實(shí)驗(yàn)一 英語翻譯

1、系別：數(shù)學(xué)與計算機(jī) 專業(yè)：計算機(jī)科學(xué)與技術(shù)3班 姓名：張美燕 學(xué)號：20094013013實(shí)驗(yàn)一 第一課英語翻譯一、實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)康拈_展計算機(jī)專業(yè)英語翻譯實(shí)踐教學(xué)活動的總體目標(biāo)是拓展教學(xué)空間，是對課堂教學(xué)的延伸活動。讓學(xué)生通過翻譯實(shí)踐，把所學(xué)到的知識轉(zhuǎn)化為實(shí)用的技能；讓學(xué)生了解計算機(jī)專業(yè)技術(shù)文檔，對英語更有興趣，使學(xué)生了解相關(guān)的計算機(jī)專業(yè)詞匯，計算機(jī)專用術(shù)語與命令，專業(yè)英語中常用的符號和數(shù)學(xué)表達(dá)式，把握計算機(jī)專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)的閱讀方法，計算機(jī)專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)翻譯的基本方法，掌握長句的分析，固定搭配，讓學(xué)生積累實(shí)戰(zhàn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，實(shí)現(xiàn)從學(xué)校教育到社會市場實(shí)戰(zhàn)的銜接過度。二、實(shí)驗(yàn)內(nèi)容翻譯：1、The Invention of th

2、e Computer It is hard to say exactly when the modern computer was invented. Starting in the 1930s and through the 1940s, a number of machines were developed that were like computers. But most of these machines did not have all the characteristics that we associate with computers today. These charact

3、eristics are that the machine is electronic, that it has a stored program, and that it is general purpose. 很難確切地說現(xiàn)代計算機(jī)是什么時候發(fā)明的。從20世紀(jì)30年代到40年代，制造了許多類似計算機(jī)的機(jī)器。但是這些機(jī)器大部分沒有今天我們所說的計算機(jī)的所有特征。這些特性是：機(jī)器是電子的，具有儲存的程序, 而且是通用的。2、One of the first computerlike devices was developed in Germany by Konrad Zuse in 1941.

4、 Called the Z3, it was general-purpose, stored-program machine with many electronic parts, but it had a mechanical memory. Another electromechanical computing machine was developed by Howard Aiken, with financial assistance from IBM, at Harvard University in 1943. It was called the Automatic Sequenc

5、e Control Calculator Mark I, or simply the Harvard Mark I. Neither of these machines was a true computer, however, because they were not entirely electronic. 第一個類似計算機(jī)的裝置之一是1941年由德國的Konrad Zuse研制的，叫做Z3,它是通用型儲存程序機(jī)器，具有許多電子部件，但是它的存儲器是機(jī)械的。另一臺機(jī)電式計算機(jī)器是由霍華德.艾坎在IBM的資助下于1943年在哈佛大學(xué)研制的。它被稱為自動序列控制計算器Mark I,或簡稱哈佛

6、Mark I。然而，這些機(jī)器都不是真正的計算機(jī),因?yàn)樗鼈儾皇峭耆娮踊摹?、The ENIAC Perhaps the most influential of the early computerlike devices was the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, or ENIAC. It was developed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania. The project began in 1943 and was

7、completed in 1946. The machine was huge; it weighed 30 tons and contained over 18,000 vacuum tubes. 也許早期最具影響力的類似計算機(jī)的裝置應(yīng)該是電子數(shù)字積分計算機(jī)，或簡稱ENIAC。它是由賓夕凡尼亞大學(xué)的J. Presper Eckert 和John Mauchly 研制的。該工程于1943年開始，并于1946年完成。這臺機(jī)器極其龐大，重達(dá)30噸，而且包含18,000多個真空管。4、The ENIAC The ENIAC was a major advancement for its time.

8、It was the first general-purpose, electronic computing machine and was capable of performing thousands of operations per second. It was controlled, however, by switches and plugs that had to be manually set. Thus, although it was a general-purpose electronic device, it did not have a stored program.

9、 Therefore, it did not have all the characteristics of a computer . ENIAC是當(dāng)時重要的成就。它是第一臺通用型電子計算機(jī)器，并能夠執(zhí)行每秒數(shù)千次運(yùn)算。然而,它是由開關(guān)和繼電器控制的，必須手工設(shè)定。 因此，雖然它是一個通用型電子裝置，但是它沒有儲存程序。 因此,它不具備計算機(jī)的所有特征。5、While working on the ENIAC, Eckert and Mauchly were joined by a brilliant mathematician, John von Neuman. Together, they

10、 developed the idea of a stored program computer. This machine, called the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer, or EDVAC, was the first machine whose design included all the characteristics of a computer. It was not completed, however, until 1951. 在ENIAC的研制中，一個天才的數(shù)學(xué)家Von Neuman(馮.諾伊曼)加入到

11、Eckert和Mauchly團(tuán)隊(duì),他們一起提出了儲存程序計算機(jī)的主意。這部機(jī)器被稱做電子離散變量自動計算機(jī), 或簡稱EDVAC,是第一部包括了計算機(jī)所有特征的機(jī)器。然而,直到1951年，它一直沒有完成。6、Before the EDVAC was finished, several other machines were built that incorporated elements of the EDVAC design of Eckert, Mauchly, and von Neuman. One was the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Co

12、mputer, or EDSAC, which was developed in Cambridge, England. It first operated in May of 1949 and is probably the worlds first electronic stored-program, general-purpose computer to become operational. The first computer to operate in the United States was the Binary Automatic Computer, or BINAC, wh

13、ich became operational in August of 1949. 在EDVAC完成之前，其他一些機(jī)器建成了，它們吸收了Eckert、Mauchly和Neuman設(shè)計的要素。其中一部是在英國劍橋研制的電子延遲存儲自動計算機(jī),或簡稱EDSAC，它在1949年5月首次運(yùn)行，它可能是世界的第一臺電子儲存程序、通用型計算機(jī)投入運(yùn)行。在美國運(yùn)行的第一部計算機(jī)是二進(jìn)制自動計算機(jī),或簡稱BINAC,它在1949年8月投入運(yùn)行。7、The UNIVAC I Like other computing pioneers before them, Eckert and Mauchly formed

14、a company in 1947 to develop a commercial computer. The company was called the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation. Their objective was to design and build the Universal Automatic Computer or UNIVAC. Because of difficulties of getting financial support, they had to sell the company to Remington Rand

15、 in 1950. Eckert and Mauchly continued to work on the UNIVAC at Remington Rand and completed it in 1951. Known as the UNIVAC I, this machine was the first commercially available computer. 像他們之前的其他計算機(jī)先驅(qū)一樣,Eckert和Mauchly在1947年組成了一家公司開發(fā)商業(yè)計算機(jī)。公司名叫Eckert-Mauchly計算機(jī)公司。他們的目標(biāo)是設(shè)計并建造通用自動計算機(jī)或UNIVAC。因?yàn)殡y以獲得財政支持，

16、他們不得不在1950年把公司賣給了Remington Rand公司。Eckert 和Mauchly繼續(xù)在Remington Rand公司從事UNIVAC的研制工作，并在1951年取得成功。眾所周知的UNIVAC I機(jī)器是世界上第一部商業(yè)化計算機(jī)。8、I The first UNIVAC I was delivered to the Census Bureau and used for the 1950 census. The second UNIVAC I was used to predict that Dwight Eisenhower would win the 1952 preside

17、ntial election, less than an hour after the polls closed. The UNIVAC I began the modern of computer use. 第一臺UNIVAC I被交付人口普查局用于1950年的人口普查。在投票點(diǎn)關(guān)閉后1小時之內(nèi)，第二臺UNIVAC I 被用于預(yù)測D.艾森豪威爾會贏得1952年總統(tǒng)大選。UNIVAC I開始了現(xiàn)代計算機(jī)的應(yīng)用。三、實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果與分析通過本次上機(jī)實(shí)驗(yàn)：讓我了解了短語的一些應(yīng)用和長難句的分析，獲得了一些分析的技巧。先要提取句子的主干，分析各個部分的成分以及作用。例如以下分析長難句的例子。舉例：Unde

18、r a system deployed on the WhiteHouse Web site for the first time last time,those who want to send a message to PresidentBush must now navigate as many as nine Web pages and fill out a detailed form that starts by asking whether the message sender supports WhiteHouse policy or differs with it.分析技巧如下

19、：在長難句中象以介詞短語開頭的這部分可以先不理會，重要的是找出句子的主干，在這句話中可以提取主干為：Those people must now navigate nine Web pages and fill out a detailed form.主干意思都能很容易理解，然后再把細(xì)節(jié)（比如定語）添加上。如果你看到這個句子后一個詞接一個詞的翻譯，會大大影響理解的速度，可能會出現(xiàn)讀了很長時間但還是弄不清楚這個句子到底說的什么情況。另外象長句子中常見的諸如過去分詞形式的詞比如deployed,detailed,這2個詞雖然形式一樣但是在句中的功能卻截然不同，deployed是過去分詞做后置定語修飾

20、system,而第二個detailed卻是起著形容詞的作用，即過去分詞形式的形容詞修飾form。經(jīng)過閱讀大量的文章發(fā)現(xiàn)，象這種形式的詞在句子中一般就這2種作用：一是過去分詞前無謂語動詞，過去分詞直接跟在名詞后面，這種詞起后置定語作用，二是過去分詞位于名詞之前，這種情況下就起著形容詞的作用。句子大意：因?yàn)樯现馨讓m網(wǎng)站首次設(shè)置了一個網(wǎng)上系統(tǒng)，那些想發(fā)信息給總統(tǒng)的人們必須瀏覽多達(dá)至九個網(wǎng)頁的內(nèi)容，還要填一份詳細(xì)的表格，而這個表格的第一個問題就是信息發(fā)送者的白宮的政策是支持還是反對。DNA analysis has been so successfully applied in criminal in

21、vestigations that the media coverage has left the public a strong perception that DNA analysis is infallible.在理解這個句子時一定要抓住句子的核心so that句型，在這個句子中它引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句，在口語中這個that可以省略。第二個that則是引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。句子大意：DNA鑒定這種技術(shù)在犯罪調(diào)查中已經(jīng)得到如此成功的運(yùn)用，以至于媒體對它的報道使公眾深信DNA鑒定是絕對可靠的。系別：數(shù)學(xué)與計算機(jī) 專業(yè)：計算機(jī)科學(xué)與技術(shù)3班 姓名：張美燕 學(xué)號：20094013013實(shí)驗(yàn)二 第二課英語翻譯

22、一、實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)康拈_展計算機(jī)專業(yè)英語翻譯實(shí)踐教學(xué)活動的總體目標(biāo)是拓展教學(xué)空間，是對課堂教學(xué)的延伸活動。讓學(xué)生通過翻譯實(shí)踐，把所學(xué)到的知識轉(zhuǎn)化為實(shí)用的技能；讓學(xué)生了解計算機(jī)專業(yè)技術(shù)文檔，對英語更有興趣，使學(xué)生了解相關(guān)的計算機(jī)專業(yè)詞匯，計算機(jī)專用術(shù)語與命令，專業(yè)英語中常用的符號和數(shù)學(xué)表達(dá)式，把握計算機(jī)專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)的閱讀方法，計算機(jī)專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)翻譯的基本方法，掌握長句的分析，固定搭配，讓學(xué)生積累實(shí)戰(zhàn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，實(shí)現(xiàn)從學(xué)校教育到社會市場實(shí)戰(zhàn)的銜接過度。二、實(shí)驗(yàn)內(nèi)容翻譯：1、Basic Organization of Computers Most computer systems, from the embedded co

23、ntrollers found in automobiles and consumer appliances to personal computers and mainframes, have the same basic organization. This organization has three main components: the CPU, the memory subsystem, and the I/O subsystem. The generic organization of these components is shown in Figure 2-1. 大多數(shù)計算

24、機(jī)系統(tǒng)，從汽車和日用電器中的嵌入式控制器到個人計算機(jī)和大型主機(jī)，都具有相同的基本組成。其基本組成包括三個主要部件：CPU、存儲器子系統(tǒng)和I/O子系統(tǒng)。這些部件的一般組成如圖2-1所示。2、System Buses Physically, a bus is a set of wires. The components of the computer are connected to the buses. To send information from one component to another, the source component outputs data onto the bus

25、. The destination component then inputs this data from the bus. As the complexity of a computer system increases, it becomes more efficient (in terms of minimizing connections) at using buses rather than direct connections between every pair of devices. Buses use less space on a circuit board and re

26、quire less power than a large number of direct connections. They also require fewer pins on the chip or chips that comprise the CPU. 從物理上來說，總線就是一組導(dǎo)線。計算機(jī)的部件就是連在總線上的。為了將信息從一個部件傳到另一個部件，源部件先將數(shù)據(jù)輸出到總線上，然后目標(biāo)部件再從總線上接受這些數(shù)據(jù)。隨著計算機(jī)系統(tǒng)復(fù)雜性的不斷增長，使用總線比每個設(shè)備對之間直接連接要有效得多（就減少連接數(shù)量而言）。與大量的直接連接相比，總線使用較少的電路板空間，耗能更少，并且在芯片或組成

27、CPU的芯片組上需要較少的引腳。3、System Buses The system shown in Figure 2-1 has three buses. The uppermost bus in this figure is the address bus. When the CPU reads data or instructions from or writes data to memory, it must specify the address of the memory location it wishes to access. It outputs this address t

28、o the address bus; memory inputs this address from the address bus and use it to access the proper memory location. Each I/O devices, such as a keyboard, monitor, or disk drive, has a unique address as well. When accessing an I/O device, the CPU places the address of the device on the address bus. E

29、ach device can read the address off of the bus and determine whether it is the device being accessed by the CPU. Unlike the other buses, the address bus always receives data from the CPU; the CPU never reads the address bus. 圖2-1所示的系統(tǒng)包括三組總線。最上面的是地址總線。當(dāng)CPU從存儲器讀取數(shù)據(jù)或指令，或?qū)憯?shù)據(jù)到存儲器時，它必須指明將要訪問的存儲器單元地址。CPU將地

30、址輸出到地址總線上，而存儲器從地址總線上讀取地址，并且用它來訪問正確的存儲單元。每個I/O設(shè)備，比如鍵盤、顯示器或者磁盤，同樣都有一個唯一的地址。當(dāng)訪問某個I/O設(shè)備時，CPU將此設(shè)備的地址放到地址總線上。每一個設(shè)備均從總線上讀取地址并且判斷自己是否就是CPU正要訪問的設(shè)備。與其他總線不同，地址總線總是從CPU上接收信息，而CPU從不讀取地址總線。4、System Buses Data is transferred via the data bus. When the CPU fetches data from memory, it first outputs the memory addre

31、ss on its address bus. Then memory outputs the data onto the data bus; the CPU can then read the data from the data bus. When writing data to memory, the CPU first outputs the address onto the address bus, then outputs the data onto the data bus. Memory then reads and stores the data at the proper l

32、ocation. The processes for reading data from and writing data to the I/O devices are similar. 數(shù)據(jù)是通過數(shù)據(jù)總線傳送的。當(dāng)CPU從存儲器中取數(shù)據(jù)時，它首先把存儲器地址輸出到地址總線上，然后存儲器將數(shù)據(jù)輸出到數(shù)據(jù)總線上，這樣CPU就可以從數(shù)據(jù)總線上讀取數(shù)據(jù)了。當(dāng)CPU向存儲器中寫數(shù)據(jù)時，它首先將地址輸出到地址總線上，然后把數(shù)據(jù)輸出到數(shù)據(jù)總線上，這樣存儲器就可以從數(shù)據(jù)總線上讀取數(shù)據(jù)并將它存儲到正確的單元中。對I/O設(shè)備讀寫數(shù)據(jù)的過程與此類似。5、System Buses The control bus i

33、s different from the other two buses. The address bus consists of n lines, which combine to transmit one n-bit address value. Similarly, the lines of the data bus work together to transmit a single multibit value. In contrast, the control bus is a collection of individual control signals. These sign

34、als indicate whether data is to be read into or written out of the CPU, whether the CPU is accessing memory or an I/O device, and whether the I/O device or memory is ready to transfer data. Although this bus is shown as bidirectional in Figure 2-1, it is really a collection of (mostly) unidirectiona

35、l signals. Most of these signals are output from the CPU to the memory and I/O subsystems, although a few are output by these subsystems to the CPU. We examine these signals in more detail when we look at the instruction cycle and the subsystem interface. 控制總線與以上兩種總線都不相同。地址總線由n根線構(gòu)成，n根線聯(lián)合傳送一個n位的地址值。類

36、似地，數(shù)據(jù)總線的各條線合起來傳輸一個單獨(dú)的多位值。相反，控制總線是單根控制信號的集合。這些信號用來指示數(shù)據(jù)是要讀入CPU還是要從CPU寫出，CPU是要訪問存儲器還是要訪問I/O設(shè)備，是I/O設(shè)備還是存儲器已就緒要傳送數(shù)據(jù)等等。雖然圖2-1所示的控制總線看起來是雙向的，但它實(shí)際上（主要）是單向（大多數(shù)都是）信號的集合。大多數(shù)信號是從CPU輸出到存儲器與I/O子系統(tǒng)的，只有少數(shù)是從這些子系統(tǒng)輸出到CPU的。在介紹指令周期和子系統(tǒng)接口時，我們將詳細(xì)地討論這些信號。6、A system may have a hierarchy of buses. For example, it may use its

37、 address, data, and control buses to access memory, and an I/O controller. The I/O controller, in turn, may access all I/O devices using a second bus, often called an I/O bus or a local bus. 一個系統(tǒng)可能具有分層次的總線。例如，它可能使用地址、數(shù)據(jù)和控制總線來訪問存儲器和I/O控制器。I/O控制器可能依次使用第二級總線來訪問所有的I/O設(shè)備，第二級總線通常稱為I/O總線或者局部總線。7、Instructio

38、n Cycle The instruction cycle is the procedure a microprocessor goes through to process an instruction. First the microprocessor fetches, or reads, the instruction from memory. Then it decodes the instruction, determining which instruction it has fetched. Finally, it performs the operations necessar

39、y to execute the instruction. (Some people also include an additional element in the instruction cycle to store results. Here, we include that operation as part of the execute function.) Each of these functions-fetch, decode, and execute-consists of a sequence of one or more operations. 指令周期是微處理器完成一

40、條指令處理的步驟。首先，微處理器從存儲器讀取指令，然后將指令譯碼，辯明它取的是哪一條指令。最后，它完成必要的操作來執(zhí)行指令（有人認(rèn)為在指令周期中還要包括一個附加的步驟來存儲結(jié)果，這里我們把該操作當(dāng)作執(zhí)行功能的一部分）。每一個功能讀取、譯碼和執(zhí)行都包括一個或多個操作。8、Let's start where the computer starts, with the microprocessor fetching the instruction from memory. First, the microprocessor places the address of the instruct

41、ion on to the address bus. The memory subsystem inputs this address and decodes it to access the sired memory location. (We look at how this decoding occurs when we examine the memory subsystem in more detail later in this chapter.) 我們從微處理器從存儲器中取指令開始講述。首先，微處理器把指令的地址放到地址總線上，然后，存儲器子系統(tǒng)從總線上輸入該地址并予以譯碼，去訪

42、問指定的存儲單元。（譯碼是如何進(jìn)行的，我們將在后面的章節(jié)中介紹存儲器子系統(tǒng)是更為詳細(xì)的討論。）三、實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果與分析通過本次上機(jī)實(shí)驗(yàn)，讓我對英語長難句的分析有了更深層次的了解與掌握。以下通過一些關(guān)系的示例來說明句子之間的銜接，這是理解長難句的一個重要組成部分，有了這些做基礎(chǔ)，分析長難句將會變得更簡單明了。1.并列關(guān)系示例示例1：I sat down beside her. I said nothing.變?yōu)椋篒 sat down beside her and I said nothing.示例2：He asked me a question. I answered him.變?yōu)椋篐e asked

43、me a question and I answered him.2.從屬關(guān)系1)運(yùn)用各類從句，形成主從符合句，包括：狀語從句、賓語從句、定語從句、主語從句、同位語從句2)運(yùn)用非謂語動詞類進(jìn)行從屬方式的處理，包括：動詞的ing形式、動詞的過去分詞形式、動詞不定式形式從屬關(guān)系示例(以狀語從句為例)示例1：When he asked me a question, I answered him.示例2：I was so angry that I beat him up!示例3：If you ask me why, I will answer because!示例4：Since you are not

44、 feeling well, just lie down and take a good rest.示例5：Although I have tried my best, I cant win her heart. 示例6：Wherever I am, I will be thinking of you.示例7：I went out very early in the morning so that I could avoid the rush hour traffic. 非謂語動詞方式處理示例示例1：I sat beside her. I felt very nervous.可變?yōu)椋篠itti

45、ng beside her, I felt very nervous.或者：I sat beside her, feeling very nervous.示例2：I want to quit smoking. I eat candies. 可變?yōu)椋篢o quit smoking, I eat candies.示例3：A young man was tired of sleeping on the floor. He saved up for years to buy a real bed.可以變?yōu)椋篢ired of sleeping on the floor, a young man save

46、d up for years to buy a real bed.示例4：Jimmy was dressed up as Father Christmas. He was accompanied by a guard of honor of six pretty girls. He set off down the main street of the city. He rode a baby elephant. The elephant was called Jumbo. 可以變?yōu)椋篋ressed up as Father Christmas and accompanied by a gua

47、rd of honor of six pretty girls, Jimmy set off down the main street of the city, riding a baby elephant called Jumbo.定語從句方式處理定語從句當(dāng)然是屬于“從屬”的行列，所以，是處理為從屬方式的手段之一。請看下面的例子：This is the only book.I read the book during the holiday. 兩句的重合點(diǎn)在the book上面；將第二句中的the book抽出來，放到第一句book后面，其它內(nèi)容向后甩。這樣，我們就會看到the only b

48、ook后面馬上又在重復(fù)the book。為了避免重復(fù)，我們?nèi)サ魌he book，而換用另外一個詞去替換，這個詞就是指物的which或that。因?yàn)檫@里的book有only在修飾，所以，最終我們選用that；又因?yàn)閠hat在定語從句中作賓語，所以，可以省略。下面兩句的合并遵循同樣的原則：She is the girl.The girls father is my boss. =>She is the girl whose father is my boss.我們預(yù)熱幾個組成復(fù)雜句的句型：, but結(jié)構(gòu)(表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系), for結(jié)構(gòu)(表原因關(guān)系), so結(jié)構(gòu)(表結(jié)果關(guān)系)however,結(jié)構(gòu)(

49、表更強(qiáng)烈的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系)，therefore,結(jié)構(gòu)(更強(qiáng)烈的結(jié)果關(guān)系),meanwhile,結(jié)構(gòu)(表時間關(guān)系)這些基本知識構(gòu)成了：1)簡單句合并復(fù)雜句2)復(fù)雜句拆分為簡單句由“分到合”，由“合到分”的“基石”系別：數(shù)學(xué)與計算機(jī) 專業(yè)：計算機(jī)科學(xué)與技術(shù)3班 姓名：張美燕 學(xué)號：20094013013實(shí)驗(yàn)三 第三課英語翻譯一、實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)康拈_展計算機(jī)專業(yè)英語翻譯實(shí)踐教學(xué)活動的總體目標(biāo)是拓展教學(xué)空間，是對課堂教學(xué)的延伸活動。讓學(xué)生通過翻譯實(shí)踐，把所學(xué)到的知識轉(zhuǎn)化為實(shí)用的技能；讓學(xué)生了解計算機(jī)專業(yè)技術(shù)文檔，對英語更有興趣，使學(xué)生了解相關(guān)的計算機(jī)專業(yè)詞匯，計算機(jī)專用術(shù)語與命令，專業(yè)英語中常用的符號和數(shù)學(xué)表達(dá)式，把

50、握計算機(jī)專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)的閱讀方法，計算機(jī)專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)翻譯的基本方法，掌握長句的分析，固定搭配，讓學(xué)生積累實(shí)戰(zhàn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，實(shí)現(xiàn)從學(xué)校教育到社會市場實(shí)戰(zhàn)的銜接過度。二、實(shí)驗(yàn)內(nèi)容翻譯：1、I/O Subsystem Organization and Interfacing The CPU treats memory as homogeneous. From the CPU's perspective, each location is read from and written to in exactly the same way. Each memory location performs the sam

51、e function-it stores a data value or an instruction for use by the CPU. CPU把存儲器看作是同構(gòu)的。從CPU的角度來看，每一個單元的讀操作和寫操作都是一樣的，每一個單元執(zhí)行同樣的功能，即存儲CPU使用的數(shù)據(jù)或指令。 2、Input/output (I/O) devices, on the other hand, are very different. A personal computer's keyboard and hard disk perform vastly different functions, ye

52、t both are part of the I/O subsystem. Fortunately for the system designer, the interfaces between the CPU and the I/O devices are very similar. 另一方面，輸入/輸出設(shè)備是很不一樣的。個人電腦的鍵盤和硬盤執(zhí)行的是千差萬別的功能，但它們同是I/O子系統(tǒng)的一部分。對系統(tǒng)設(shè)計者而言，幸運(yùn)的是CPU和各I/O設(shè)備之間的接口是非常相似的。3、I/O Subsystem Organization and Interfacing As shown in Figure

53、2-1, each I/O device is connected to the computer system's address, data, and control buses. Each I/O device includes I/O interface circuitry; it is actually this circuitry that interacts with the buses. The circuitry also interacts with the actual I/O device to transfer data. 如圖2-1所示，每一個I/O設(shè)備與計

54、算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的地址總線、數(shù)據(jù)總線和控制總線相連接，它們都包括I/O接口電路，與總線交互的實(shí)際上正是這一電路，同時它與實(shí)際的I/O設(shè)備交互來傳輸數(shù)據(jù)。4、I/O Subsystem Organization and Interfacing Figure 2-7 shows the generic interface circuitry for an input device, such as a keyboard. The data from the input device goes to the tri-state buffers. When the values on the address

55、and control buses are correct, the buffers are enabled and data passes on to the data bus. The CPU can then read in this data. When the conditions are not right, the logic block does not enable the buffers; they are tri-stated and do not place data onto the bus. 圖2-7顯示了一個輸入設(shè)備（比如鍵盤）的一般接口電路。從輸入設(shè)備來的數(shù)據(jù)傳

56、送到三態(tài)緩沖器，當(dāng)?shù)刂房偩€和控制總線上的值正確時，緩沖器設(shè)為有效，數(shù)據(jù)傳到數(shù)據(jù)總線上，然后CPU可以讀取數(shù)據(jù)。當(dāng)條件不正確時，邏輯塊不會使緩沖器有效，它們保持高阻態(tài)，而且不把數(shù)據(jù)傳到總線上。5、I/O Subsystem Organization and Interfacing The key to this design is the enable logic. Just as every memory location has a unique address, each I/O device also has a unique address. The enable logic must

57、 not enable the buffers unless it receives the correct address from the address bus. It must also get the correct control signals from the control bus. For an input device, an RD (or RD') signal must be asserted (as well as the IO/signal, or equivalent, in systems with isolated I/O). 這一設(shè)計的關(guān)鍵在于使能

58、邏輯。正如每一個存儲單元都有一個惟一的地址一樣，每一個I/O設(shè)備也有一個惟一的地址。除非從地址總線得到了正確的地址，否則使能邏輯不置緩沖器有效。同時，它還必須從控制總線上得到正確的控制信號。對于一個輸入設(shè)備，RD(或者RD')信號必須有效（在獨(dú)立系統(tǒng)中，還有信號，或其他等效的信號）。6、I/O Subsystem Organization and Interfacing The design of the interface circuitry for an output device, such as a computer monitor, is somewhat different

59、 than that for the input device. As shown in Figure 2-8, the tri-state buffers are replaced by a register. The tri-state buffers are used in input device interfaces to make sure that no more than one device writes data to the bus at any time. Since the output devices read data from the bus, rather that write data to it, they don't need the buffers. The dat