英語(yǔ)閱讀理解正確項(xiàng)與干擾項(xiàng)地特點(diǎn)

1、實(shí)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文檔高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解專(zhuān)題復(fù)習(xí)一英語(yǔ)閱讀理解正確選項(xiàng)與干擾選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)第一節(jié) 正確選項(xiàng)往往是根據(jù)原文的詞或句進(jìn)行語(yǔ)意轉(zhuǎn)換一般來(lái)說(shuō)，閱讀理解測(cè)試中要求找出主要事實(shí)或特定細(xì)節(jié)的問(wèn)題，在文章中均可找到回答。但是，需要注意的是，這些問(wèn)題的表述常常不是采用文章中的原話，而是根據(jù)原文的詞或句進(jìn)行語(yǔ)意轉(zhuǎn)換。一、利用原文詞句的同義詞句或相似結(jié)構(gòu)，轉(zhuǎn)換表達(dá)形式?！究祭?】Shrilk has great potential, the inventors said. Materials from which it is made are plentiful in nature, found in everyt

2、hing ranging from shrimp shells, insect bodies to living plants. That makes shrilk low cost, and its mass production possible should it be used for products demanding a lot of material. （2012湖南卷 C 篇）68. According to the inventors, shrilk has great potential partly because.A. it can help plastic degr

3、adeB. it can be found in living thingsC. its mass production has been realizedD. its raw materials are abundant inmature【考例2】“We show that Easterners and Westerners look at different face features to read facial expressions, Jack said. a Westerners look at the eyes and the mouth in equal measure, wh

4、ereas Easterners favor the eyes and neglect （忽略）the mouth ”（2010湖南卷C篇）The discovery shows that Westerners.A. pay equal attention to the eyes and the mouthB. consider facial expressions universally reliableC. observe the eyes and the mouth in different waysD. have more difficulty in recognizing facia

5、l expressions二、利用原文詞句的反義詞或相反結(jié)構(gòu)，轉(zhuǎn)換表達(dá)形式?！究祭?3】 Yet despite that, reading is increasingly unpopular among children.According to statistics in 1997 23% said they didn t like reading in all. In 2003, 35% did.And around 6% of children leave primary school each year unable to read properly. （2007 山東 B）Stat

6、istics suggested that.A. the number of top students increased with the use of computersB. a decreasing number of children showed interest in readingC. a minority of primacy school children read properlyD. a huge percentage of children read regularly【考例 4】When I put on my flashlights, I was saying to

7、 other drivers, “I have a problem here. I am weak and doing the best I can. And everyoneunderstood. instead of getting impatient and angry, they waited, knowing the driver in front of them was in some way weak. （2011 廣東卷 A）What did the other drivers do when they saw the flashlights?A. They speed up

8、to pass.B. They waited with patience.C. They tried their best to help.D. They put on their flashlights too.三、通過(guò)詞性變化，轉(zhuǎn)換表達(dá)的形式考例 5 Zack Hocking, the head of Child Trust Funds, said: It s possible that onegood thing to arise from the downturn will be a generation that s financially wiser andbetter equip

9、ped to manage their money through times of economic uncertainty.” （2009山東D） According to Hocking, the global economic crisis might make the youngsters.A. wiser in money managementB. have access to better equipmentC. confident about their future careersD. get jobs in Child Trust Funds四、使用原文的詞句的上下義結(jié)構(gòu)，

10、轉(zhuǎn)換表達(dá)形式?！究祭?6】University applications rose 7% last year, but there were rises above average in several subjects. Nursing saw a 15% jump, with people s renewed interest in careersin the pubic sector（ 部門(mén)）,which are seen as more secure in economic crisis. （2009山東D）Careers in the public sector are more a

11、ttractive because of theirA. greater stabilityB. higher payC. fewer applications D. betterreputation第二節(jié)英語(yǔ)閱讀理解干擾項(xiàng)的設(shè)置特點(diǎn)分析通過(guò)分析干擾項(xiàng)的設(shè)置特點(diǎn)可以為我們提供思考的方向。常用的干擾手段有哪些。干擾項(xiàng)的如下 特點(diǎn)：（一）偷梁換柱。干擾項(xiàng)用了與原文相似的句型結(jié)構(gòu)和大部分相似的詞匯，卻在不易引人注意的地 方換了幾個(gè)詞匯，造成句意的改變?！究祭?】（2011湖南卷 A 篇）When first entered, Vanak Restaurant does not look like m

12、uch of a restaurant, but once the pleasant smells of kabob （烤肉串） hit the senses, you are incapable of calling it anything less.Owned by a local couple, this Persian restaurant has an inviting, homelike atmosphere thatMany restaurants lack.The space is small with only a few dining tables and nearly n

13、o decoration, but environment is truly charming.56. When first entering the restaurant, one can find that.A. is splendidly decoratedB. has pleasant smells of kabobsC. is crowded with dining tablesD. looks like a common restaurant【考例2】（2011湖南卷 A 篇）A common sight is that of old Persian men sitting in

14、the corner talkingloudly about world topics, watching news events on TV, drinking a black tea known asPersian chai, and reading local Persian newspapers all the while trying to finish off their plates piled with food.57. What activity is also mentioned apart from dining in the restaurant?A. Watching

15、 news events on TV.B. Drinking a kind of black coffee.C. Reading local English newspapers.D. Discussing world topics in low voices.（二）在推理判斷中利用詞的表面意義來(lái)設(shè)置干擾推理判斷要求在理解原文表面信息的基礎(chǔ)上，做出一定的判斷和推論，從而得到文章的隱含意義，要注意不能以文字的表面含義代替推理?！究祭?】2 2010 湖南卷 B） But she hasnt always practiced what she teaches. In her book, she d

16、escribes that awful day, almost 40 years ago, when she received two pieces of life-changing news. First, she had lost the baby she was carrying, and second, tests showed that she had diabetes. In a childlike act, she left the hospital and treated herself to a box of doughnuts （ 甜甜圈）.Years would pass

17、 before she realized she had to grow up again and take control of her diabetes, not let it control her. Only then did she kick her three-pack-a-day cigarette habit, overcome her addiction to alcohol, and begin to follow a balanced diet.When Mary received the life-changing news, she.A. lost control o

18、f herselfB. began a balanced dietC. tried to get a treatmentD. behaved in an adult way【考例2】McKay s war records were destroyed during a World War II air bombing on London一an explanation for why he was all but forgotten.But now, thanks to the efforts of Broad and his students, a marker in McKay s memo

19、ry was placed on the university grounds in November 2007.“I found my eyesfilling with tears as I read the word deceased （陣亡）next to his name, said CoreyEverrett , a student who found a picture of Mckay in his uniform.This was such a simpleexample of the fact that he had been a student just like us,

20、but instead of finishing his time at Western, he chose to fight and die for his country.” （2009 湖南卷）We can learn from the last paragraph that McKayA. preferred fight to his studyB. went to war before graduationC. left a picture for Corey EverrettD. set an example for his fellow students【考例3】（2009 3胡

21、d匕）A few years ago, Paul Gerner began to gather a group of architects in Lasvegas to ask them what it would take to design a public school that used 50 percent lessenergy, cost much less to build and obviously improved student learning .I think half ofthem fell off their chairs, Gerner says.How did

22、the architects react to Garner s design requirements ?A. They lost balance in excitement.B. they showed strong disbelief.C. they expressed little interest.D. they burst into cheers.【考例4】I suddenly heard an elephant crying as though frightened. Looking down, I immediately recognized that something wa

23、s wrong, and ran down to the edge of the near bank. There I saw Ma Shwe with her three-month-old calf struggling in the fast-rising water, and it was a life-and-death struggle.Her calf was floating and screaming with fear. Then with a huge effort, shepicked it up in her trunk and tried until she was

24、 able to place the calf on a narrow shelf of rock.Just at this moment, she fell back into the river. If she were carried down, it would be certain death. I knew, as well as she did, that there was one spot where she could get up the bank, but it was on the other side from where she had put her calf.

25、While I was wondering what I could do next, I heard the sound of a mother s love. MaShwe had crossed the river and got up the bank and was making her way back as fast asshe could, roaring（ 吼叫）all the time, but to her calf it was music. （2009寧夏）How did the calf feel about the mother elephants roaring

26、?A. It was a great comfort.B. It was a sign of danger.C. It was a call for help.D. It was a musical note.（三）以偏概全。把文章中的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)當(dāng)主旨，把片面的、次要的觀點(diǎn)當(dāng)成主要觀點(diǎn)。在猜測(cè)文章或段落大意、標(biāo)題以及釋義題中，干擾項(xiàng)總是以偏概全，具體表現(xiàn)為：（1）把文章中的次要觀點(diǎn)、細(xì)節(jié)混進(jìn)體現(xiàn)文章主要觀點(diǎn)、中心思想的選項(xiàng) （2）把超過(guò)文章討論的東西亦作為歸納或結(jié)論混進(jìn)選項(xiàng)。（3）把段落的主旨當(dāng)作文章的主旨?！究祭?】There is a simple economic principle u

27、sed to determine prices. It is called the law ofsupply and demand. Supply means the amount of, or access to, certain goods. Demandrepresents the number of people who want those goods. If there are more goods thanwanted, the price of them falls. On the other hand, if the demand for those goods ismuch

28、 greater than the supply, then price rises. Of course manufacturers prefer to sellmore goods at increased prices.The main purpose of this Paragraph is to tell us that.A. Economic PrinciplesB. Law of Supply and DemandC. More Goods, Lower PricesD. Fewer Goods, Higher Prices【考例2】There is no necessary c

29、onnection between the symbol and that which it stands for.Just as social positions can be symbolized by feathers worn on the head, by gold on thewatch chain, or by a thousand other things according to the culture we live in, so the factof being hungry can be symbolized by a thousand different noises

30、 accordingto theculture we live in. （2005 北京 D）What can we conclude from Paragraph 2?A. Different noise may mean different things.B. Our culture determines what a symbol stands for.C. The language we use symbolizes our social positions.D. Our social positions determine the way we are dressed.【考例3】It

31、 seems that the Englishmen just cannot live without sports of some kind. A famousFrench humorist once said that this is because the English insist on behaving like children all their lives. Wherever you go in this country, you will see both children and grown-ups knocking a ball about with a stick o

32、r something, as if in Britain men shall always remain boys and women girls! Still, it can never be bad to get exercise, can it?The main purpose of Paragraph 1 is to tell us that the English.A. are all sports loversB. behave like childrenC. like to kick a ball aroundD. remain young by getting exercis

33、e（四）張冠李戴。把一個(gè)事物的特征說(shuō)成是另一個(gè)事物的特征， 因果倒置（把因說(shuō)成果，把果說(shuō)成因）;把他人的觀點(diǎn)說(shuō)成是作者的觀點(diǎn)。命題者把文章作者的觀點(diǎn)與他人的觀點(diǎn)混淆起來(lái)，題干問(wèn)的是 作者的觀點(diǎn)，選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)的卻是他人的觀點(diǎn)；或者題干問(wèn)的是他人的觀點(diǎn)，卻把作者的觀點(diǎn)放到 選項(xiàng)中去。【考例1】Many years ago , when I was fresh out of school and working in Denver, I was driving tomy parents home in Missouri for Christmas. I stopped at a gas station

34、（力口油站）about 50miles from Oklahoma City , where I was planning to stop and visit a friend. While I was standing in line at the cash register（ 收款臺(tái)）,I said hello to an older couple who were also paying for gas. （2006 全國(guó) A）The author planned to stop at Oklahoma City.A. to visit a friendB. to see his par

35、entsC. to pay at the cash registerD. to have more gas for his car【考例2】As the paper burns, it needs oxygen and uses up the oxygen（air） in the bottle. The eggacts as a seal in the neck of the bottle, so no more air can get inside. This reduces the air pressure inside the bottle. The air pressure must

36、equalize, so more air from outside must enter the bottle. The outside air pressure against the egg and then the egg is pushed into the bottle! The proves that air is all around and that it is pressing down on it.In the experiment, the burning inside the bottle can.A. equalize the air pressure inside

37、 and outsideB. make a seal in the neck of the bottleC. finish up the oxygen inside the bottleD. produce more oxygen inside thebottle【考例3】One famous surgeon always made it a rule to spend at least 15 minutes on generalreading before he went to sleep each night. Whether he went to bed at 10 p.m. or 2.

38、30a.m. made no difference. Even if you cannot keep to this kind of discipline, it is a goodidea to make sure you always have a general interest book in your pocket. Don t forgetit should be a book which entertains you and the English must not be too difficult foryou.The famous surgeon mentioned in t

39、he first Paragraph exemplifies the people who.A. make it a rule to read at 10 p.m. or 2:30 a.m. every dayB. are in the habit of doing regular reading every day no matter how busy they areC. always have an interesting book in their pocketsD. habitually go to bed late【考例4】A year ago August, Dave Fuss

40、lost his job driving a truck for a small company in westMichigan. His wife, Gerrie, was still working in the local school cafeteria, but work forDave was scarce, and the price of everything was rising. The Fusses were at risk of joiningthe millions of Americans who have lost their homes in recent ye

41、ars. Then Dave andGerrie received a timely gift $ 7,000 , a legacy （ 遺產(chǎn)）from their neighbors Ish and ArleneHatch, who died in an accident .It really made a difference when we were going underfinancially. says Dave. （2009 山東 A）According go the text, the Fusses.A. were employed by a truck companyB. we

42、re in financial difficultyC. worked in a school cafeteriaD. lost their home【考例5】This is not a surprise to public health advocates. They ve studied the effect of statetax increases for years, finding that smokers, especially teens, are price sensitive. Nor is it a shock to the industry, which fiercel

43、y fights every tax increase.The only wonder is that so many states insist on closing their ears to the message.Tobacco taxes improve public health, they raise money and most particularly, they deter people from taking up the habit as teens, which is when nearly all smokers are addicted. Yet the rate

44、 of taxation varies widely.What does the author think is a surprise?（2009 山東 C）A. T een smokers are price sensitive.B. Some states still keep the tobacco tax low.C. Tobacco taxes improve public health.D. Tobacco industry fiercely fights the tax rise.（五）正反倒置1 .把事實(shí)發(fā)生的順序顛倒考例 1 Unlike her 1995 autobiogr

45、aphy, After All, her second book is less about lifeas an award-winning actress and more about living with diabetes （糖尿?。?All the moneyfrom the book is intended for the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation （JDRF）, an organization she serves as international chairman.I felt there was a need for a boo

46、k likethis, “ she says. I didnt want to lecture, but I wanted other diabetics to know that thingsget better when were self-controlled and do our part in managing the disease.” （2010湖南卷B）We can know that before 1995 Mary.A. had two books publishedB. received many career awardsC. knew how to use a com

47、puterD. supported the JDRF by writing2 .把事物的正面影響或負(fù)面影響反過(guò)來(lái)說(shuō)。【考例 2 We have met the enemy and he is ours .We bought him at a pet shop.When monkey-pox, a disease usually found in the African rain forest, suddenly turns up in children in the American Midwest it s hard not to wonder of the disease that com

48、esfrom foreign animals is homing in on human beings. Most of the infections（感染）wethink of as human infections started in other animals“ says Stephen Morse director ofthe Center for Public Health Preparedness at Columbia University.（2009 寧夏 D）From Paragraph I we learn that the pet sold at the shop ma

49、y.A. come from ColumbiaB. prevent us from being infectedC. enjoy being with childrenD. suffer from monkey-pox【考例 3 As the paper burns, it needs oxygen and uses up the oxygen（air） in the bottle.The egg acts as a seal in the neck of the bottle, so no more air can get inside. This reduces the air press

50、ure inside the bottle. The air pressure must equalize, so more air from outside must enter the bottle. The outside air pressure against the egg and then the egg is pushed into the bottle! The proves that air is all around and that it is pressing down on it.In the experiment, the burning inside the b

51、ottle can.A. equalize the air pressure inside and outsideB. make a seal in the neck of the bottleC. finish up the oxygen inside the bottleD. produce more oxygen inside thebottle4.因果倒置（把因說(shuō)成果，把果說(shuō)成因）【考例 4 If you look for a book as a present for a child. You will be spoiled for choice even in a year the

52、re is no new Harry Potter. J.K Rowling s wizard is not alone:the pastdecade has been a harvest for good children s books, which has set off a large quantityof films and an increased sales of classics such as The lard of the Rings. （2007山東 B）Which of the following is true of Paragraph 1?A. Many child

53、ren s books have been adapted from films.B. Many high-quality children s books have been published.C. The sales of classics have led to the popularity of films.D. The sales of presents for children have increased.【考例 5 （2009 安徽 E） A rainforest is an area covered by tall trees with the total high rai

54、nfall spreading quite equally through the year and the temperature rarely dropping below l6 C . Rainforests have a great effect on the world environment because they can take in heat from the sun and adjust the climate. Without the forest cover, these areaswould reflect more heat into the atmosphere

55、, warming the rest of the world. Losing therainforests may also influence wind and rainfall patterns , potentially causing certain natural disasters all over the world.Rainforests can help to adjust the climate because they.A. reflect more heat into the atmosphereB. bring about high rainfall through

56、out the worldC. rarely cause the temperature to drop lower than l6CD. reduce the effect of heat from the sun on the earth4 .把作者觀點(diǎn)的反面說(shuō)成是作者的觀點(diǎn)【考例 6】In a time of low academic achievement by children in the United States, many Americans are turning to Japan, a country of high academic achievement and economic success, for possible answers.However, the answers provided by Japanese preschools are not the ones Americans expected to find. In most Japane