高中高考英語語法總結大全

1、高中高考英語語法總結大全名詞名詞概論名詞可以分為專有名詞(Proper Nouns和普通名詞 (Common Nouns,專有名詞是某個(些人,地方,機構等專有的名稱,如Beijing,China等。普通名詞是一類人或東西或是一個抽象概念的名詞,如:book,sadness等。普通名詞又可分為下面四類:個體名詞(Individual Nouns:表示某類人或東西中的個體,如:gun。集體名詞(Collective Nouns:表示若干個個體組成的集合體,如:family。物質名詞(Material Nouns:表示無法分為個體的實物,如:air。抽象名詞(Abstract Nouns:表示動作

2、、狀態(tài)、品質、感情等抽象概念,如:work。個體名詞和集體名詞可以用數(shù)目來計算,稱為可數(shù)名詞(Countable Nouns,物質名詞和抽象名詞一般無法用數(shù)目計算,稱為不可數(shù)名詞(Uncountable Nouns。歸納一下,名詞的分類可以下圖表示: 名詞復數(shù)的規(guī)則變化 其它名詞復數(shù)的規(guī)則變化1 以y結尾的專有名詞,或元音字母+y 結尾的名詞變復數(shù)時,直接加s變復數(shù):如:two Marys the Henrysmonkey-monkeys holiday-holidays比較:層樓:storey -storeys story-stories2 以o 結尾的名詞,變復數(shù)時:a. 加s,如: ph

3、oto-photos piano-pianosradio-radios zoo-zoos;b. 加es,如:potatopotatoes tomatotomatoesc. 均可,如:zero-zeros / zeroes3 以f或fe 結尾的名詞變復數(shù)時:a. 加s,如: belief-beliefs roof-roofssafe-safes gulf-gulfs;b. 去f, fe 加-ves,如:half-halvesknife-knives leaf-leaves wolf-wolveswife-wives life-lives thief-thieves;c. 均可,如:handker

4、chief:handkerchiefs / handkerchieves名詞復數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化1child-children foot-feet tooth-teethmouse-mice man-men woman-women注意:與 man 和 woman構成的合成詞,其復數(shù)形式也是 -men 和-women。如: an Englishman,two Englishmen. 但German不是合成詞,故復數(shù)形式為Germans;Bowman是姓,其復數(shù)是the Bowmans。2單復同形如:deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japaneseli,jin,yuan,two li,

5、three mu,four jin但除人民幣元、角、分外,美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復數(shù)形式。如:a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters3集體名詞,以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn),但實為復數(shù)。如: people police cattle 等本身就是復數(shù),不能說 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以說a person,a policeman,a head of cattle, the English,the British,the French, the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名詞,表示國民總稱時,作復

6、數(shù)用。如: The Chinese are industries and brave.中國人民是勤勞勇敢的。4以s結尾,仍為單數(shù)的名詞,如:a. maths,politics,physics等學科名詞,為不可數(shù)名詞,是單數(shù)。b. news 是不可數(shù)名詞。c. the United States,the United Nations 應視為單數(shù)。The United Nations was organized in 1945. 聯(lián)合國是1945年組建起來的。d. 以復數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的書名,劇名,報紙,雜志名,也可視為單數(shù)。The Arabian Nights is a very interestin

7、g story-book.是一本非常有趣的故事書。5 表示由兩部分構成的東西,如:glasses (眼鏡trousers, clothes若表達具體數(shù)目,要借助數(shù)量詞 pair(對,雙;suit(套; a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers6另外還有一些名詞,其復數(shù)形式有時可表示特別意思,如:goods貨物,waters水域, fishes(各種魚不可數(shù)名詞量的表示1物質名詞a. 當物質名詞轉化為個體名詞時。比較:Cake is a kind of food.蛋糕是一種食物。 (不可數(shù)These cakes are sweet.這些蛋糕很好吃。 (可數(shù)

8、b. 當物質名詞表示該物質的種類時,名詞可數(shù)。This factory produces steel.(不可數(shù)We need various steels.(可數(shù)c. 當物質名詞表示份數(shù)時,可數(shù)。Our country is famous for tea.我國因茶葉而聞名。Two teas, please.請來兩杯茶。2抽象名詞有時也可數(shù)。four freedoms 四大自由the four modernizations四個現(xiàn)代化物質名詞和抽象名詞可以借助單位詞表一定的數(shù)量。如:a glass of water 一杯水a piece of advice一條建議定語名詞的復數(shù)名詞作定語一般用單數(shù)

9、,但也有以下例外。1 用復數(shù)作定語。如:sports meeting 運動會students reading-room 學生閱覽室talks table 談判桌the foreign languages department 外語系2 man, woman, gentleman等作定語時,其單復數(shù)以所修飾的名詞的單復數(shù)而定。如:men workers women teachersgentlemen officials3 有些原有s結尾的名詞,作定語時,s保留。如:goods train (貨車arms produce武器生產customs papers 海關文件clothes brush衣刷4

10、 數(shù)詞+名詞作定語時,這個名詞一般保留單數(shù)形式。如:two-dozen eggs兩打/(二十四個雞蛋a ten-mile walk 十里路two-hundred trees 兩百棵樹a five-year plan.一個五年計劃個別的有用復數(shù)作定語的,如: a seven-years child 不同國家的人的單復數(shù) 名詞的格在英語中有些名詞可以加s來表示所有關系,帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱為該名詞的所有格,如:a teachers book。名詞所有格的規(guī)則如下:1單數(shù)名詞詞尾加s,復數(shù)名詞詞尾沒有s,也要加s,如the boys bag 男孩的書包,mens room 男廁所。2若名詞已有復數(shù)

11、詞尾-s ,只加,如:the workers struggle工人的斗爭。3凡不能加s的名詞,都可以用名詞+of +名詞的結構來表示所有關系,如:the title of the song 歌的名字。4在表示店鋪或教堂的名字或某人的家時,名詞所有格的后面常常不出現(xiàn)它所修飾的名詞,如:the barbers 理發(fā)店。5如果兩個名詞并列,并且分別有s,則表示分別有;只有一個s,則表示共有。如:Johns and Marys room(兩間John and Marys room(一間6復合名詞或短語,s 加在最后一個詞的詞尾。如:a month or twos absence代詞人稱代詞的用法1人稱

12、代詞的主格在句子中作主語或主語補語,例如:John waited a while but eventually he went home.約翰等了一會兒,最后他回家了。John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she.約翰希望那位乘客是瑪麗,還真是她。說明:在復合句中,如果主句和從句主語相同,代詞主語要用在從句中,名詞主語用在主句中,例如:When he arrived, John went straight to the bank.約翰一到就直接去銀行了。2人稱代詞的賓格在句子中作賓語或介詞賓語,但在口語中也能作主語補語

13、,第一人稱在省略句中,還可以作主語,例如:I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.我看到她和他們在一起,至少我認為是她。(her做賓語,them做介詞賓語,her作主語補語a. - Who broke the vase?-誰打碎了花瓶?b. - Me.-我。(me作主語補語= Its me.說明:在上面兩例句中,her和me分別作主語補語?，F(xiàn)代英語中多用賓格,在正式文體中這里應為she和I。人稱代詞之主、賓格的替換1 賓格代替主格a.在簡短對話中,當人稱代詞單獨使用或在not 后,多用賓語。- I like English.-我喜

14、歡英語。- Me too.-我也喜歡。- Have more wine?-再來點酒喝嗎?- Not me.-我可不要了。b.在表示比較的非正式的文體中,常用賓格代替主格。但如果比較狀語的謂語保留,則主語只能用主格。He is taller than I/me.He is taller than I am.2 主格代替賓格a. 在介詞but,except 后,有時可用主格代替賓格。b. 在電話用語中常用主格。- I wish to speak to Mary. -我想和瑪麗通話。- This is she. -我就是瑪麗。注意:在動詞be 或to be 后的人稱代詞視其前面的名詞或代詞而定。I

15、thought it was she. 我以為是她。(主格-主格I thought it to be her.(賓格-賓格I was taken to be she.我被當成了她。(主格-主格They took me to be her.他們把我當成了她。 (賓格-賓格代詞的指代問題1不定代詞 anybody,everybody,nobody,anyone, someone, everyone,no one,及whoever和person在正式場合使用時,可用he, his, him代替。Nobody came, did he?誰也沒來,是嗎?2動物名詞的指代一般用it或they代替,有時也用

16、he, she,帶有親切的感情色彩。Give the cat some food. She is hungry.給這貓一些吃的。她餓了。3指代車或國家,船舶的名詞,含感情色彩時常用she。并列人稱代詞的排列順序1 單數(shù)人稱代詞并列作主語時,其順序為:第二人稱- 第三人稱- 第一人稱you - he/she; it - IYou, he and I should return on time.2 復數(shù)人稱代詞作主語時,其順序為:第一人稱- 第二人稱- 第三人稱we-you -They注意:在下列情況中,第一人稱放在前面。a. 在承認錯誤,承擔責任時,It was I and John that

17、made her angry.是我和約翰惹她生氣了。b. 在長輩對晚輩,長官對下屬說話時,如長官為第一人稱,如:I and you try to finish it.c. 并列主語只有第一人稱和第三人稱時,d. 當其他人稱代詞或名詞被定語從句修飾時。物主代詞1物主代詞既有表示所屬的作用又有指代作用,例如:John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.約翰割破了手指,顯而易見,他桌子上有個破玻璃杯。物主代詞有形容詞性(my, your等和名詞性(mine, yours等兩種,形容詞性的物主代詞屬于

18、限定詞。名詞性的物主代詞在用法上相當于省略了中心名詞的-s屬格結構,例如:Jacks cap意為 The cap is Jacks.His cap 意為 The cap is his.2 名詞性物主代詞的句法功能a. 作主語,例如:May I use your pen? Yours works better.我可以用一用你的鋼筆嗎?你的比我的好用。b. 作賓語,例如:I love my motherland as much as you love yours.我愛我的祖國就像你愛你的祖國一樣深。c. 作介詞賓語,例如:Your should interpret what I said in m

19、y sense of the word, not in yours.你應當按我所用的詞義去解釋我說的話,而不能按你自己的意義去解釋。d. 作主語補語,例如:The life I have is yours. Its yours. Its yours.我的生命屬于你,屬于你,屬于你。雙重所有格物主代詞不可與 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等詞一起前置,修飾一個名詞,而必須用雙重所有格。公式為:a, an, this, that +名詞+of +名詞

20、性物主代詞。如:a friend of mine.each brother of his.反身代詞1列表 2做賓語a. 有些動詞需有反身代詞absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behaveWe enjoyed ourselves very much last night.我們昨晚玩得很開心。Please help yourself to some fish.請你隨便吃點魚。b. 用于及物動詞+賓語+介詞take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth.

21、I could not dress (myself up at that time.那個時候我不能打扮我自己。注:有些動詞后不跟反身代詞, get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up等。Please sit down.請坐。3作表語;同位語be oneself: I am not myself today.我今天不舒服。The thing itself is not important.事情本身并不重要。4在不強調的情況下,but, except, for 等介詞后賓語用反身代詞或人稱代詞賓格均可。如:No one but myself (me is hurt.注意

22、:a. 反身代詞本身不能單獨作主語。(錯 Myself drove the car.(對 I myself drove the car.我自己開車。b. 但在and, or, nor連接的并列主語中,第二個主語可用反身代詞,特別是myself 作主語。Charles and myself saw it.5第二人稱作賓語,要用反身代詞。You should be proud of yourself.你應為自己感到驕傲。相互代詞1相互代詞只有each other和one another兩個詞組。他們表示句中動詞所敘述的動作或感覺在涉及的各個對象之間是相互存在的,例如:It is easy to s

23、ee that the people of different cultures have always copied each other. 顯而易見,不同文化的人總是相互借鑒的。2相互代詞的句法功能:a. 作動詞賓語;People should love one another. 人們應當彼此相愛。b. 可作介詞賓語;Does bark, cocks crow, frogs croak to each other.吠、雞鳴、蛙兒對唱。說明:傳統(tǒng)語法認為,相互關系存在于兩個人或物之間用each other,存在于兩個以上人和物之間用one another?，F(xiàn)代英語中,兩組詞交替使用的實例也很

24、多,例如:He put all the books beside each other.他把所有書并列擺放起來。He put all the books beside one another.他把所有書并列擺放起來。Usually these small groups were independent of each other.這些小團體通常是相互獨立的。c. 相互代詞可加-s構成所有格,例如:The students borrowed each others notes.學生們互借筆記。指示代詞1指示代詞分單數(shù)(this / that和復數(shù)(these / those兩種形式,既可作限定詞

25、又可做代詞,例如:單數(shù)復數(shù)限定詞:This girl is Mary. Those men are my teachers.代詞:This is Mary. Those are my teachers.2 指示代詞的句法功能;a. 作主語This is the way to do it. 這事兒就該這樣做。b. 作賓語I like this better than that. 我喜歡這個甚至那個。c. 作主語補語My point is this. 我的觀點就是如此。d. 作介詞賓語I dont say no to that. 我并未拒絕那個。There is no fear of that.那

26、并不可怕。說明1:指示代詞在作主語時可指物也可指人,但作其他句子成分時只能指物,不能指人,例如: (對That is my teacher.那是我的老師。( that作主語,指人(對He is going to marry this girl.他要和這個姑娘結婚。(this作限定詞(錯He is going to marry this.(this作賓語時不能指人(對I bought this.我買這個。(this指物,可作賓語說明2:That和those可作定語從句的先行詞,但this和 these不能,同時,在作先行詞時,只有those可指人,試比較:(對 He admired that w

27、hich looked beautiful.他贊賞外表漂亮的東西。(對 He admired those who looked beautiful. 他贊賞那些外表漂亮的人。(those指人 (錯 He admired that who danced well.(that作賓語時不能指人(對 He admired those who danced well.他贊賞跳舞好的人。(those指人(對 He admired those which looked beautiful. 他贊賞那些外表漂亮的東西。(those 指物疑問代詞1疑問代詞在句中起名詞詞組的作用,用來構成疑問句。疑問代詞有下列幾

28、個:指人: who, whom, whose指物: what既可指人又可指物: which2疑問代詞在句中應位于謂語動詞之前,沒有性和數(shù)的變化,除who之外也沒有格的變化。what, which, whose還可作限定詞。試比較:疑問代詞:Whose are these books on the desk? 桌上的書是誰的?What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion? 美國的領土擴張是朝哪個方向的?限定詞:Whose books are these on the desk? 桌上的書是誰的?What events l

29、ed to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States?哪些事件使密西西比河以東的大部分土地歸屬于美國?說明1:無論是做疑問代詞還是限定詞,which 和 what 所指的范圍不同。what所指的范圍是無限的,而which則指在一定的范圍內,例如:Which girls do you like best? 你喜歡哪幾個姑娘?What girls do you like best? 你喜歡什么樣的姑娘?說明2:Whom是who的賓格,在書面語中,它作動詞賓語或介詞賓語,在口語中作賓語時,

30、可用who 代替,但在介詞后只能用whom, 例如:Who(m did you meet on the street?你在街上遇到了誰?(作動詞賓語Who(m are you taking the book to?你要把這書帶給誰?(作介詞賓語,置句首To whom did you speak on the campus?你在校園里和誰講話了?(作介詞賓語,置介詞后,不能用who取代。說明3:疑問代詞用于對介詞賓語提問時,過去的文體中介詞和疑問代詞通常一起放在句首,現(xiàn)代英語中,疑問代詞在句首,介詞在句未,例如:For what do most people live and work?大部分人

31、生活和工作的目的是什么?(舊文體What are you looking for?你在找什么?(現(xiàn)代英語說明4:疑問代詞還可引導名詞性從句,例如:I cant make out what he is driving at.我不知道他用意何在。Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed?你能告訴我床上的藍襯衣是誰的嗎?Much of what you say I agree with, but I cannot go all the way with you.你說的我大部分同意,但并不完全贊同。關系代詞1關系代詞用來引導定語從句。它代表先

32、行詞,同時在從句中作一定的句子成分,例如: The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.跟我講話的姑娘是我表妹。(該句中whom既代表先行詞the girl,又在從句中作介詞to的賓語。2關系代詞有主格,賓格和屬格之分,并有指人與指物之分。在限定性定語從句中,that 可指人也可指物,見下:限定性非限定性限定性指人指物指人或指物主格 who which that賓格 whom that that屬格 whose of which/whose of which/whose例如:This is the pencil whose point is broken.這就是

33、那個折了尖的鉛筆。(whose 指物,在限定性定語從句中作定語He came back for the book which he had forgotten.他回來取他丟下的書。(which指物,在限定性定語從句中作賓語,可以省略3關系代詞which的先行詞可以是一個句子,例如:He said he saw me there, which was a lie. 他說在那兒看到了我,純屬謊言。說明:關系代詞that在從句中作賓語或表語時可省略,例如:Ive forgotten much of the Latin I once knew. 我過去懂拉丁語,現(xiàn)在大都忘了。Hes changed.

34、Hes not the man he was. 他變化很大,已不是過去的他了。every, no, all, both,.1不定代詞有all , both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no 以及some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, ever

35、yone.等。2不定代詞的功能與用法a.除every 和no外不定代詞既可用作名詞,也可用作形容詞。every和no在句中只能作定語。I have no idea about it.b. all 都,指三者以上。all 的主謂一致:all的單復數(shù)由它所修飾或指代的名詞的單復數(shù)決定。All goes well.一切進展得很好。all 通常不與可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)連用,如:不說 all the book,而說 the whole book。但all可與表時間的可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)連用,如 all day,all night,all the year;但習慣上不說 all hour,all century。all還

36、可以與一些特殊的單數(shù)名詞連用,如 all China,all the city,all my life, all the way3both都,指兩者。a. both 與復數(shù)動詞連用,但both and可與單數(shù)名詞連用。b. both, all 都可作同位語,其位置在行為動詞前, be 動詞之后。如果助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面的實義動詞省去,則位于助動詞或情態(tài)動詞之前。Who can speak Japanese? We both (all can.4neither兩者都不a. neither作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。b. 作定語與單數(shù)名詞連用,但neither nor 用作并列連詞,可與復數(shù)名詞連用

37、。其謂語采用就近原則。c.可用于下列句型,避免重復。She cant sing,neither (can he.neither 與nord.如前句是否定式從句,則主句用neither,而不用 nor。If you dont do it,neither should I.如果你不干,我也不干。e. 如后連續(xù)有幾個否定句式,則用nor,不用neither。He cant sing,nor dance,nor skate.none, few, some, any,.一、 none 無1 none作主語,多與of 構成短語 none of。在答語中,none可單獨使用。Are there any pi

38、ctures on the wall? None.2 none作主語,謂語動詞單復數(shù)均可。但如做表語,則其單復數(shù)與表語一致。It is none of your business.二、few 一些,少數(shù)few 作主語時,謂語動詞用復數(shù),多用于肯定句。三、some 一些1 可與復數(shù)名詞及不可數(shù)名詞連用。2 當做 某一解時,也可與單數(shù)名詞連用。(= a certainYou will be sorry for this some day.總有一天,你會后悔這件事的。A certain (some person has seen you break the rule.某些人不同意你的看法。注意:(1

39、在肯定疑問句中用some代替any。(2some用于其他句式中:a.肯定疑問句中:說話人認為對方的答案會是肯定的,或期望得到肯定回答時。Would you like句式中,表委婉請求或建議,如:Would you like some coffee?b.在條件狀語從句中表示確定的意義時,如:If you need some help,let me know.c. some位于主語部分,Some students havent been there before.d.當否定的是整體中的部分時,some可用于否定句。如:I havent heard from some of my old frien

40、ds these years.這些年我沒有收到一些老朋友的信。四、any 一些1any 多用于否定句和疑問句和條件狀語從句中。當句中含有任何的意思時,any可用于肯定句。Here are three novels. You may read any.這有三本小說,你可任讀一本。五、one, ones 為復數(shù)形式ones必須和形容詞連用。如果替代的名詞時無形容詞在前,則用some, any,而不用ones。Have you bought any rulers? Yes,I ve bought some.代詞比較辯異one, that和itone表示泛指,that和it 表示特指。that與所指名

41、詞為同類,但不是同一個,而it 與所指名詞為同一個。I cant find my hat. I think I must buy one.(不定我找不到我的帽子了。我想我該去買一頂。The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同類但不同個你買的那頂帽子比我買的大。I cant find my hat. I don t know where I put it.( 同一物我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。one/another/the otherone the other只有兩個some the others有三個以上one anoth

42、er,anothersome others,othersothers = other people/thingsthe others = the rest剩余的全部1 泛指另一個用another。2 一定范圍內兩人(物,一個用one,另一個用the other。3 一定范圍內三者,一個用one,另一個用one (another,第三個可用the other,a third。4 一定范圍內,除去一部分人/物,剩余的全部用the others。5 泛指別的人或物時,用others當在一定范圍內,除去一部分后,剩余部分但不是全部時,也用others。the的妙用He is one of the st

43、udents who help me.He is the one of the students who helps me.他是幫我的學生之一。第一句定語從句與the students 一致。第二句定語從句與the one 一致。anyone/any one;.1.anyone 和 any oneanyone僅指人,any one既可指人,也可指物。2.no one 和noneanone 后跟of短語,既可指人又可指物,而no one只單獨使用,只指人。bnone 作主語,謂語動詞用單,復數(shù)均可,而no one作主語謂語動詞只能是單數(shù)。None of you could lift it. 你們

44、中沒有人可舉起它。- Did any one call me up just now?-剛才有人打電話給我嗎?- No one.-沒有。3.every 和each1every 強調全體的概念, each強調個體概念。Every student in our school works hard.我們學校的學生都很用功。Each student may have one book.每個學生都可有一本書。2every 指三個以上的人或物(含三個,each指兩個以上的人或物 (含兩個。3every 只作形容詞,不可單獨使用。each可作代詞或形容詞。Every student has to take

45、one.Each boy has to take one.Each of the boys has to take one.4every不可以作狀語,each可作狀語。5every 有反復重復的意思,如 every two weeks等; each沒有。6every 與not 連用,表示部分否定; each 和not連用表示全部否定。Every man is not honest. 并非每個人都誠實。Each man is not honest.這兒每個人都不誠實。both, either, neither,.這些詞都可用作代詞或形容詞。其位置都在be 動詞之后,行為動詞之前或第一助動詞之后。

46、1both (兩者都,either(兩者中任何一個, neither (兩者都不。以上詞使用范圍為兩個人或物。Neither of the two boys is clever.兩個男孩都不聰明。2 both,eitherboth與復數(shù)連用,either與單數(shù)連用。Both the boys are clever.兩個男孩都很聰明。Either of the two boys is clever. 兩個男孩都很聰明。There are flowers on both sides of the street.(兩岸There are flowers on either side of the s

47、treet.(岸的兩邊路邊長滿了野花。3 all (所有的,全部的人或物,any (任何一個, none (都不。以上詞使用范圍為三者以上。All the flowers are gone.所有的花都謝了。I dont like any of the flowers.這些花我都不喜歡。I like none of the flowers.這些花我都不喜歡。注意:all與none用法一樣。跟單數(shù)名詞,用單數(shù)動詞;跟復數(shù)名詞,用復數(shù)動詞。All of the students are there.所有的學生都在那。All (of the milk is there.所有的牛奶都在那。many, m

48、uchMany,much都意為許多, many + 可數(shù)名詞,much + 不可數(shù)名詞。How many people are there at the meeting?How much time has we left?Many of the workers were at the meeting.Much of the time was spent on learning.few, little, a few,.(a few + 可數(shù)名詞, (a little + 不可數(shù)名詞a few / a little 為肯定含義,還有一點few / little為否定含義,沒有多少了。He has

49、a few friends.他有幾個朋友。He has few friends.他幾乎沒有朋友。We still have a little time. 我們還有點時間。There is little time left.幾乎沒剩下什么時間了。典型例題:Although he s wealthy,he spends_ on clothes.A. littleB. fewC. a littleD. a few答案: A. spend所指的是錢,不可數(shù),只能用little或 a little. 本句為although引導的讓步狀語從句,由句意知后句為否定含義,因此應用little表示幾乎不。固定搭

50、配:only a few (=fewnot a few (=manyquite a few (=manymany a (=manyMany books were sold.Many a book was sold.賣出了許多書冠詞和數(shù)詞不定冠詞的用法冠詞是虛詞,本身不能單獨使用,也沒有詞義,它用在名詞的前面,幫助指明名詞的含義。英語中的冠詞有三種,一種是定冠詞(the Definite Article,另一種是不定冠詞(the Indefinite Article,還有一種是零冠詞(Zero Article。不定冠詞a (an與數(shù)詞one 同源,是一個的意思。a用于輔音音素前,一般讀作e,而a

51、n則用于元音音素前,一般讀做en。1 表示一個,意為one;指某人或某物,意為a certain。A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.2 代表一類人或物。A knife is a tool for cutting with.Mr. Smith is an engineer.3 詞組或成語。a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / a

52、fter a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden定冠詞的用法定冠詞the與指示代詞this,that同源,有那(這個的意思,但較弱,可以和一個名詞連用,來表示某個或某些特定的人或東西。1特指雙方都明白的人或物:Take the medicine.把藥吃了。2上文提到過的人或事:He bought a house. Ive been to the house.他買了幢房子。我去過那幢房子。3指世上獨一物二的事物:the sun, the sky, the moon, the earth4單數(shù)名詞連

53、用表示一類事物,如:the dollar 美元;the fox 狐貍;或與形容詞或分詞連用,表示一類人:the rich 富人; the living 生者。5用在序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級,及形容詞only, very, same等前面:Where do you live? I live on the second floor.你住在哪?我住在二層。Thats the very thing Ive been looking for.那正是我要找的東西。6與復數(shù)名詞連用,指整個群體:They are the teachers of this school.指全體教師They are teachers

54、 of this school.(指部分教師7表示所有,相當于物主代詞,用在表示身體部位的名詞前:She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂。8用在某些由普通名詞構成的國家名稱、機關團體、階級、等專有名詞前:the Peoples Republic of China中華人民共和國the United States美國9用在表示樂器的名詞之前:She plays the piano.她會彈鋼琴。10 用在姓氏的復數(shù)名詞之前,表示一家人:the Greens格林一家人 (或格林夫婦11 用在慣用語中:in the day, in the morning (afternoon

55、,evening,the day after tomorrowthe day before yesterday, the next morning,in the sky (water,field,countryin the dark, in the rain, in the distance,in the middle (of,in the end,on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre零冠詞的用法1 國名,人名前通常不用定冠詞:England,Mary;2泛指的復數(shù)名詞,表示一類人或事物時,可不用定冠詞;They are teachers. 他們是教師。3抽象名詞表示一般概念時,通常不加冠詞;Failure is the mother of success.失敗乃成功之母。4物質名詞表示一般概念時,通常不加冠詞,當表示特定的意思時,需要加定冠詞;Man cannot live without water.人離開水就無法生存。5在季節(jié)、月份、節(jié)日、假日、日期、星期等表示時間的名詞之前,不加冠詞;We go to school from Monday to Friday.我們從星期一到星期五都上課。6在