)果卻發(fā)現(xiàn)，演出的節(jié)目令人失望。19、Nor +because“不是因?yàn)?”Nor do I teach because I thi nk I know an swers, orbecause I have kno wledge I feel compelled toshare.我之所以教書，不是因?yàn)槲艺J(rèn)為自己能夠解答問 題，也不是因?yàn)槲矣袧M腹學(xué)問，覺得非與人分享 不可。20、(there be)no+主語(yǔ)+bu

21、t+謂語(yǔ)+其他：它實(shí) 際上是一個(gè)雙重否定句，翻譯時(shí)采取肯定句的形 式。There is no man but has his faults.人皆有過(guò)。因 此 作 用 相 當(dāng) 于whonot,thatnot,whichnot從而可寫為：There is no man who has not faults.1421、“S+be+the last+n.+不定式或從句”意為“決不至于”Breach of promise is the last thing that he is likely tocommit.違約他是絕不會(huì)的。22、notbut不是而是；but not是而不是It is not tha

22、t the scales in the one case, and the balanee in the other case, differ in the prin ciples of theircon structi on or manner of work ing; but it is that thelatter is much finer apparatus and of course muchmore accurate in its measureme nt tha n the former.并不是說(shuō)面包師或賣肉的人所用的磅秤在構(gòu) 造原理或工作方式上和化學(xué)家所用的天平存在 差異，而

23、是說(shuō)與前者相比，后者是一種更精密的 多的儀器，因而在計(jì)量上必然更準(zhǔn)確的多。1523、would rather + than寧愿而不愿I would rather die with my head high,with indestructible faith and profo und belief in the destinyof our country),than live in humility and renouncethe prin ciples which are sacred to me.我寧愿昂著頭，懷著堅(jiān)定的信念，抱著祖國(guó)前途 的深刻的信心而死，而不愿在屈從之下背棄神圣的原則而

24、生24、If only只要就；only if必須在條件 下才If only we work with might and main, the difficultieswill be overcome.只要我們大家全力以赴，必然會(huì)克服困難。You could know your own Ian guage only if youcompared it with other Ianguages.只有當(dāng)你將本 族語(yǔ)同其他語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行比較時(shí)， 你才真正懂得你的 本族語(yǔ)。KK在長(zhǎng)難句課上所講：16比較結(jié)構(gòu)：25、asas與相似，樣while there are almost as many definiti

25、ons of historyas there are historia ns ,moder n practice mostclosely con forms to one. 有多少歷史學(xué)家，就有多少種定義，但現(xiàn)在的實(shí) 踐大多與其中一個(gè)相吻合。26、not so much否定）as肯定）與其說(shuō) 是不如說(shuō)是Scie nee moves forward, they say, not so muchthrough the in sights of great men of genius asbecause of more ordi nary things like improved techniq u

26、es and tools.因?yàn)閚ot so much. as是個(gè)并列結(jié)構(gòu)，也就是說(shuō)so和as后面兩個(gè)詞的意思應(yīng)該相同，所以多義 介詞through的意思應(yīng)該等于because of因?yàn)椋?由于。27、less and more:不多more or less: 或多或 少Interest in historical methods has arisen lessthrough external challenge to the validity of history17as an intellectual discipline and morefromin ternalquarrels amon

27、g historia nsthemselves人們之所以關(guān)注歷史研究的方法論，主要是因?yàn)?史學(xué)界內(nèi)部意見不一，其次是因?yàn)橥饨绮⒉徽J(rèn)為 歷史是一門學(xué)問。28、not soasIt is not so easy as in dealing with adults.29、rather thanTraditi on ally, legal learni ng has bee n viewed insuch institutions as the special preserve of lawyers,rather than a necessary part of the in tellectualeq

28、uipme nt of an educated pers on.長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)，法律知識(shí)在這類學(xué)校里一直被視為律 師們所專有的，而不是一個(gè)受教育者的知識(shí)素養(yǎng) 的必要組成部分。30、no/not lessthan（一樣，同樣）18Want of care will not less ruin the good man than theman of lax morals the technique of writing is no lessdifficult than that of the other atrs.寫作技巧和其它技巧一樣都很難?！窘馕觥縒ant of care疏忽大意man of lax

29、 morals品行敗壞的人31、no more than=onlyAll his educati on added up to no more tha n oneyear.他只上了一年學(xué)32、no morethan=not only more than（這個(gè)結(jié) 構(gòu)是對(duì)前后兩者的否定）But his primary task is not to think about the moralcode which gover ns his activity, any more than abus in essma n is expected to dedicate his en ergiesto an

30、 explorati on of rules of con duct in bus in ess他最重要的任務(wù)并非考慮左右其行為的道德準(zhǔn) 則，正如一個(gè)生意人不會(huì)將其精力花在探索生意 行為準(zhǔn)則一樣。19【解析】any more tha n a bus in essma n isexpected,is后省略了not被省掉了A home without love is no more a home tha n a bodywithout soul is a man.【解析】without soul is a man.is后的not被省略了。no more可以換成not33、more than+v./

31、adj不僅僅是程度加深 太They may teach well and more tha n earn theirsalaries.Your performa nee is more tha n excelle nt.34、less否定.thanmore肯定 than.這兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中than本身是沒有意義的 主要用法就是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要遵循就近一致原則Not only the stude nts but also the teacher wasinvited.不僅學(xué)生們被邀請(qǐng)，而且那位教師也被 邀請(qǐng)了。20（以下為詳細(xì)用法）“not onlybut also是一個(gè)并列連詞詞組，其意思基本等于“bot

32、hand但側(cè)重點(diǎn)放 在“butalso上”另外該詞組使用時(shí)須遵守一定 的規(guī)則，如要求對(duì)稱，倒裝及主謂一致等。以下 兩個(gè)句子往往被看作是欠妥或錯(cuò)誤的：1. *Sitting up late last night, Tom not only read theassig nment but also many poems by his favouritepoet.2. *Not only the stude nts but also the teacher werein vited.上述兩句第一句欠妥，第二句是錯(cuò)誤的，應(yīng)分別 改為：1. Sitting up late last ni ght, To

33、m read not only theassig nment but also many poems by his favouritepoet.昨晚湯姆熬至深夜，不僅看了課 外作業(yè)，而且讀了他最喜歡的一位詩(shī)人的許多詩(shī)歌。2. Not only the students but also the teacher wasinvited.不僅學(xué)生們被邀請(qǐng)，而且那位教師 也被邀請(qǐng)了。下面就來(lái)談?wù)務(wù)_使用該詞組時(shí)須注意的幾點(diǎn)事項(xiàng)及其常見的幾種變體形式。21一、使用not onlybut also時(shí)須注意的幾占：八、1. not only與but also后面所連接的詞的詞性必 須對(duì)等：Frankin w

34、as con sidered not only an inven tor,but also a statesma n.富蘭克林不僅被看作發(fā)明 家，而且被看作政治家。(2) The nurse was not only compete nt but also kind.這位護(hù)士不僅能干而且親切和藹。(3)They not only broke into his office and stole hisbooks, but also tore up his manu scripts.他們不 僅闖進(jìn)他的辦公室，偷走了他的書，而且還撕掉 了他的手稿。(4) Not only you but also

35、she has to atte nd thecerem ony.不令你而且她也得參加典禮。(5) In producti on, we should always keep an eyenot only on qua ntity but also on quality.在生產(chǎn) 中，我們不僅要關(guān)注數(shù)量，而且要關(guān)注質(zhì)量。(6) They completed the project not only pu nctually22but also perfectly.他們不僅準(zhǔn)時(shí)完 成工程，而且完成得很出色。2. not only只能 連用，而but also既可連用，也可分開用：a. He speak

36、s not only En glish, butalso Fren ch.他不 僅說(shuō)英語(yǔ)，還說(shuō)法語(yǔ)。b.Televisi on is not on lyboring, but it also wastes a lot of time.電視不僅 乏味，而且還浪費(fèi)許多時(shí)間。c. She was not onlycompelled to stay at home, but she was alsoforbidden to see her frien ds.她不僅被強(qiáng)迫蹲在 家中，而且被禁止去看朋友。3謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù) 應(yīng)與butalso后主語(yǔ)的數(shù)保持一致：Notonlyyou but also Mr Z

37、hang teaches in this college.不僅你，張老師也在此學(xué)院教書。4. not only放在句首，后接句子時(shí)要用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)：(1) Not only should proletarians emancipatethemselves but also the whole mankind.無(wú)產(chǎn)者 不僅要解放他們自己，而且要解放全人類。(2) Not on ly does televisi on appeal to those whocan read but to those who cant.電視不僅吸弓丨閱讀的人，而且也吸引了不會(huì)閱讀的人。23(3) Not on ly was everythi ng Albert Ei nstai n hadtake n away but also his citize nship was deprived of.愛因斯坦的財(cái)產(chǎn)不