詳解考研英語翻譯法則

1、考研名師任麗卿詳解考研英語翻譯法則（已經(jīng)本人編輯過）英譯漢考試的重點是測試學(xué)生對英語的理解能力及漢語表達能力。在教育部制定的碩士學(xué)位研究生英語教學(xué)大綱中,規(guī)定了碩士生入學(xué)時應(yīng)達到的英語水平標(biāo)準(zhǔn),有關(guān)翻譯部分的規(guī)定是“能將一般難度的英語短文譯成漢語，理解基本正確，譯文達意”。這就需要考生既要有比較好的英語基礎(chǔ)，還要有扎實的漢語功底。翻譯是一項對綜合能力要求比較高的題型，它不僅要求學(xué)生對詞匯、語法、語篇以及文化等有較好的掌握，還要求學(xué)生有著很強的組詞成句、組句成段的能力。仔細觀察歷年的考題，我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)這類題型主觀性比較強，它要求考生可以有適當(dāng)?shù)陌l(fā)揮。但在評分時有合適標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和可接受的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，也就是說只要

2、考生所翻譯的句子適合于上下文的基本思想而且其譯文也能被人所接受，一般可以判定這個句子的翻譯符合要求。最近幾年的考研翻譯部分是給出一篇400多個詞的英語文章，要求考生在仔細閱讀整篇文章并理解文章的基本意義的基礎(chǔ)上，準(zhǔn)確地按照上下文的提示和意義（即一定的語境）將劃線部分（一般是五個句子）翻譯成漢語。體裁大多是議論文，其中相當(dāng)一部分的內(nèi)容是有關(guān)科學(xué)常識的。所以要取得一個好成績考生不但要有比較扎實的翻譯基本功而且還需要比較廣的知識面。比較扎實的翻譯基本功包括良好的語言素質(zhì)、對兩種語言異同點的把握和熟悉翻譯的基本技能和技巧。 考研英語翻譯法則之分譯法 英語長句子比較多，漢語句子相對而言比較短。在翻譯時可

3、以改變原文結(jié)構(gòu)，把原文的某個成分從原來的結(jié)構(gòu)中分離出來，譯成一個獨立成分、從句或并列分句。He unnecessarily spent a lot of time introducing this book, which the students are familiar with.他花了很長時間介紹這本書，其實沒有必要，因為學(xué)生們對它已經(jīng)很熟悉了。We tried in vain to persuade him to give up his wrong belief.我們盡力勸說他放棄錯誤的信念，但沒有成功。It has been rightly stated that this situa

4、tion is a threat to international security.這個局勢對國際安全是個威脅，這樣的說法是完全正確的。Other students of the brain, noting that disease and physical damage can change personally and distort the mind, believe the brain to be nothing more than a fantastically complex computer.另外有一些科學(xué)家注意到疾病和身體損傷能夠改變?nèi)说谋?，歪曲人的心靈。他們認(rèn)為人腦僅僅是

5、一個神奇復(fù)雜的計算機而已。 考研英語翻譯法則之合譯法 和分譯法不同，合譯法是將不同的句子成分組合在一起，使其更符合漢語的表達方法。如:Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.他們說科學(xué)的發(fā)展與其說源于天才偉人的真知灼識，不如說源于改進了的技術(shù)和工具等等更為普遍的東西。（將英語的一個句子結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯成一個詞組）When tha

6、t happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankinds instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.這種反應(yīng)并不錯，這是人類用道德觀念進行推理的本能在起作用。這種本能應(yīng)得到鼓勵，而不是遭到嘲笑。（When that happens, it is not a mistake原來是兩個句子，現(xiàn)在組合成一個簡潔的漢語句子。）（真題示范）考研英語翻譯法則之反譯法一個問題有時可以從不同的角度來解釋說明。有些句子

7、英語是從正面說的，漢語可以從反面來解釋。1)否定譯成肯定。如:I never passed the theatre but I thought of his last performance.每一次經(jīng)過那家劇院，我都會想起他的最后一次演出。There is no rule that has no exception.任何規(guī)則都有例外。（雙重否定）Hardly a month goes by without word of another survey revealing new depths of scientific illiteracy among U.S. citizens.美國公民科盲

8、日益嚴(yán)重，這種調(diào)查報告幾乎月月都有。（雙重否定）（真題示范）The United Nations Organization has not, so far, justified the hopes which the people of the world set on it.到目前為止，聯(lián)合國辜負了世界人民寄予的希望。Under such times as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all,

9、people will have to accept more“ unnatural food”.除非人類終于意識到要把人口減少到這樣的程度，使地球能為所有的人提供足夠的飲食，否則人們將不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。（真題示范）2)肯定譯成否定。如:Everyone has the right to be free from hunger.人人有不挨餓的權(quán)利。This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy Ame

10、rican fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.這種困境將是確定無疑的，因為能源的匱乏使農(nóng)業(yè)無法以高能量消耗、投入少數(shù)農(nóng)民就可能獲得高產(chǎn)的美國耕種方式繼續(xù)下去了。（真題示范）Mean are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers.男人們很聰明，他們不會上時裝設(shè)計者們的當(dāng)。（將肯定句翻譯成否定句）He showed unfeigned satisfaction at his friends success.他

11、對朋友的成功表現(xiàn)出真正的滿足。The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.把標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測試作為抨擊目標(biāo)是錯誤的，因為在抨擊這類測試時，批評者不考慮其弊病來自人們對測試不甚了解或使用不當(dāng)。（真題示范）The conclusion we reached in Britain is that change simply cannot sensibly be put off.

12、我們英國人得出的結(jié)論是，改革是大勢所趨。（be put off是被動語態(tài)，如果譯成“不能合乎情理地被推遲”，漢語顯得別扭，所以采用反譯的方法。）考研英語翻譯法則之順序調(diào)整法一般來說，翻譯時應(yīng)該按照句子原來的順序進行，但由于英漢兩種語言中定語、狀語和一些其他成分的位置不完全相同，翻譯時需要做一定的調(diào)整（例如采用倒譯法），使其更符合漢語的習(xí)慣。如:He looked at the sea moodily.他心情不快地望著大海。（英語的狀語moodily翻譯成漢語時位置有所變化）The true measure of the danger is represented by the hazards

13、we will encounter if we enter the new age of technology without first evaluating our responsibility to environment.如果我們進入了技術(shù)新時代而不首先估價我們對環(huán)境所負的責(zé)任，我們將遇到公害，這些公害將表明危險真正達到了什么程度。That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.這種

14、理論的核心是，我們的環(huán)境同我們的才能、性格特征和行為即使有什么關(guān)系的話，也是微不足道的。（原來的謂語，在譯文中變成了在前的主語。）（真題示范）Aid is only partial recompense for what the superior economic power of the advanced countries denies us through trade.先進國家用優(yōu)勢力量，通過貿(mào)易剝削我們，其援助只不過是部分償還而已。Behaviorists, in contrast, say that differences in scores are due to the fact

15、that blacks are often deprived of may of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.相反，行為主義者認(rèn)為，成績的差異是由于黑人往往被剝奪了白人在教育及其他環(huán)境方面所享有的許多有利條件。（in contrast在原文句中，翻譯成漢語后放在句首。）（真題示范） 考研英語翻譯法則之重復(fù)翻譯法 為了避免文章單調(diào)乏味，用英語寫作時用盡量避免重復(fù)，常見的方法有使用代詞、同義詞、近義詞以及省略某些成分等。但漢語不怕重復(fù)，連續(xù)使用某個詞語是常見的情況，所以英譯漢時為了譯文的通

16、順我們可以適當(dāng)?shù)刂貜?fù)某些必要的詞語。如:Marketing economy is itself the product of long course of development, of a series of revolutions in the modes of production and of exchange.市場經(jīng)濟本身是一個長期發(fā)展過程的產(chǎn)物，是生產(chǎn)方式和交換方式一系列變革的產(chǎn)物。（名詞重復(fù)）Federally funded training and free back-to-school programs for laid-off workers are under way,

17、but few experts believe they will be able to keep up with the pace of the new technology.為失業(yè)工人提供的聯(lián)邦政府資助的培訓(xùn)計劃和免費重返學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)的計劃目前都在實施中，但專家中幾乎沒有人認(rèn)為這些計劃能跟得上新技術(shù)的發(fā)展步伐。（they指的是上文的programs）Among the four pictures, two appear to be real, others false.在這四幅畫中，有兩幅看起來是真的，另外兩幅看起來則是贗品。（動詞重復(fù)）Do animals have rights?Actua

18、lly, it isnt, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.事實并非如此，因為這種問法是以人們對人的權(quán)利有共同認(rèn)識為基礎(chǔ)的，而這種共同認(rèn)識并不存在。（it指Do animals have rights?）（真題示范）考研英語翻譯法則之幾種特殊否定句式的翻譯法 The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both contro

19、lled by the brain.臟和胃一樣不能思維，都受大腦支配。（“no morethan翻譯成漢語“和一樣不”）（真題示范）There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, any more than they can limit how much water you drink.他們沒有理由限定你吃多少維生素，就如同他們不能限定你喝多少水一樣。It was not so much the many blows he received as the lack of fighting spirit that l

20、ed to his losing the game.與其說他輸了比賽是多次被擊中，不如說是自己缺乏斗志。（“not so much as”翻譯成“與其說，不如說”）Without accepting new techniques, there will be no great increase in labor productivity.不采用新技術(shù)，就不能大幅度提高勞動生產(chǎn)率。There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to

21、 the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.所謂方法論是指一般的歷史研究中的特有概念，還是指歷史研究中各個具體領(lǐng)域使用的研究手段，人們對此意見不一。（真題示范）Interests in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quar

22、rels among historians themselves.人們之所以關(guān)注歷史研究的方法論，主要是因為史學(xué)界內(nèi)部意見不一，其次是因為外界并不認(rèn)為歷史是一門學(xué)問。（真題示范）He is One cannot be too careful while driving in the area.在該地區(qū)開車越細心越好。He is the last person I want to see in the world.他是這個世界上我最不愿意見到的人?？佳杏⒄Z翻譯法則之被動語態(tài)翻譯法 1)變?yōu)闈h語的主動形式。如:In his attitude can be found seeds for art i

23、n the 20th century: the art of the primitive, of symbol, and of imagination.在他的態(tài)度中可以找到20世紀(jì)藝術(shù)的種子：充滿原始、象征和想象的藝術(shù)。It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideratio

24、n at all.這種說法從一開始就將討論引向兩個極端，它使人們認(rèn)為應(yīng)該這樣對待動物：要么像對待人類自身一樣關(guān)切體諒，要么完全冷漠無情。（真題示范）On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he w

25、as not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.總的來說，得出這樣的結(jié)論是有一定的把握的，但是必須具備兩個條件：能夠假定這個孩子對測試的態(tài)度和與他相比較的其他孩子的態(tài)度相同；他也沒有因為缺乏其他孩子已掌握的有關(guān)知識而被扣分。（真題示范）In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when wh

26、at is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined.總而言之，如果需要測定的人的素質(zhì)能夠精確地界定出來，那些測試就能有效地發(fā)揮作用，而如果那些需要測定或預(yù)測的素質(zhì)不能清楚地界定出來，那些測試就沒有什么效果。（真題示范）2)被動結(jié)構(gòu)的表語化，將其翻譯成“是的”、“由的”等。如:The movement to oppose racial discrimination was personally initiated and led by a famous Negro leader.這場反對種族歧視的運動是由一位著名的黑人領(lǐng)袖親自發(fā)動和

27、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的。3)譯成具有被動意義的漢語結(jié)構(gòu)。如:For all the help this computer may provide, it should not be seen as a substitute for fundamental thinking and reasoning skills.盡管計算機可以提供那么多的幫助，它卻不應(yīng)該被看作是基本的思維和推理技巧的替代物。It should be made clear to entire citizens that whoever enjoys rights must undertake corresponding obligations

28、.應(yīng)該使全體公民明白，享受權(quán)利者必須承擔(dān)響應(yīng)的義務(wù)。Those who support the“nature”side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors.在這場爭論中，贊成“天性”一方的人認(rèn)為，我們的性格特征和行為模式大多數(shù)是由生物因素確定的。（真題示范）How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upo

29、n the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.這些預(yù)測將在多大程度上為后來的表現(xiàn)所證實取決于所用信息的數(shù)量、可靠程度、適宜程度以及用來解釋這些信息的技巧與才智。（真題示范）4)增添“人們”、“大家”等適當(dāng)?shù)脑~做漢語譯文的主語。如:With the new technique, measurement was claimed to be much more precise.有了這種技術(shù)，人

30、們斷言測量的結(jié)果精確得多。And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.許多人認(rèn)為普通人的思維活動根本無法和科學(xué)家的思維過程想比較，他們并認(rèn)為這些思維過程必須經(jīng)過某中專門訓(xùn)練才能掌握。（真題示范）During this transfer, traditional historical

31、methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.在這種轉(zhuǎn)變中，歷史學(xué)家研究歷史時，那些解釋新史料的新方法充實了傳統(tǒng)的歷史研究方法。（真題示范）詳解考研英語翻譯法則之從句翻譯法 1)定語從句翻譯法A)合譯法:把定語從句放在被修飾的詞語之前，從而將英語復(fù)合句翻譯成漢語單句。如:Congress made public a survey of human rights in 105 countries t

32、hat receive U.S. aid.國會公布了關(guān)于接受美國援助的105個國家的人權(quán)情況調(diào)查報告。B)分譯法:根據(jù)定語從句的不同情況，我們可以將其翻譯成并列分句、其它從句或獨立句等。如:Anyone who stops absorbing new knowledge is certain to lag behind.任何人如果停止吸取新知識，就肯定會落后。（翻譯為條件狀語從句）The strike would prevent the docking of ocean steamships which require assistance of tugboats.罷工會使遠洋航船不能靠岸，因

33、為他們需要拖船的幫助。（翻譯成原因狀語從句）A geological prospecting engineer who had made a spectral analysis of ores discovered a new open-cut coalmine.一位地質(zhì)勘探工程師對光譜進行了分析之后,發(fā)現(xiàn)了新的露天煤礦。（翻譯為時間狀語結(jié)構(gòu)）The delivery of public services has tended to be an area where we decorate an obsolete process with technology.公共服務(wù)的提供方式已趨陳舊，這正

34、是我們必須采用技術(shù)加以裝備的領(lǐng)域。（翻譯為并列分句）We now live in a very new economy, a service economy, where relationships are becoming more important than physical products.現(xiàn)在我們正生活于一種全新的經(jīng)濟，即服務(wù)性經(jīng)濟中，各種關(guān)系越來越比物質(zhì)產(chǎn)品更為重要。（翻譯為并列分句）2)主語從句翻譯法A)以that, what, who, where, whatever等代詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句，可以將從句翻譯成“的”字結(jié)構(gòu)。如:It is important that scienc

35、e and technology be pushed forward as quickly as possible.重要的是要把科學(xué)技術(shù)搞上去。Whoever breaks the law will be punished.凡是犯法的人都要受到法律的制裁。（主語從句與主句合譯成簡單句，按順序譯出）B)也可以譯成“主-謂-賓”結(jié)構(gòu),從句本身做句子的主語，其余部分按原文順序譯出。如:Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice ver

36、sa（反之）often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.政府究竟是以犧牲對技術(shù)的經(jīng)費投入來增加對純理論科學(xué)的經(jīng)費投入，還是相反，這往往取決于把哪一方看作是驅(qū)動的力量。（真題示范）C)分譯法:把原來的狀語從句從整體結(jié)構(gòu)中分離出來,譯成另一個相對獨立得單句。如:It has been rightly stated that this situation is a threat to international security.這個局勢對國際安全是個威脅，這樣的說法是完全正確的。（It是形式主語，that thi

37、s situation is a threat to international security是真正的賓語）3)賓語從句翻譯法由that, what, how, where等詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句一般按照原文順序翻譯,即順譯法。如:We wish to inform you that we specialize in the export of Chinese textiles and shall be glad to enter into business relations with you on the basis of equality and mutual benefit.我公司專門辦

38、理中國紡織品出口業(yè)務(wù)，并愿在平等互利的基礎(chǔ)上同貴公司建立業(yè)務(wù)關(guān)系。4)狀語從句翻譯法 A)順譯法:按照原文順序翻譯。如:While both groups did better than chance would predict, nearly half the participants in each group made the wrong choice two or more times.盡管兩組的表現(xiàn)都比隨機猜測的結(jié)果正確度高，但是每組幾乎有一半的參加者做出了兩個或更多的錯誤選擇。If the negotiations between the rich nations and the

39、poor nations make headway, it is intended that a ministerial session in December should be arranged.如果富國和窮國之間的談判獲得進展的話，就打算在12月份安排召開部長級會議。B)逆譯法:把位于句末的從句放在句首。如:The policemen set him free when his ransom had not yet been paid.他還未交贖金，警察就把他放了。Obviously, there would be no point in investing in a computer if you had to check all its answers, but people should also rely on their own internal computers and check the machine when they have the feeling that something has gone wrong.顯然，如果計算機給出的全部答案均需要核查，花錢買計算機就毫無意義。不過，人們也應(yīng)該信賴自身內(nèi)部的計算能力，在認(rèn)為計算機有問題時進行復(fù)查。C)分譯法:有時也可以譯為并列句。如:Electr