全新版大學(xué)英語第四冊(cè)綜合教程單詞詳解

1、大學(xué)英語單詞一、課文A重點(diǎn)詞匯1. launch v. 發(fā)射；使（船）下水，發(fā)動(dòng)，開展 n. 發(fā)射，下水【例句】 The 100,000 tanner was recently launched. 十萬噸輪最近下水了。 【例句】 Taking up the pen as a weapon, he launched a relentless attack on the capitalist system. 他以筆做武器，對(duì)資本主義制度進(jìn)行了無情的抨擊。 They launched a new attack at dawn. 黎明時(shí)他們發(fā)起了一次新的進(jìn)政。 【例句】China successful

2、ly launched its first man made earth satellite on 24th April 1970. 一九七年四月二十四日，中國(guó)成功地發(fā)射了第一顆人造地球衛(wèi)星。 【擴(kuò)展】launch vehicle 運(yùn)載火箭 launch pad （火箭等的）發(fā)射臺(tái) 2. Conquest n.攻取，征服；克服 詞根： quest找，要求，需要to seek, ask, require 【例句】1) The French conquest was in 1066. 法蘭西征服（英格蘭）發(fā)生在1066年。 2) One of the great achievements of t

3、he modern science and technology is the conquest of space. 現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)的一項(xiàng)偉大成就是對(duì)空間的征服?！究键c(diǎn)】a foreign conquest 外國(guó)人的征服 physical (mental) conquest of disease 身體（精神）對(duì)疾病的征服 the conquest of difficulties (ones passion) 戰(zhàn)勝困難（感情） the conquest of liberty 爭(zhēng)得自由 mans conquests over nature 人類征服自然 3. bog n. (排水不良而使重物陷入的)

4、泥塘,沼澤; (屋外) 廁所 v.陷入泥沼(使)停頓,進(jìn)展困難,被纏住,使進(jìn)展困難 動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行時(shí)： bogging 過去式： bogged 過去分詞： bogged 【例句】 be get bogged down in detail 在細(xì)節(jié)上被纏得無法進(jìn)展 【擴(kuò)展】沼澤；泥沼 marsh morass swamp4. engage vt. 1.使從事于，使忙于 2.占用 3.雇用 4.訂婚 vi. 從事，參加【例句】He is engaged in teaching. 他從事于教學(xué)工作。 He was busily engaged in painting the furniture.他忙于油漆家

5、具?！纠洹縄 couldnt telephone my uncle because his telephone line was engaged. 我不能給叔叔打電話，因?yàn)樗碾娫捳季€了。Housework engages much of her time.家事占用她很多時(shí)間。【例句】They engaged a cook for the summer.那個(gè)夏天他們雇了一個(gè)廚子。【例句】David is engaged to Ann.戴維與安妮訂了婚。【考點(diǎn)】be engaged in(doing sth.)忙于，從事 engage for sth./to do sth. 保證，允諾enga

6、ge sb. as 聘請(qǐng)作5. crucial 詞根： cruc十字交叉；難題cross a.決定性的,緊要關(guān)頭的;嚴(yán)酷的 極困難的; (極) 重要的 【例句】Salt is a crucial ingredient in cooking. 鹽是烹調(diào)的一種重要材料。 The next step is crucial to for our success. 下一個(gè)步驟對(duì)我們的成功非常重要的。 【擴(kuò)展】a crucial moment 關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻,重要關(guān)頭 a crucial experience 艱苦的經(jīng)驗(yàn) a crucial test (有關(guān)事情真?zhèn)?、未來? 決定性的考驗(yàn) 【辨析】詳見易混詞辨

7、析6. occupation名詞 n. 工作；職業(yè); 居??；占據(jù) C 使你忙碌的事情；消遣 【例句】 Whats your occupation? I am a policeman. 你的職業(yè)是什么？我是一個(gè)警察。 He has no fixed occupation. 他沒有固定的職業(yè)?！纠洹縏he new house is ready for occupation. 新屋可以居住了。 【例句】Swimming and rowing are my favorite occupations. 游泳和劃船是我所喜愛的活動(dòng)。 【擴(kuò)展】occupy占，占用；占據(jù)，占領(lǐng)；使忙碌，使從事7. exil

8、e n. 1.流放，放逐，充軍 2.被流放者 vt. 流放，放逐from，把充軍【例句】go into exile 被放逐,流亡 in exile 被放逐的,流亡的 after an exile of ten years 十年的放逐 流亡 之后 【例句】He was exiled from his own country. 他被逐出自己的國(guó)家。 【考點(diǎn)】 oneself 亡命,流亡,離鄉(xiāng)背井8. instruct vt.指示；通知give orders or directions to sb. (used in the patterns: instruct sb. to do sth.; in

9、struct sb. that); 教teach sb. (used in the pattern: instruct sb. in / on sth.)【例句】 My boss instructed me to type the letters quickly. 我的老板指示我趕快打好這些信件。 【例句】The professor instructed us that we had one month to conduct the project.教授通知我們用一個(gè)月時(shí)間來完成項(xiàng)目。【例句】The teacher instructed us in geography. 這老師教我們的地理課。

10、9. render vt. 致使；使成; 給予；報(bào)答；歸還; 表演；扮演; 翻譯【例句】I was rendered unconscious by the blow. 猛烈一擊使我失去了知覺。 An accident has rendered him helpless. 一件意外使他束手無策。 【例句】 I can render you any assistance in the matter. 這件事情上我能給予你幫助。 【例句】 His part in the drama was admirably rendered. 在這一戲劇里他的角色扮演得令人贊美。 There are many E

11、nglish idioms that can not be rendered into other languages. 有很多英語習(xí)語很難譯為別種語言。 10. casualty pl. casualtiesn. C傷亡人員, (意外事故造成的) 死傷 (者), 受害人，損失的東西; 意外的災(zāi)難; 橫禍; 意外的傷害The enemy suffered heavy casualties. 敵人傷亡慘重。Casualty lists were published the day after the train accident.傷亡名單在火車意外事件發(fā)生后的第二天就公布了。【考點(diǎn)】casual

12、ty insurance 意外保險(xiǎn) heavy slight casualties 慘重 輕微 的傷亡11. siege n. (城堡、都市等的) 圍攻; 圍城 圍困 期間; (疾病、不幸等的) 長(zhǎng)期 (困擾) 【例句】 siege warfare 圍攻戰(zhàn) stand a long siege 抵住長(zhǎng)期的圍困 Troy was under siege for ten years. 特洛伊城被圍困了十年。 【例句】 have a siege of flu 受流行性感冒的長(zhǎng)期折磨 【考點(diǎn)】lay siege to. 圍攻12. reckon (詞根： reck算帳；計(jì)算account ) v. 認(rèn)

13、為,估計(jì); 指望,想要; 測(cè)算 vi. 依賴,仗恃,指望,寄望on【例句】1) I reckon him the best swimmer in my class. 我認(rèn)為他是我班上最善于游泳的人。 Most of the population there are reckoned as reckoned to be uneducated. 那里的大多數(shù)居民被認(rèn)為是沒有受教育的【例句】1) I am not reckoning on her help. 我并不指望她的幫助。 We did not reckon on finding you here. 我們沒想到會(huì)在這里看到你。 【擴(kuò)展】vt.

14、 I 與主要從句并列,或作插句使用 以為She will come soon, I reckon. 我想她馬上就來。 【考點(diǎn)】13. toll vt. 緩慢而有規(guī)律地敲響 ,鳴; .征收 n.鐘聲 ；費(fèi)用（尤指道路、橋梁之通行費(fèi)）;傷亡人數(shù)【例句】 toll a bell at a persons death 為某人之死而鳴鐘 【例句】The toll of road deaths and injuries is on the rise.交通事故的傷亡人數(shù)還在上漲。The local government was allowed to charge tolls for the use of t

15、he roads.當(dāng)?shù)卣庹魇者^路費(fèi)?！究键c(diǎn)】the toll of the roads交通事故的傷亡人數(shù) toll call 長(zhǎng)途電話toll-bar/-gate (征收過路費(fèi)的)關(guān)卡二、課文A重點(diǎn)短語1. in the case of: as far as is concerned 至于，就來說【例句】In the case of a highly intelligent animal, elementary training is easy. 就高度靈敏的動(dòng)物而言,初級(jí)訓(xùn)練并不難。【辨析】In case of fire, open this safety door.一旦發(fā)生火災(zāi)時(shí),打

16、開這扇安全門?！究键c(diǎn)】in case （of ）如果發(fā)生,萬一；in any case 無論如何 in no case決不 in this/that case 若是這樣（那樣）的話 a case in point一個(gè)恰當(dāng)?shù)睦?. stand / get / be in the way: prevent from doing sth.擋道；妨礙【例句】He is bad-tempered and wont listen to anybody, so youd better not stand in his way.她脾氣暴躁,不聽人勸告,你最好不要去阻礙他?！纠洹縄 dont think k

17、ids have as much fun as we used to. Fierce competition keeps getting in the way of their development. 我認(rèn)為孩子們沒有我們過去那么多的樂趣。激烈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)妨礙了他們的發(fā)展?！究键c(diǎn)】pave the way for 為做準(zhǔn)備工作，使準(zhǔn)備接受（改革）等；go ones way 動(dòng)身；出發(fā) go out of ones way( to do sth.) 特意（花心血，時(shí)間等）做某事；故意做某事 make ones way in life發(fā)跡，成功make ones way (to/towards) （向

18、）走去 lead the way 帶路，帶頭，示范 by way of 由，經(jīng)過；作為，當(dāng)作，代替 by the way 順路，順便說 on the/ones way 在路上，在途中 out of the way 奇特的，不同尋常的out- of the- way遙遠(yuǎn)的，荒僻的 in the family way （俗）懷孕 in a big/small way 在（?。┮?guī)模地 to my way of thinking我認(rèn)為3. be / get bogged down: be unable to make progress（使）陷入泥潭；不能前進(jìn)【例句】 The truck got bog

19、ged down in the mud.卡車陷進(jìn)泥漿中?！纠洹縏he talks with the union leaders bogged(vi.) down on the questions of wages.和工會(huì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的談判在工資問題上陷入了僵局【例句】The local government got bogged down in problems of how to handle the air pollution.地方政府在如何處理空氣污染的問題上陷入了僵局。4. take a gamble: take a risk 冒險(xiǎn)【例句】 I think shes taking a ga

20、mble investing all her money in stocks.我認(rèn)為她把錢都買了股票，是在冒險(xiǎn)?！纠洹縏he company took a gamble by cutting the price of their products, and it paid off.公司降低產(chǎn)品價(jià)格，冒了很大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，但取得了成功。5. press on / ahead: continue doing sth. in a determined way (used in the pattern: press on / ahead with sth.)（不顧困難）繼續(xù)前進(jìn)【例句】 Despite f

21、ierce opposition, the government is pressing on with its campaign to eliminate corruption.盡管遇到激烈的反對(duì)，政府繼續(xù)開展清除腐敗的活動(dòng)。6. bide ones time: wait patiently for a chance等待時(shí)機(jī)【例句】Jack was hurt deeply, and he bided his time for revenge.杰克受了很深的傷害,他等待著報(bào)仇的時(shí)機(jī)。7. drag on: move slowly and with effort; continue endles

22、sly and tediously緩慢費(fèi)力地走；拖延【例句】How much longer is the meeting going to drag on?會(huì)議還要拖多久呢？8. at the cost of: with the loss of以為代價(jià)【例句】 He saved the girl from drowning at the cost of his own life.他舍身把溺水的姑娘救出來。The local government developed its economy but at the cost of environment.地方政府以破壞環(huán)境為代價(jià)來發(fā)展地方經(jīng)濟(jì)?！究?/p>

23、點(diǎn)】at all costs /at any cost 不惜任何代價(jià)；無論如何 count the cost事前詳細(xì)盤算得失等 to ones cost 使某人遭受損失或不便9. catch sb. off guard: take sb. by surprise趁某人不備【例句】The reporters question caught the foreign minister off guard.The invitation to his wedding caught me off guard.【考點(diǎn)】catch at 抓住；伸手拿 catch sb. at it /catch sb. In

24、 the act (of doing sth.)當(dāng)場(chǎng)抓住，撞見某人做某事catch hold of 抓??；握??；捉住catch on (1) 了解(2) 風(fēng)行；流行catch sight of 突然看到；發(fā)現(xiàn)catch sb. out 撞破；識(shí)破catch up(with sb.) 趕上，追catch ones breath（因吃驚等）屏息10.bring to a halt: stop completely使停止【例句】Production in many factories has been brought to a halt by the delayed arrival of raw m

25、aterials. 許多工廠的生產(chǎn)都因原材料遲遲未到而停止。11. turn the tide (against): change what looks like defeat into victory徹底改變形勢(shì)（造成對(duì)不得），扭轉(zhuǎn)潮流【例句】Soviet victory in Stalingrad turned the tide of the war in Europe.斯大林格勒的（蘇維埃革命）勝利扭轉(zhuǎn)了歐洲的革命局勢(shì)?！緮U(kuò)展】Time and tide wait for no man.(prov.) Tide passes quickly,so do not delay taking

26、action.（諺）歲月不饒人 Christmas tide 圣誕季 high tide 高潮 the high tide of fortune 福星高照 low tide 低潮 【考點(diǎn)】flow like the tide人如潮涌go/carry with the tide 隨波逐流12. thanks to: because of由于，因?yàn)椤纠洹縏hanks to her financial support, the two children in the remote village could go to school.由于她的經(jīng)濟(jì)援助，邊遠(yuǎn)鄉(xiāng)村的兩個(gè)小孩能夠上學(xué)了。Thanks t

27、o your help we were successful. 由于你的幫助我們成功了?！究键c(diǎn)】thanks to my foresight 幸虧我有先見之明 三、課文A易混詞辨析1. ground, earth, soil和land用法辨析：(1) ground主要指大地表面。如：They are all lying on the ground. 他們都躺在地上。(2) earth著重指與天空相對(duì)的大地，也指區(qū)別于巖石的泥土。如：The plane fell to the earth.飛機(jī)降落在地面上。This worm eats earth. 這類蟲子吃泥土。(3) soil主要指富有有機(jī)

28、物，宜于耕種的土壤。如：This soil is good for growing rice. 這種土壤宜于種水稻。(4) land 還可作“陸地”解 (相對(duì)于大海sea 而言)。如：The balloon burst and fell to land. 氣球爆了，落在地上。A strong wind is blowing from the sea toward the land. 一陣大風(fēng)從海上吹到陸地。Air pollution alone causes almost three million deaths. 單單大氣污染就幾乎造成三百萬人死亡。2. war, campaign, bat

29、tle, fight, strugglewar 解作“戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)狀態(tài)”或“戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)”，前者用作不可數(shù)名詞，后者用作可數(shù)名詞，往往指的是包括一系列戰(zhàn)役的整個(gè)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。campaign 意為“戰(zhàn)役”，指在某一地區(qū)進(jìn)行的一連串有固定目的的軍事行動(dòng)。battle 也作“戰(zhàn)役”解，其規(guī)模比 campaign 小，還可作“戰(zhàn)斗”解，指的是一場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)或一次戰(zhàn)役中的具體戰(zhàn)斗，只能只持續(xù)幾小時(shí)，也可能持續(xù)若干天。fight 意為“戰(zhàn)斗”，往往指戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上的搏斗，還可作“打架”解。struggle 意為“斗爭(zhēng)”，常側(cè)重于精神上或政治上的斗爭(zhēng)。His work was stopped, however, by the First Wo

30、rld War.然而，由于第一次世界大戰(zhàn)，他的（研究）工作停頓了。Did you serve in either of my last two campaigns?我的上兩次戰(zhàn)役你參加過一次沒有？ No one was killed in that battle.那次戰(zhàn)斗中無一人陣亡。It is a fight between life and death.這是一場(chǎng)生死搏斗。Many of these songs called on the workers to take up the struggle.這些歌曲中有許多是號(hào)召工人們起來斗爭(zhēng)的。3. acute, critical, cruci

31、al, urgent這一組形容詞都有嚴(yán)重的，重要的意思。1) acute a.劇烈的，嚴(yán)重的；急性的(病)。An acute lack of food brought hunger to the Iraqi people.食品嚴(yán)重缺乏，伊拉克人民正在忍饑挨餓。2) critical a.意為關(guān)鍵的，表示處于極度缺乏的狀態(tài)或事件的轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)，與crucial相似。與crucial的區(qū)別在于它對(duì)缺乏的或危急的程度有更準(zhǔn)確的衡量；還指批判性的，分析性的。It is critical that you study hard for the exam or you will fail it.為了考好你必須用

32、功學(xué)習(xí)，否則你會(huì)不及格的。3) crucial a.意為決定性的，緊要關(guān)頭的，至關(guān)重要的，最為籠統(tǒng)，適用于上述兩種情況。Improved consumer confidence is crucial to an economic recovery.消費(fèi)者信心的增強(qiáng)對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的復(fù)蘇是至關(guān)重要的。附加辨析decisive和decideddecisive “果斷的，斷然的”； decisive measures 斷然的措施。decided “明確的，無疑的”；a decided success 明顯的成功。4) urgent a.意為緊迫的，急迫的，緊要的，它不強(qiáng)調(diào)所指的問題是最重要的，僅強(qiáng)調(diào)緊急的狀態(tài)

33、。We have an urgent need for help; we are running out of water.我們急需要幫助，我們的水就快要用光了。4. attack, assail, assault, charge, beset, descend on, overtake, storm攻打，進(jìn)攻1) 一切具有進(jìn)攻性的行為，特別是指無緣無故地用武力偷襲敵人attack2) 用武力或其他手段突然打擊敵人，特別是猛烈的連續(xù)襲擊 assail3) 用武力相互攻擊對(duì)方，特別指肉搏戰(zhàn)assault 4) 沖擊或騎兵的突然攻擊charge5) 從各個(gè)方向攻擊beset6) 指捕食的鷹俯沖下來

34、捕捉犧牲品，但它常常用于形象的比喻descend on7) 暴風(fēng)雨、麻煩等突然降臨某人、某個(gè)地方 overtake8) 用炮彈、煙火彈或?qū)椷M(jìn)行攻擊 bombard9) 試圖去破壞有防守的，筑有工事的地方storm例句：歹徒時(shí)常在黑暗的街道上攻擊被害者。Muggers often assault their victims on dark streets.5. retire, retreat, withdraw, flee, fly 這些動(dòng)詞均含“退下、退卻”之意。1) Retire,指從公開或公共場(chǎng)合退下到私下場(chǎng)所，也指被免除職務(wù)或自動(dòng)辭職、退役等。2) Retreat, 含消極意味，多指被

35、迫采取退下或退卻的行動(dòng)。3) Withdraw, 側(cè)重因某種原因而有意離開，常含禮貌、謙恭等理由。也指軍隊(duì)的撤退4) flee, 書面用詞，側(cè)重指逃跑時(shí)動(dòng)作匆忙，多含懼怕之意。5) fly含義與flee相同，但系非正式用詞。四、課文A語篇與難點(diǎn)課文語篇I課文主題Throughout the history of mankind, there have been many conquerors. Chengis Khan spent his entire life conquering neighboring peoples and expanding the Mongolian Empire.

36、 Many Roman Emperors did the same for the Rome empire so much so that at one time they ruled modern-day Great Britain.Both the Mongolian and Roman Empires had their rise and fall in the distant past. Yet if we want to examine conquerors, there is no need to go back that far. This text will focus on

37、Napoleon and Hitler.Man changes nature in order to live. However, man must also be careful not to disregard the laws of nature. In this text, Napoleon and Hitler launched military campaigns against Russia (the Soviet Union), but they both ignored the raw, bitter, bleak Russian winter the Icy Defende

38、r. As a result, they both failed. Warm-up 1) Discussion: Man or nature, which is more powerful?2) Ss form groups to analyze the similarities and differences between the two invasions. When they finish, some Ss groups report to class.3) A Comparison-and-Contrast Analysis of the Two Invasions (參見教師用書P

39、3II) Cultural Notes (參見教師用書P4-7)II課文結(jié)構(gòu)Text organizationPart one (Paras 1-2) IntroductionBoth Napoleons and Hitlers military campaigns failed because of the severity of the Russian winter.Part two (Paras 3-11) Napoleons military campaign against RussiaPart three (Paras 12-20) Hitlers military campaig

40、n against the Soviet UnionPart four (Paras 21) ConclusionThe elements of nature must be reckoned with in any military campaign.課文重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)1. But he was not prepared for the devastating enemy that met him in Moscow- the raw, bitter, bleak Russian winter. 但他沒有料到在莫斯科他會(huì)遭遇勁敵俄羅斯陰冷凄苦的寒冬。But表轉(zhuǎn)折。定語從句that met him

41、 in Moscow修飾the devastating enemy。The raw, bitter, bleak Russian winter 作 enemy 的同位語。2. In August, the French and Russian armies engaged at Smolensk, in a battle that left over ten thousand dead on each side.到了八月，法俄兩軍在斯摩棱斯克交戰(zhàn)，這一戰(zhàn)役中，雙方各有上萬人陣亡。本句中，定語從名that left over ten thousand dead on each side 修飾 a

42、 battle.3. The French retreat turned into a nightmare. From fields and forests, the Russians launched hit-and-run attacks on the French法軍的撤離成為一場(chǎng)噩夢(mèng)。俄國(guó)人出沒于田野與森林，采用打了就跑的戰(zhàn)術(shù)，向法國(guó)人發(fā)起攻擊。此句中,from fields and forests作地點(diǎn)狀語。合成短語Hit-and-run 作定語，修飾attack.4. To the east of Hitlers German empire was the Soviet Union

43、.希特勒的德意志亮帝國(guó)的東部與蘇聯(lián)毗鄰。此句為倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。The Soviet Union 為主語。正常語序?yàn)門he Soviet Union was to the east of Hitlers German empire.注意介詞to與at, in, on 在表地點(diǎn)方面的區(qū)別。5. On June 22, 1941, without a declaration of war, Hitler began an invasion of the Soviet Union that was the largest military land campaign in history. Confiden

44、t of a quick victory, Hitler expected the campaign to last no longer than three months. 1941年6月22日，希特勒不宣而戰(zhàn)，入侵蘇聯(lián)，發(fā)動(dòng)了歷史上規(guī)模最大的一場(chǎng)陸地戰(zhàn)役。希特勒自信能速戰(zhàn)速?zèng)Q，預(yù)計(jì)這一戰(zhàn)役不會(huì)超過3個(gè)月。此句中,定語從句that was the largest military land campaign in history修飾an invasion。Confident of a quick victory 為定語從句短語作原因狀語。no longer than ，為比較級(jí)短語，表前者不

45、如后者更長(zhǎng)，（時(shí)間上）不會(huì)超過。6. Caught off guard by the invasion, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin instructed the Russian people to “scorch the earth” in front of the German invaders.蘇聯(lián)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人約瑟夫.斯大林被打了個(gè)措手不及，他指示全國(guó)人民在德國(guó)入侵者到來之前實(shí)行“焦土”政策。過去分詞短語caught off guard by the invasion, 表示原因狀語。Instruct sb. to do sth. 指示某人做某事。7. As Hit

46、lers armies drew closer and closer to Moscow, an early, severe winter settled over the Soviet Union, the harshest in years.正當(dāng)希特勒的軍隊(duì)逼近莫斯科時(shí)，寒冷的冬季早早地降臨蘇聯(lián)，那是多年不遇的嚴(yán)寒。此句是一個(gè)含有as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句的復(fù)合句。Closer and closer為比較級(jí)連用，表示“愈來愈（近）”。The harshest 后面省略了winter, 最高級(jí)短語the harshest 為主語an early, severe winter 的同位語。8. Wi

47、th little or no shelter from the winter cold in and around Stalingrad, German troops were further weakened by a lack of food and supplies. Not until January 1943 did the Germans give up their siege. 德國(guó)軍隊(duì)在斯大林格勒城內(nèi)外幾乎沒有擋風(fēng)避寒的地方，食品和補(bǔ)給的匱乏更使其元?dú)獯髠?。直?943年1月德國(guó)人才放棄圍城。 介詞短語with little or no shelter from 作主句的原因

48、狀語。Not until 表“直到，才”，放于句首，引起句子倒裝。常表強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間之用。正常語序?yàn)閠he Germans did not give up their siege until January 1943.句型結(jié)構(gòu)1. 地點(diǎn)介詞at、on、in、to 1）at 在較小的場(chǎng)所，in在較大的場(chǎng)所，on在的平面上。如at the door、at the airport、at the station、at 55 Park Street、in China、in the north、in Asia、on the desk、on the wall等。 2）on、at、in還可以表示兩地相對(duì)位置。若A地

49、屬于B地，用in;A地位于B地的外面且有邊緣銜接用on；無邊緣的銜接有to。如： Japan lies to the east of China.(范圍之外) Taiwan lies in the southeast of China.（范圍之外） Hunan province lies on the west of Hubei province.(毗鄰) The island lies off the coast of China.(相隔一定距離) 3）地點(diǎn)介詞的引申、比喻意義：in the sun在陽光下，in the dark(ness)在黑暗中，in the dark不知道，in fr

50、eezing weather在嚴(yán)寒天氣中，in the mud在泥中，in the earth在地下,in the desert在沙漠中,in a heavy rain 在大雨中，in the snow / wind在雪/風(fēng)中,in public 當(dāng)眾，in trouble 在困境中，get into trouble陷入困境，out of trouble擺脫困難，beyond hope絕望。2. by surprise, in surprise與to ones surprise：by surprise用于take by surprise 出乎意料；對(duì)突然襲擊。例如：He took me by

51、surprise when he suddenly appeared at the door.他突然出現(xiàn)在門口，這使我感到意外。in surprise 驚訝地例如：He looked at me in surprise. 他驚訝地看著我。to ones surprise 使某人驚訝的是。例如：To my surprise he got full marks in the physics test.使我驚訝的是他物理得了滿分。to ones n.令某人感到的是, 類似結(jié)構(gòu)短語有：to ones delight 令某人高興的是，其中delight是名詞，用在以下結(jié)構(gòu)中： to ones joy令某

52、人高興的是 to ones sorrow令某人傷心的是 to ones excitement令某人激動(dòng)的是 to ones encouragement令某人感到鼓舞的是 to ones disappointment令某人失望的是3. 不定式不定式在句中可以作主語、賓語、狀語、補(bǔ)語和定語。作主語和賓語時(shí)，常用it做形式主語（或賓語），而將不定式移到后面，有時(shí)還需用for/of+代詞/名詞引出不定式的邏輯主語。for與of用法不一樣，of之前的形容詞常表示某人的性格品質(zhì)，如honest，kind，nice，rude等。例如:It is wise of you to have made prepar

53、ations in advance.（英明是人的性格特征。）一些形容詞如able，apt，certain，eager，lucky等常由不定式來修飾。如He was lucky to find his lost wallet.不帶to的不定式使用場(chǎng)合極多:1）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后2）had better，would/had rather，would sooner，had best，would just as soon，might as well，cannot but等搭配之后 3）make，let，leave等使役動(dòng)詞之后4）see，watch等感官動(dòng)詞之后5）主語從句中帶有do的某種形式，主語補(bǔ)語的不

54、定式to可以省去。如What I want to do at present is（to）have a rest.6）except，but之前有動(dòng)詞do的某種形式，其后的不定式不帶to。如At present we can do nothing but wait.7）rather than，sooner than放句首時(shí)，其后的不定式不帶to。如Rather than risk breaking his marriage he told his wife everything.8）Why（not）.?結(jié)構(gòu)中用不帶to的不定式9）help之后可以用或不用to五、課文B重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)1. It too

55、k more than a year for military planers to orchestrate every movement of troops, artillery, ships and aircraft and to set everything in place for the move that was to open up a second front in Europe. （line 5-7）軍事家運(yùn)籌帷幄，用了一年多的時(shí)間部署軍隊(duì)、大炮、船只和飛機(jī)，為這一行動(dòng)作了周密安排，以便在歐洲開辟第二戰(zhàn)線。在句中，it是全句的形式主語，不定式短語to orchestrate and to set.是全句的真實(shí)主語。more than為比較級(jí)短語，“比更多，多于，不僅”；not more than 不超過；no more than “不過；僅僅”。例如：Winter sleep is more than sleep. 冬眠不僅僅是睡覺。She is not more than thirty. 她不超過三十歲。She is no more than thirty.She is only thirty. 她只不過