汽車專業(yè)英語(原書作者宋紅英)

1、specialized english for automobileunit oneautomobile structurecontentsi. pre-questionsii. text explanationiii. exercisesvtypes of modern automobilesv1）cars v2）passenger cars v3）trucksv4）tractors and vehicle combination v5）special type vehiclev6）self-dumping carv7）farm vehicle v8) off-road vehiclei.

2、pre-questionsspecial vehicle cartractor truck passenger cars 2、with respect to engine arrangement and driving type engine arrangement and driving typediagramfront engine 、 front-wheel drive front engine 、 rear-wheel driverear engine、 rear-wheel drivei. pre-questionsvdo you know who built the first c

3、ar in the world and when?vkarl benzvin 1886i. pre-questionsv how many main parts does the automobile consist of? 1-engine2-chassis 3-body4-electrical systemi. pre-questionsvwhich is called the “ heart” of automobile?van engine that is used to supply power for an automobilevwhat is the chassis compos

4、ed of?vdriving system, running gear, steering system and brake system. i. pre-questionsdriving system brake systemsteering systemrunning geari. pre-questionsv what is the electrical system composed of?vthe electric system includes the battery, generator, starting system, ignition system, lighting sy

5、stem, horn system, radio and other devices.i. pre-questionsvwhat are the functions of the four systems?vdriving system works by transmitting engine power to the driving wheels. vsuspension systems function is to increase strength and durability of components and to meet customers requirements for ri

6、ding comfort and driving safety. vsteering system is used to control the driving direction of an automobile. v brake system is used to retard the motion of the vehicle. i. pre-questionsvin other words, any automobile is composed of the sections such as engine, chassis, body and electric system.vin o

7、ther words 換句話說換句話說vbe composed of 由由.組成組成v 譯文：譯文：換句話說，任何一輛汽車都是由發(fā)動機、換句話說，任何一輛汽車都是由發(fā)動機、底盤、車身和電器設(shè)備組成的。底盤、車身和電器設(shè)備組成的。 ii. text explanationvin other words v in other words, they remain relatively constant or static. 換句話說，它們相對的穩(wěn)定、靜止。換句話說，它們相對的穩(wěn)定、靜止。v in other words, we have adhered to scientific socialis

8、m. 也就是說，我們堅持了科學(xué)社會主義。也就是說，我們堅持了科學(xué)社會主義。 vbe composed ofv navy must be composed of surface ship unit and submarine unit. v 海軍一定是由水面艦艇部隊和潛艇部隊組成。海軍一定是由水面艦艇部隊和潛艇部隊組成。ii. text explanationvthe internal combustion engine burns fuel within the cylinders and converts the expanding force of the combustion or “e

9、xplosion” into rotary force used to propel the vehicle.vthe internal combustion engine 內(nèi)燃機內(nèi)燃機vconvert .into.使轉(zhuǎn)變使轉(zhuǎn)變, 轉(zhuǎn)換轉(zhuǎn)換.vpropel vt.推進推進, 驅(qū)使驅(qū)使v譯文：譯文：內(nèi)燃機在汽缸內(nèi)燃燒燃料，然后把燃燒或者內(nèi)燃機在汽缸內(nèi)燃燒燃料，然后把燃燒或者“爆炸爆炸”所產(chǎn)生的膨脹力變成旋轉(zhuǎn)力，用以推動車所產(chǎn)生的膨脹力變成旋轉(zhuǎn)力，用以推動車輛前進。輛前進。 ii. text explanationvconvert .into.vthey converted the garage

10、into a theater. 他們將車庫改成戲院。他們將車庫改成戲院。 vconvert water into ice.v將水變成冰將水變成冰vconverting feet into meters.v將英尺換算成公尺將英尺換算成公尺ii. text explanationv brake system is a balanced set of mechanical and hydraulic devices used to retard the motion of the vehicle by means of friction.v hydraulic haidrlik adj. 液壓的液壓

11、的, 水力的水力的v retard ritd vt. 延遲延遲, 使減速使減速,阻礙阻礙v friction frikn n.摩擦摩擦, 摩擦力摩擦力v 譯文：譯文：制動系統(tǒng)是一套平衡的機械和液壓設(shè)備，制動系統(tǒng)是一套平衡的機械和液壓設(shè)備，它可通過摩擦來阻止車輛的運動。它可通過摩擦來阻止車輛的運動。ii. text explanationvby means of 用用.方式（方法），依靠方式（方法），依靠vthey succeeded by means of perseverance. v他們依靠堅忍不拔而獲得成功。他們依靠堅忍不拔而獲得成功。 vhe always goes to school

12、 by means of bike v他總是騎自行車上學(xué)他總是騎自行車上學(xué) ii. text explanationii. text explanationu in 1956, the no. 1 auto plant was established in changchun, and turned out the first batch of liberation automobiles for our country. v establish vt.建立建立, 設(shè)立設(shè)立, 確定確定v turned out vt. 生產(chǎn)生產(chǎn), 起床起床, 翻出翻出, 制造制造, 關(guān)掉關(guān)掉 v 譯文：譯文：在

13、在1956年，一汽在長春成立了，并且為我年，一汽在長春成立了，并且為我們國家生產(chǎn)出了第一批解放牌轎車。們國家生產(chǎn)出了第一批解放牌轎車。vturn out va vast crowd turned out to watch the match. v大群的觀眾到場觀看比賽。大群的觀眾到場觀看比賽。vif the day turns out wet we may have to change our plans. v萬一下雨的話，我們也許得改變計劃。萬一下雨的話，我們也許得改變計劃。ii. text explanation iii. exercisesu translate the followin

14、g expressions into chinese.vchassisvdriving systemvinternal combustion enginevsteering systemvbraking systemvclutchvgearboxvuniversal jointvpropeller shaftvgeneratoru底盤底盤u傳動系統(tǒng)傳動系統(tǒng)u內(nèi)燃機內(nèi)燃機u轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)u制動系統(tǒng)制動系統(tǒng)u離合器離合器u變速箱變速箱u萬向節(jié)萬向節(jié)u驅(qū)動軸驅(qū)動軸u發(fā)電機發(fā)電機v identify the english names of clutch according to the pictu

15、re. iii. exercises1-engine; 2-clutch; 3-gearbox; 4-propeller shaft; 5-differential; 6-rear axlevthe motor vehicle engine is basically a device for converting the internal energy stored in its fuel into mechanical energy. it is classified as an internal combustion engine by virtue of this energy conv

16、ersion taking place within the engine cylinders . since the term ”energy” implies the capacity to perform work, the engine is thus able to propel the vehicle along the road and, within limits, overcome unwanted opposition to its motion arising from rolling friction and air drag. to facilitate this p

17、rocess the engine is combined with a transmission system. iii. exercisesvi. translate the following sentences into chinese.v in effect, the driving system works by transmitting engine power to the driving wheels.v 實際上，傳動系統(tǒng)的作用是將發(fā)動機的動力傳遞到驅(qū)動車輪。實際上，傳動系統(tǒng)的作用是將發(fā)動機的動力傳遞到驅(qū)動車輪。v the electric system supplies l

18、ighting and driving power for the automobile.v 電氣系統(tǒng)可為汽車提供照明和驅(qū)動的電力。電氣系統(tǒng)可為汽車提供照明和驅(qū)動的電力。v the body styling provides an attractive, colorful, modern appearance for the vehicle.v 車身的式樣為汽車提供了誘人的，多彩的，現(xiàn)代的外觀形象。車身的式樣為汽車提供了誘人的，多彩的，現(xiàn)代的外觀形象。 iii. exercisesv 汽車主要由四個部分組成，他們是：發(fā)動機、底盤、車汽車主要由四個部分組成，他們是：發(fā)動機、底盤、車身和電氣設(shè)備。

19、身和電氣設(shè)備。v an automobile is generally composed of four sections such as engine,chassis, body and electrical system.v 傳動系由離合器、變速箱、傳動軸、后橋、差速器、從傳動系由離合器、變速箱、傳動軸、后橋、差速器、從動輪組成。動輪組成。v the transmission system consists of clutch, gearbox, propeller shaft, rear axle ,differential and the driving road wheels.。 i

20、ii. exercisesii. translate the following sentences into english.v氣門機構(gòu)的作用是及時地吸入新鮮的混合氣和排氣門機構(gòu)的作用是及時地吸入新鮮的混合氣和排出廢氣出廢氣vthe valve gear provides timely admission of the fresh charge into the cylinders and exhaust of spent gases from them. iii. exercisesspecialized english for automobilespecialized english

21、for automobileunit 2-1main components of engine contentspre-questionsii. text explanationiii. exercisesi. pre-questionsthe heart of automobilevwhat impression of the engine?complicated poweri. pre-questionsvwhat are there types of the engine?velectric motors, steam engines, and internal combustion e

22、ngines vwhats the internal combustion engine? vburns fuel within the cylinders and converts the expanding force of the combustion into rotary force used to propel the vehicle.i. pre-questionssingle-cylinder enginecylinderpistonpiston pinconnecting rodcrankshaftoil pipeintake valveexhaust valve timin

23、g gearoil pumpvwhat is the power source of automobile and how to produce?piston piston pin connecting rod crankshaft enginepower is produced by the linear motion of a piston in a cylinder. the connecting rod transmits the up-and-down motion of the piston to the crankshaft, which changes it into rota

24、ry motion. i. pre-questionsvthe engine comprises two mechanism and five systems, what are they ?v crankshaft and connecting rod mechanism, v valve gear, v cooling system, v lubricating system, v fuel system, v starting system, v ignition system i. pre-questionsconnecting rodflywheelcrankshaftpistoni

25、ntake valveexhaust valvepush rodtappettiming gears valve gear connecting rod engine cooling systemengine lubricating systemfuel supply systemvalve gearvwhats the function of the crankshaft and connecting rod mechanism?v its function is to convert heat energy into mechanical energy used to drive the

26、vehicles. i. pre-questionsvthe internal combustion engine, as its name indicates, burns fuel within the cylinders and converts the expanding force of the combustion into rotary force used to propel the vehicle.v譯文：譯文：內(nèi)燃機，內(nèi)燃機，顧名思義顧名思義，就是燃料在氣缸內(nèi)部，就是燃料在氣缸內(nèi)部燃燒，并且把燃燒時的膨脹力轉(zhuǎn)化為驅(qū)動車輛的燃燒，并且把燃燒時的膨脹力轉(zhuǎn)化為驅(qū)動車輛的旋轉(zhuǎn)力。旋

27、轉(zhuǎn)力。ii. text explanationv of all automobile components, an automobile engine is the most complicated assembly with dominant effects on the function of an automobile. v complicated kmplikeitid v adj.復(fù)雜的復(fù)雜的, 難解的難解的v dominance dmnns n.優(yōu)勢優(yōu)勢, 統(tǒng)治統(tǒng)治v 譯文：譯文：汽車發(fā)動機是一切汽車部件中結(jié)構(gòu)最復(fù)雜，汽車發(fā)動機是一切汽車部件中結(jié)構(gòu)最復(fù)雜，對汽車功能起支配作用的一個

28、總成。對汽車功能起支配作用的一個總成。ii. text explanationvits function is to convert heat energy into mechanical energy used to drive the vehicles.vconvertinto. 轉(zhuǎn)變；變換轉(zhuǎn)變；變換v譯文：譯文：它的作用就是將熱能轉(zhuǎn)換成機械能用來驅(qū)它的作用就是將熱能轉(zhuǎn)換成機械能用來驅(qū)動汽車動汽車 。ii. text explanationv co.v 轉(zhuǎn)變；變換轉(zhuǎn)變；變換v that building has been converted into a school.

29、 v 那座樓房改成學(xué)校了。那座樓房改成學(xué)校了。v 兌換兌換 v i want to convert some hong kong dollars into american dollars. v 我想把一些港元換成美元。我想把一些港元換成美元。v 改變信仰、黨派或意見等改變信仰、黨派或意見等 v she managed to convert him to her opinion. v 她終于設(shè)法說服了他接受她的意見。她終于設(shè)法說服了他接受她的意見。ii. text explanationvpower is produced by the linear motion of a piston in

30、 a cylinder. v linear lini adj. 線的線的, 直線的直線的, 線線 性的性的v piston pistn n.活塞活塞ii. text explanationvthe piston attached to the top of a connecting rod by a pin, called a piston pin or wrist pin. v attach to v. 連接連接 vconnecting rod 連桿連桿 v piston pin = wrist pin 活塞銷活塞銷ii. text explanationvthe connecting ro

31、d transmits the up-and-down motion of the piston to the crankshaft, which changes it into rotary motion. vtransmitto 把把傳到傳到 vwhich changes it into rotary motion 定語從句定語從句ii. text explanationv diesel enginesv water pumpv the ignition distributorv oil panv timing gearv crankshaft and connecting rod mec

32、hanismv valve gearv fuel systemv exhaust pipev exhaust manifoldiii. exercisestranslate the following expressions into chinese.u柴油發(fā)動機u水泵u分電器u油底殼u正時齒輪u曲柄連桿機構(gòu)u配氣機構(gòu)u燃油系統(tǒng)u排氣管u排氣歧管v 1-cylinder head cover v 2-pistonv 3-timing toothed beltv 4-water pumpv 5-oil panv 6-oil pumpv 7-crankshaftv 8-flywheelv 9-di

33、stributorv 10-valveiii. exercisesv the crankshaft represents the final link in the conversion of reciprocating motion at the piston to one of rotation at the flywheel. in the cast of the multi-cylinder engine, the crankshaft has to control the relative motions of the pistons, while receiving their o

34、wn impulses. a one-piece construction is most commonly used for the motor-vehicle crankshaft, which extends the whole length of the engine and must therefore possess considerable rigidity . iii. exercisesvthe timing-drive for the engine valve mechanism is taken from the front end of the crankshaft a

35、s is the pulley and belt drive for the engine auxiliaries, such as the cooling fan and the alternator for electrical system. attached to the rear end of the crankshaft is the engine flywheel .iii. exercisesvi. translate the following sentences into chinese.v 1engine is the power source of the automo

36、bile. power is produced by the linear motion of a piston in a cylinder.v 發(fā)動機是汽車的動力源發(fā)動機是汽車的動力源.它通過汽缸內(nèi)的活塞線性運動產(chǎn)生它通過汽缸內(nèi)的活塞線性運動產(chǎn)生的的.v 2the fuel system works according to the requirements of the engine as it provides an air-fuel mixture which must be in proportion to the speed and load placed on the engin

37、e.v 燃油系統(tǒng)的作用是根據(jù)發(fā)動機的轉(zhuǎn)速和負(fù)荷提供一定比例燃油系統(tǒng)的作用是根據(jù)發(fā)動機的轉(zhuǎn)速和負(fù)荷提供一定比例的可燃混合氣以滿足發(fā)動機的需求。的可燃混合氣以滿足發(fā)動機的需求。iii. exercisesv3the valve gear provides timely admission of the fresh charge into the cylinders and exhaust of spent gases from them.v配氣機構(gòu)機構(gòu)可定時的將新鮮氣體充入氣缸，并配氣機構(gòu)機構(gòu)可定時的將新鮮氣體充入氣缸，并且將廢氣排放出去。且將廢氣排放出去。iii. exercisesv 1發(fā)動機

38、主要有兩大機構(gòu)五大系統(tǒng)組成。發(fā)動機主要有兩大機構(gòu)五大系統(tǒng)組成。v an engine is mainly composed of two mechanisms and five systems.v 2曲柄連桿機構(gòu)主要包括機體組，活塞連桿組和曲軸飛曲柄連桿機構(gòu)主要包括機體組，活塞連桿組和曲軸飛輪組。輪組。v the crankshaft and connecting rod mechanism mainly consists of the engine crankcase and cylinder block, the piston and connecting rod, the cranksh

39、aft and flywheel. iii. exercisesii. translate the following sentences into english.v 3水泵工作時，可以將冷卻液在發(fā)動機水套中和散熱器水泵工作時，可以將冷卻液在發(fā)動機水套中和散熱器之間來回流動。之間來回流動。vwhen revolving, the water pump circulates coolant between the engine water jackets and the radiator. iii. exercisesiii. exercisesv principle of four-stro

40、ke engine1、intake stroke 2、compress stroke 3、power stroke 4、exhaust stroke intake valveexhaustvalvespecialized english for automobilespecialized english for automobileunit 2-2 cylinder block and cylinder head contentsi. pre-questionsii. text explanationiii. exercisesengine bodycrankcasecylinder bloc

41、kcylinder headcylinderoil passage and water passageoil panthe cylinder gasket vwhat is the engine block comprised of? vthe cylinder section and the crankcase section i. pre-questionsthe cylindercrankcase i. pre-questionsvhow many types has the engine arrangement, what are they?in-line v-type horizon

42、tally opposed type vwhats the function and the material of the cylinder head? vfunction： seal the top the cylinder and form the combustion chamber with the piston and the cylinder vmaterial: grey iron or alloy iron aluminum i. pre-questionscylinder gasket cylinder headcylinder coverpadto fit spark p

43、lugi. pre-questionsvwhat types of the combustion chambers are there?i. pre-questionswedge-shaped basin-shaped hemispherical vthe engine block is the main supporting structure to which all other parts are attached directly or indirectly. vattached t tt vt 附上附上.的的vdirectly adv. 直接地直接地vindirectly adv.

44、間接地間接地v譯文：氣缸體是主要的支承部件，它可以將其它譯文：氣缸體是主要的支承部件，它可以將其它部件直接或間接的裝配在上面。部件直接或間接的裝配在上面。 ii. text explanation反義詞反義詞v the surfaces are machined to allow the pistons to move with minimum wear and friction. v allow vt 允許，承認(rèn)允許，承認(rèn)v allow sb. to do sth. v allow doing sth. v friction frikn n. 摩擦摩擦, 摩擦力摩擦力v 譯文：譯文：加工出的

45、表面允許活塞在最小磨損和摩擦力下運加工出的表面允許活塞在最小磨損和摩擦力下運動。動。 ii. text explanationvallow 使使成為可能，允許成為可能，允許v近義詞：近義詞：permitvthe windfall allowed me to buy a house. v這意外之財使我這意外之財使我得以得以購置一幢房子。購置一幢房子。 vallow me to introduce myself. v請請允許允許我自我介紹一下。我自我介紹一下。 ii. text explanationvwith the increased concern for providing higher

46、output and lower fuel consumption, car manufactures are trying to make the vehicle lighter.vconcern vt.涉及涉及, 關(guān)系到關(guān)系到 n.關(guān)心關(guān)心, 關(guān)注關(guān)注v concern for 對對.的關(guān)心的關(guān)心/憂慮憂慮 v concern with 和和.有關(guān)（一般用有關(guān)（一般用.+be concerned with.）v consumption n. 消費消費, 消費量消費量v譯文：譯文：隨著對汽車產(chǎn)量和低燃耗的關(guān)注度越來越高，隨著對汽車產(chǎn)量和低燃耗的關(guān)注度越來越高，汽車生產(chǎn)廠家盡量把汽車做的輕一些

47、。汽車生產(chǎn)廠家盡量把汽車做的輕一些。 ii. text explanationv concern vt. v 1. (不用被動語態(tài)不用被動語態(tài))關(guān)于關(guān)于v 2. 涉及涉及,關(guān)系到關(guān)系到;影響到影響到the letter is chiefly concerned with export commodities. 這封信主要是關(guān)于出口商品的。這封信主要是關(guān)于出口商品的。 the news concerns your brother. 這消息與你兄弟有關(guān)。這消息與你兄弟有關(guān)。 v 3. 使擔(dān)心使擔(dān)心;使不安使不安 (+about/for)v the boys poor health concerne

48、d his parents. 那男孩健康狀況不佳那男孩健康狀況不佳,使他的父母親憂慮。使他的父母親憂慮。 he is concerned for her safety. 他擔(dān)心她的安全。他擔(dān)心她的安全。 v 4. 使關(guān)心使關(guān)心(+about/with)v he was very concerned about her. 他對她非常關(guān)心。他對她非常關(guān)心。 ii. text explanationvit should be paid attention to the direction when fixing.vto是介詞是介詞,所以后面接名詞以及動名詞所以后面接名詞以及動名詞. vpay att

49、ention to sth. / doing sth. v please pay attention to taking care of your baby. v 請注意照顧好你的小孩請注意照顧好你的小孩. v 譯文：譯文：應(yīng)該注意裝配時的方向。應(yīng)該注意裝配時的方向。 ii. text explanationcylinder gasketfunction ： fitted between the cylinder block and cylinder head to seal the area between them and prevent leakage of gas, oil and w

50、ater . pay attention to the direction when fixing ii. text explanationvin order to make the aluminum stronger and less likely to warp, certain materials are added to the metal or a steel liner placed in the block.vin order to 為了為了vwe started early in order to arrive before dark. v為了在天黑前到達為了在天黑前到達,我們

51、很早就動身了。我們很早就動身了。 ii. text explanationv warp w:p v n. 彎曲彎曲, 歪曲歪曲 vt. 弄歪弄歪, 使翹曲使翹曲 vi.變彎變彎, 變歪變歪v added tov incresed（本身）增加（本身）增加 v added to(別人，別的東西別人，別的東西)增加增加 v 譯文：譯文：為了使鋁制材料強度更高，盡可能的減少為了使鋁制材料強度更高，盡可能的減少彎曲變形，可加入一定的金屬材料或者在缸體內(nèi)彎曲變形，可加入一定的金屬材料或者在缸體內(nèi)鑲鋼缸套。鑲鋼缸套。區(qū)別區(qū)別 ii. text explanationv cylinder blockv cyl

52、inder head v oil panv cylinder gasketv cylinder linerv wedge-shaped combustion chamber v basin-shaped combustion chamberv in-line enginesv spark plugsv injectioniii. exercisestranslate the following expressions into chinese.v 氣缸體氣缸體v 氣缸蓋氣缸蓋 v 油底殼油底殼v 氣缸墊氣缸墊v 缸套缸套v 楔形燃燒室楔形燃燒室 v 盆形燃燒室盆形燃燒室v 直列發(fā)動機直列發(fā)動機

53、v 火花塞火花塞v 噴油器噴油器iii. exercises1- cylinder head cover; 2-cylinder head; 3- cylinder gasket; 4-cylinder block; 5- oil panvit has long since been established practice to combine the cylinder block and crankcase into a single unit, this generally being termed “monobloc” construction. the historical orig

54、ins of this form of construction date back to the early 1920s, when there was a general trend towards simplification of the engine structure. iii. exercisesvuntil then the cylinder block and crankcase were produced as separate units, in cast iron and aluminum alloy respectively, and then bolted toge

55、ther . in relation to modern engine design, the monobloc construction provides a very necessary rigid foundation for the engine and reduces manufacturing costs. iii. exercisesvi. translate the following sentences into chinese.v 1in order to make the aluminum stronger and less likely to warp, certain

56、 materials are added to the metal or a steel liner placed in the block.v 為了使鋁制缸體剛度更強和盡可能的減少磨損，可將一些為了使鋁制缸體剛度更強和盡可能的減少磨損，可將一些材料加入其中或者在缸體中安裝缸套。材料加入其中或者在缸體中安裝缸套。v 2the cylinder gaskets function is to seal the area between them and prevent leakage of gas, oil and water.v 氣缸墊的作用就是密封缸蓋與缸體之間的區(qū)域，避免漏氣、氣缸墊的作用就

57、是密封缸蓋與缸體之間的區(qū)域，避免漏氣、漏油和漏水。漏油和漏水。iii. exercisesv3the cylinders of multi-cylinder automotive engines are arranged in one of three ways.v多缸發(fā)動機的氣缸排列方式是這三種形式之一。多缸發(fā)動機的氣缸排列方式是這三種形式之一。iii. exercisesvii. translate the following sentences into english.v 1氣缸墊安裝時，要注意它的方向性。氣缸墊安裝時，要注意它的方向性。vit should be paid atten

58、tion to the direction when fixing the cylinder gasket .v 2鋁制缸體為了提高它的剛度，常常要在氣缸中安裝缸鋁制缸體為了提高它的剛度，常常要在氣缸中安裝缸套。套。vin order to make the aluminum stronger ,a steel liner often placed in the block.v3直列式是發(fā)動機中最簡單的一種排列方式。直列式是發(fā)動機中最簡單的一種排列方式。vin-line engine is the simplest arrangement.iii. exercisesspecialized e

59、nglish for automobilespecialized english for automobileunit 2-3piston and connecting rodcontentsi. pre-questionsii. text explanationiii. exercisesvwhat does the piston assembly consist of? vit mainly consists of piston, piston rings, piston pin, and connecting rod. i. pre-questionspistonpiston rings

60、piston pinconnecting rodi. pre-questionspistonpiston ringspiston pinconnecting rodfunction?vfunction:vtransmit the force of expansion to crankshaft through connecting rod vwithstanding gas pressure i. pre-questionscharacteristic lightrigidcylindrical shaped hollow i. pre-questionscylindrical shaped