中學(xué)英語中考應(yīng)考語法全集_百度文庫

1、中學(xué)英語中考應(yīng)考語法全集中學(xué)英語語法網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖一.名詞I. 名詞的種類:專有名詞普通名詞團(tuán)體.機(jī)構(gòu)名稱可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞個體名詞集體名詞抽象名詞物質(zhì)名詞II. 名詞的數(shù):1. 規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式:名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,一般在單數(shù)形式后面加-s或-es?，F(xiàn)將構(gòu)成方法與讀音規(guī)則列表如下:規(guī)則例詞1 一般情況在詞尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2 以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dis h-dishes3 以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的詞變-f和-fe為v再加-es

2、 leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-kniv es, loaf-loaves, wife-wives加-s belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs4 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,變y為i加-es party-parties, family-families, stor y-stories, city-cities5 以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,或?qū)Ｓ忻~以y結(jié)尾的,加-s toy-toys, boy-boy s, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Hen

3、rys6 以輔音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞一般加-es hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-po tatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外來詞加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos兩者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7 以元音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞加-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8 以-th結(jié)尾的名詞加-s truth-truths, mouth-m

4、ouths, month-months, path-paths,2. 不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù):英語里有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的,現(xiàn)歸納如下:規(guī)則例詞1 改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose -geese, mouse-mice2 單復(fù)數(shù)相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin,3 只有復(fù)數(shù)形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, con tents4 一些集體名

5、詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù)people, police, cattle, staff5 部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)(整體也可以作復(fù)數(shù)(成員audience, class, f amily, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, p ublic, enemy, party6 復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別含義customs(海關(guān), forces(軍隊, times(時代, spirits(情緒, drinks(飲料, sands(沙灘, papers(文件報紙, manners(禮貌, looks(外表, b rains(頭

6、腦智力, greens(青菜, ruins(廢墟7 表示“某國人” 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europ eans單復(fù)數(shù)同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman結(jié)尾的改為-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen8 合成名詞將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-telle rs, boy friends無主體名詞時將最后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)grown-ups, hous

7、ewives, stopwatches將兩部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)women singers, men servantsIII. 名詞的所有格:名詞在句中表示所有關(guān)系的語法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分兩種:一是名詞詞尾加s構(gòu)成,二是由介詞of加名詞構(gòu)成。前者多表示有生命的東西,后者多表示無生命的東西。1. s所有格的構(gòu)成:單數(shù)名詞在末尾加s the boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,復(fù)數(shù)名詞一般在末尾加 the teachers room, the twins mother,不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加s the childrens toys, women

8、s rights,以s結(jié)尾的人名所有格加s或者 Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths ho use表示各自的所有關(guān)系時,各名詞末尾均須加s Japans and Americas problems, J anes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有關(guān)系時在最后一詞末加s Japan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表示"某人家""店鋪",所有格后名詞省略the doctors, the barbers, the tai lors, my uncl

9、es2. s所有格的用法:1表示時間todays newspaper,five weeks holiday2 表示自然現(xiàn)象the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3 表示國家城市等地方的名詞the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chin as industry4 表示工作群體the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory5 表示度量衡及價值a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples6 與人類活動有特殊關(guān)系的名

10、詞the lifes time, the plays plot7 某些固定詞組a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits end(不知所措3. of所有格的用法:用于無生命的東西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的東西,尤其是有較長定語時:the classrooms of the first-year stud ents用于名詞化的詞:the struggle of the oppressed二.冠詞冠詞分為不定冠詞(a, an,定冠詞(the,和零冠詞。I. 不定冠詞的用法:

11、1 指一類人或事,相當(dāng)于a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly.2 第一次提及某人某物,非特指A boy is waiting for you.3 表示“每一”相當(dāng)于every,one We study eight hours a day.4 表示“相同”相當(dāng)于the same We are nearly of an age.5 用于人名前,表示不認(rèn)識此人或與某名人有類似性質(zhì)的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.6 用于固定

12、詞組中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7 用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one.8 用于so(as, too, how+形容詞之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish t o meet.II. 定冠詞的用法:1 表示某一類人或物The horse is a useful animal.2 用于世上獨一無二的事物名詞前the univer

13、se, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3 表示說話雙方都了解的或上文提到過的人或事Would you mind opening the door?4 用于樂器前面play the violin, play the guitar5 用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類人the reach, the living, the wounded6 表示“一家人”或“夫婦” the Greens, the Wangs7 用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞副詞比較級最高級前He is the taller of the two childre n.8 用于國家黨派等以及江河湖海,山川群島的名詞前the Uni

14、ted States, the Co mmunist Party of China, the French9 用于表示發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前The compass was invented in China.10 在逢十的復(fù)數(shù)數(shù)詞之前,指世紀(jì)的某個年代in the 1990s11 用于表示單位的名詞前I hired the car by the hour.12 用于方位名詞,身體部位名詞,及表示時間的詞組前He patted me on the shoulder.III. 零冠詞的用法:1 專有名詞,物質(zhì)名詞,抽象名詞,人名地名等名詞前Beijing University, Jack, China

15、, love, air2 名詞前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制I want this book, n ot that one. / Whose purse is this?3 季節(jié),月份,星期,節(jié)假日,一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spri ng4 表示職位,身份,頭銜的名詞前Lincoln was made President of America.5 學(xué)科,語言,球類,棋類名詞前He likes playing football/chess.6 與by連用表示交通工具的名詞前by train, by

16、 air, by land7 以and連接的兩個相對的名詞并用時husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night8 表示泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前Horses are useful animals.三.代詞:I. 代詞可以分為以下七大類:1 人稱代詞主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they賓格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2 物主代詞形容詞性my, your, his, her, its, our, their名詞性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours,

17、theirs3 反身代詞myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, them selves4 指示代詞this, that, these, those, such, some5 疑問代詞who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6 關(guān)系代詞that, which, who, whom, whose, as7 不定代詞one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ li

18、ttle/ a few/ a little,other/ another, all/ both, neither/ eitherII. 不定代詞用法注意點:1. one, some與any:1 one可以泛指任何人,也可特指,復(fù)數(shù)為ones。some多用于肯定句,any多用于疑問句和否定句。One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I dont have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask.2 some可用于疑問句中,表示盼望得到肯定的答復(fù),或者表示建議,請求

19、等。Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money?3 some 和any修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時,some表示某個,any表示任何一個。I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.4 some和數(shù)詞連用表示“大約”,any可與比較級連用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today? 2. each和ever

20、y:each強調(diào)個別,代表的數(shù)可以是兩個或兩個以上,而every強調(diào)整體,所指的數(shù)必須是三個或三個以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us has a dictionary. / We ea ch have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.3. none和no:no等于not any,作定語。none作主語或賓語,代替不可數(shù)名詞,謂語用單數(shù),代替可數(shù)名詞,謂語單

21、復(fù)數(shù)皆可以。There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle? None.None of the students are (is afraid of difficulties.4. other和another:1 other泛指“另外的,別的”常與其他詞連用,如:the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way,the other特指兩者中的另外一個,復(fù)數(shù)為the others。如:He held a book in one

22、 hand and his notes in the other.Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.2 another指“又一個,另一個”無所指,復(fù)數(shù)形式是others,泛指“別的人或事”如:I dont like this shirt, please show me another (one.The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.Some like football, while other

23、s like basketball.5. all和both, neither和eitherall表示不可數(shù)名詞時,其謂語動詞用單數(shù)。both和all加否定詞表示部分否定,全部否定用neither和none.All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English.Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.四.形容詞和副詞I. 形容詞:1.

24、形容詞的位置:1 形容詞作定語通常前置,但在下列情況后置:1 修飾some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時nobo dy absent, everything possible2 以-able, -ible結(jié)尾的形容詞可置于有最高級或only修飾的名詞之后the best book available, the only solution possible3 alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置the only person awake4 和空間、時間、單位連用時a bridge 50 meter

25、s long5 成對的形容詞可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful6 形容詞短語一般后置a man difficult to get on with2 多個形容詞修飾同一個名詞的順序:代詞數(shù)詞性狀形容詞冠詞前的形容詞冠詞指示代詞不定代詞代詞所有格序數(shù)詞基數(shù)詞性質(zhì)狀態(tài)大小長短形狀新舊溫度顏色國籍產(chǎn)地材料質(zhì)地名詞allbothsuch theathisanotheryour secondnext onefour beautifulgoodpoor largeshortsquare newcool blackyellow ChineseLondon silkston

26、e3 復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成:1 形容詞+名詞+ed kind-hearted 6 名詞+形容詞world-famous2 形容詞+形容詞dark-blue 7 名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞peace-loving3 形容詞+現(xiàn)在分詞ordinary-looking 8 名詞+過去分詞snow-covered4 副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞hard-working 9 數(shù)詞+名詞+ed three-egged5 副詞+過去分詞newly-built 10 數(shù)詞+名詞twenty-yearII. 副詞副詞的分類:1 時間副詞soon, now, early, finally, once, recently 5 頻度副詞alway

27、s, often, frequently, seldom, never2 地點副詞here, nearby, outside, upwards, above 6 疑問副詞how, where, wh en, why3 方式副詞hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really 7 連接副詞how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile4 程度副詞almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather 8 關(guān)系副詞when, where, whyIII. 形容詞和副詞比較等級

28、:形容詞和副詞的比較等級分為原級,比較級和最高級。比較級和最高級的構(gòu)成一般是在形容詞和副詞后加-er和-est,多音節(jié)和一些雙音節(jié)詞前加more 和most。1. 同級比較時常常用asas以及not so(asas如:I am not so good a pl ayer as you are.2. 可以修飾比較級的詞有:much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。3. 表示一方隨另一方變化時用“the morethe more”句型。如:The harder yo u

29、work, the more progress you will make.4. 用比較級來表達(dá)最高級的意思。如:I have never spent a more worrying da y.5. 表示倍數(shù)的比較級有如下幾種句型:Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours.6. 表示“最高程度“的形容詞沒有最高級和比較級。如:favourite, excellent, ext

30、r eme, perfect。五.介詞I. 介詞分類:1 簡單介詞about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, dur ing, in, on2 合成介詞inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, withou t3 短語介詞according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, than ks to4 雙重介詞from among, from behind,

31、from under, till after, in between5 分詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的介詞considering(就而論, including6 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的介詞like, unlike, near, next, oppositeII. 常用介詞區(qū)別:1 表示時間的in, on, at at表示片刻的時間,in表示一段的時間,on總是與日子有關(guān)2 表示時間的since, from since 指從過去到現(xiàn)在的一段時間,和完成時連用,fr om指從時間的某一點開始3 表示時間的in, after in指在一段時間之后,after表示某一具體時間點之后或用在過去時的一段時間中4 表示地理位置的in

32、, on, to in表示在某范圍內(nèi),on指與什么毗鄰,to指在某環(huán)境范圍之外5 表示“在上”的on, in on只表示在某物的表面上,in表示占去某物一部分6 表示“穿過”的through, across through表示從內(nèi)部通過,與in有關(guān),across表示在表面上通過,與on有關(guān)7 表示“關(guān)于”的about, on about指涉及到,on指專門論述8 between與among的區(qū)別between表示在兩者之間,among用于三者或三者以上的中間9 besides與except的區(qū)別besides指“除了還有再加上”,except指“除了,減去什么”,不放在句首10 表示“用”的i

33、n, with with表示具體的工具,in表示材料,方式,方法,度量,單位,語言,聲音11 as與like的區(qū)別as意為“作為,以地位或身份”,like為“象一樣”,指情形相似12 in與into區(qū)別in通常表示位置(靜態(tài),into表示動向,不表示目的地或位置六.動詞I. 動詞的時態(tài):1. 動詞的時態(tài)一共有16種,以ask為例,將其各種時態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式列表如下:現(xiàn)在時過去時將來時過去將來時一般ask / asks asked shall/will ask should/would ask進(jìn)行am/is/are asking was/were asking shall/will be askin

34、g should/would be as king完成have/has asked had asked shall/will have asked should/would have asked完成進(jìn)行have/has been asking had been asking shall/will have been asking sh ould/would have been asking2. 現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別:1 現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀況,但和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系,強調(diào)的是對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果,它不能同表示過去的時間狀語連用,漢譯英時可加“已經(jīng)”等詞。簡言之,利用過去,說

35、明現(xiàn)在。如:I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (已經(jīng)看過,且了解這本書的內(nèi)容2 一般過去時只表示過去發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài),和現(xiàn)在無關(guān),它可和表示過去的時間狀語連用,漢譯英時可加“過”,“了”等詞。簡言之,僅談過去,不關(guān)現(xiàn)在。如:I read the novel last month. (只說明上個月看了,不涉及現(xiàn)在是否記住I lived in Beijing for ten years.(只說明在北京住過十年,與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)3. 現(xiàn)在完成時與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時的區(qū)別:兩者都可以表示“從過去開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在”

36、,在含義上如著重表示動作的結(jié)果時,多用現(xiàn)在完成時,如著重表示動作一直在進(jìn)行,即動作的延續(xù)性時,則多用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時。一般不能用于進(jìn)行時的動詞也不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時。I have read that book.我讀過那本書了。I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在讀那本書。4. 一般將來時的表達(dá)方式:將來時用法例句1 will/shall+動詞原形表示將來發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)My sister will be ten next year.2 be going to+動詞原形含有“打算,計劃,即將”做某事,或表示很有可能要發(fā)生

37、某事Its going to clear up.Were going to have a party tonight.3 be + doing 進(jìn)行時表示將來go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等詞可用進(jìn)行時表示按計劃即將發(fā)生的動作He is moving to the south.Are they leaving for Europe?4 be about to + 動詞原形表示安排或計劃中的馬上就要發(fā)生的動作,后面一般不跟時間狀語I was about to leave when the bell rang.The meeting is about to

38、 close.5 be to + 動詞原形表示按計劃進(jìn)行或征求對方意見Were to meet at the sc hool gate at noon.6 一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來時刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情,可用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來The meeting starts at five oclock.The plane leaves at ten this evening.II. 動詞的被動語態(tài):常用被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成常用被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成1 一般現(xiàn)在時am/is/are asked 6 過去進(jìn)行時was/were being asked2 一般過去時was/were asked 7 現(xiàn)在完成時have/h

39、as been asked3 一般將來時shall/will be asked 8 過去完成時had been asked4 過去將來時should/would be asked 9 將來完成時will/would have been aske d5 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時am/is/are being asked 10 含有情態(tài)動詞的can/must/may be aske d注意事項被動語態(tài)的否定式是在第一個助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后加not,短語動詞的被動態(tài)不可漏掉其中介副詞。固定結(jié)構(gòu)begoing to, used to, have to, had better變?yōu)楸粍討B(tài)時,只需將其后的動詞變?yōu)楸粍討B(tài)。如

40、:Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates.Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.漢語有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語,在英語中一般可用被動結(jié)構(gòu)表示。如:It is believed that It is generally considered that It is said thatIt is well known that It must be pointed out that It is supposed tha

41、tIt is reported that It must be admitted that It is hoped that下面主動形式常表示被動意義:如:The window wants/needs/requires repairing. The book is worth reading twice. The door wont shut. / The play wont act. The clothes washes well. / The bo ok sells well.The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold.下面詞或短語

42、沒有被動態(tài):leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, hav e, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等七.情態(tài)動詞I. 情態(tài)動詞基本用法:情態(tài)動詞用法否定式疑問式與簡答can 能力(體力,智力,技能允許或許可(口語中常用可能性(表猜測,用于否定句或疑問句

43、中can not / cannot /cant do Cand o?Yes,can.No,cant.could couldnt domay 可以(問句中表示請求可能,或許(表推測祝愿(用于倒裝句中may not do Maydo? Yes,may. No,mustnt/cant.might might not do Mightdo? Yes,mightNo,might not.must 必須,應(yīng)該(表主觀要求肯定,想必(肯定句中表推測must not/mustnt do Mustdo? Yes,must. No,neednt/dont have to.have to 只好,不得不(客觀的必須,

44、有時態(tài)人稱變化dont have to do Dohave to do?Yes,do. No,dont.ought to 應(yīng)當(dāng)(表示義務(wù)責(zé)任,口語中多用should ought not to/oughtnt to do Oughtto do?Yes,ought. No,oughtnt.shall 將要,會用于一三人稱征求對方意見用于二三人稱表示許諾、命令、警告、威脅等shall not/shant do Shalldo? Yes,shall. No,shant.should 應(yīng)當(dāng),應(yīng)該(表義務(wù)責(zé)任本該(含有責(zé)備意味should not/shouldnt do Shoulddo?will 意愿,

45、決心請求,建議,用在問句中would比較委婉will not/wont do Willdo? Yes,will. No,wont.would would not/wouldnt dodare 敢(常用于否定句和疑問句中dare not/darent do Daredo?Y es,dare. No,darent.need 需要必須(常用于否定句和疑問句中need not/neednt do Needdo? Yes,must. No,neednt.used to 過去常常(現(xiàn)在已不再used not/usednt/usent to dodidnt use to do Usedto do?Yes,u

46、sed. No,use(dnt.Diduse to do?Yes,did. No,didnt.II. 情態(tài)動詞must, may, might, could, can表示推測:以must為例。must + do(be是推測現(xiàn)在存在的一般狀態(tài)進(jìn)行;must + be doing 推測可能正在進(jìn)行的事情;must +have done是推測可能已經(jīng)發(fā)生過的事情。1. must“肯定,一定”語氣強,只用于肯定句中。He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already ar

47、rived there.2. may和might“也許”,后者語氣弱,更沒有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task.3. can和could“可能”,could表示可疑的可能性,不及cant語氣強,用于肯定、否定、疑問句中。The weather in that city could be cold now.We could have walked there; it was so near.(推測某事本來可能發(fā)生,但實際上沒有發(fā)生Can he be in the office now

48、? No, he cant be there, for I saw him in the libr ary just now.(語氣很強,常用于疑問句和否定句中III. 情態(tài)動詞注意點:1. can和be able to: 都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表達(dá)“某事終于成功”,而can無法表達(dá)此意。Be able to有更多的時態(tài)。另外,兩者不能重疊使用。2. used to和would: used to表示過去常常做現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不再有的習(xí)慣,而would 只表示過去的習(xí)慣或喜好,不涉及現(xiàn)在。3. need和dare作情態(tài)動詞和實義動詞的區(qū)別:兩者作情態(tài)動詞時常用于否定句和疑問句。其形式

49、為:neednt/darent do;Need /daredo?做實義動詞時可用于肯定句,否定句和疑問句。其形式為:need(needs/needed/d are(dares/dared to do, dont(doesnt/didnt need/dare to do八.非謂語動詞I. 非謂語動詞的分類、意義及構(gòu)成:非謂語形式構(gòu)成特征和作用時態(tài)和語態(tài)否定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不定式to doto be doingto have done to be doneto have been done 在非謂語前加not for sb. to do sth. 具有名詞,副詞和形容詞的作用在句中做主、賓、定、表和狀語

50、分詞現(xiàn)在分詞doinghaving done being donehaving been done 具有副詞和形容詞的作用在句中做定、表、賓補和狀語過去分詞done動名詞doinghaving done being donehaving been done sbs doing 具有名詞的作用在句中做主、賓、定和表語II. 做賓語的非謂語動詞比較:情況常用動詞只接不定式做賓語的動詞hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decid e, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise

51、, happen只接動名詞做賓語的動詞或短語mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resi st, considercant help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in,

52、set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to兩者都可以意義基本相同begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue(接不定式多指具體的動作,接動名詞多指一般或習(xí)慣行為need, want, require(接動名詞主動形式表示被動意義,若接不定式則應(yīng)用被動形式意義相反stop to do 停止手中事,去做另一件事stop doing 停止正在做的事意義不同

53、remember/forget/regret to do(指動作尚未發(fā)生remember/forget/regret doing(指動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生go on to do(接著做另外一件事go on doing(接著做同一件事try to do(設(shè)法,努力去做,盡力try doing(試試去做,看有何結(jié)果mean to do(打算做,企圖做mean doing (意識是,意味著cant help to do(不能幫忙做cant help doing(忍不住要做III.非謂語動詞做賓語補足語的區(qū)別:常見動詞與賓語的邏輯關(guān)系及時間概念例句不定式ask, beg, expect, get, order,

54、 tell, want, wish, encourage 主謂關(guān)系。強調(diào)動作將發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成I heard him call me several times.have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make現(xiàn)在分詞notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel 主謂關(guān)系。強調(diào)動作正在進(jìn)行,尚未完成I found her listening to the radio.過去分詞動賓關(guān)系。動作已經(jīng)完成,多強調(diào)狀態(tài)We found the village greatly changed.IV. 非謂語動詞

55、做定語的區(qū)別:區(qū)別舉例不定式與被修飾詞往往有動賓關(guān)系,一般式表示將來,進(jìn)行式表示與謂語動作同時發(fā)生,完成式表示在謂語動詞之前發(fā)生I have a lot of papers to type.I have a lot of papers to be typed.動名詞通常指被修飾詞的用途,無邏輯上的任何關(guān)系Shall we go to the swi mming pool?現(xiàn)在分詞與被修飾詞之間是主謂關(guān)系,表示動作與謂語動作同時發(fā)生the boili ng water / the boiled waterthe developing country/the developed countryth

56、e falling leaves / the fallen leaves過去分詞與被修飾詞之間是被動關(guān)系,表示動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前,現(xiàn)已經(jīng)完成V. 非謂語動詞做主語和表語的區(qū)別:區(qū)別舉例不定式多表示一個特定的具體的將來的動作,做主語時可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表語有時可和主語交換位置,而且意義不變,并且還能用wh at來提問主語或表語。My dream is to become a teacher.To obey the law is important.(dream, business, wish, idea, plan, duty, task做主語時常用動名詞與不定式的功能區(qū)

57、別不大,然而它更接近于名詞,表示的動作比較抽象,或者泛指習(xí)慣性的動作,有時也可以用it做形式主語,做表語時可以和主語互換位置。It is no use saying that again and again.Teaching is my job.分詞無名詞的性質(zhì),不能做主語。但是有形容詞的性質(zhì),可以做表語,多表明主語的特征性質(zhì)或者狀態(tài)等,可被very, quite, rather等副詞修飾?，F(xiàn)在分詞多含有“令人, , ”之意,說明主語的性質(zhì)特征,多表示主動,主語多為物。過去分詞一般表示被動或主語所處的狀態(tài),含有“感到”之意,主語多是人。The situation is encouraging.