高中英語語法知識歸納 一-

1、高中英語語法知識歸納一、非謂語動詞“非謂語動詞”可分為動詞不定式、動名詞和分詞。它在句子中的作用很多:除了不作謂語外,它可以充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語與復(fù)合賓語(主語補語或賓語補語。有些及物動詞后面接不帶to的不定式作復(fù)合賓語。這些動詞歸納如下:一感(feel.二聽(hear,listen to,三讓(have,1et,make,四看(see,watCh,notice,observe。再加上help somebody(todo something和美國英語look at somebody do somthing。還有“二讓”屬特殊:get somebody to do something

2、 與keep somebody doing。而有些及物動詞后面接動名詞(the -ing form作賓語。這些動詞歸納為一句話:Papa C makes friends。這是由如下動詞的開頭字母組成:permit, advise,practise,avoid,consider,mind, allow,keep,enjoy,suggest, finish,risk, imagine,escape,need,delay,stand(忍受。為了容易記住,也可以編成順口溜:“允許完成練習(xí),建議避免冒險,考慮延期逃跑,喜歡保持想象,需要反對忍受”。其相對應(yīng)的動詞依次是:permit/allow,fini

3、sh,practise;advise/suggest,avoid,risk:consider,delay,escape /miss;enjoy/appreciate,keep,imagine;need/want/require,mind.can't help /cant stand。二、復(fù)合句1、學(xué)生最容易混淆的是定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別。例如:A、The news that our team has won the match is true.(同位語從句B、The news that he told us surprised everybody here.(定語從句關(guān)鍵的區(qū)別在于

4、連接或關(guān)系代詞that:有意義的是定語,無意義的是同位。因為引導(dǎo)定語從句的that在從句中作主語或賓語,而引導(dǎo)同位語從句的that只起到連接詞的作用。2、接著容易混淆的是引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞that與which:that之前是不定(代詞、序數(shù)(詞、(形容詞最高級:which之前是介詞短語與逗號(非限制性。例如:A、All that we have to do is to practise every day.B、The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.C、I have lost my pen,which I like v

5、ery much.D、The house in front of which there is a garden is my home.三、It的用法1、It除了代替人和物以外,還可以作形式主語。而真正的主語(不定式、動名詞或從句則放于謂語或表語之后。例如:It is nor easy to finish the work in two days.然而有少數(shù)表語之后接動名詞作真正的主語。這些表語是:無助(no help、無用(no use、沒好處(no good;工作(hard work、費時(a waste of time、又危險(a danger。例如:A、It is no use cry

6、ing over spilt milk. B、It is a waste of time waiting for him.2、It還可以作形式賓語。通常下列動詞后面可接it作形式賓語:2f2tcjm(find, feel,think,take,consider,judge, make。例如:A、He made it clear that he was not interested in this subject.B、I think it no use arguing with him.3、It用于強調(diào)句式。要強調(diào)句子的某一部分(主語、賓語、狀語,可以把it當(dāng)作先行詞。這種句子的結(jié)構(gòu)是:It i

7、s(was+ 被強調(diào)部分+that(who+句子的其余部分。例如:A、It iS Professor Lin who teaches us English(強調(diào)主語 B、It was in Shanghai that l saw the film.(強調(diào)狀語 C、It was in 1990 that I worked in the factory.(同上但要注意與定語從句的區(qū)別。例如:D、It was 1990 when I worked in the factory.(定語從句在強調(diào)句式里,我們把強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)It is(wasthat除去,句子還很完整。如例句C。而例句D就不能。四、倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)學(xué)

8、生容易混淆的是全部倒裝與部分倒裝。如何區(qū)分之,編個順口溜:副(adv.介(prep.提前全倒裝,其它句式部分倒;否定提前倒助動,讓步狀語倒表語;復(fù)合句式倒主句,不倒裝的屬特殊。下面舉例說明:A、Here comes the bus.(副詞提前,全倒裝 B、Here he comes.(代詞作主語,不倒裝 C、In front of the house lies a garden.(介詞短語提前,全倒裝 D、Never shall I do this again.(否定詞提前,部分倒裝 E、Young as he is ,he knows a lot.(讓步狀語從句,表語倒裝 F、Only wh

9、en he told me did I realize what trouble he was in.(only 修飾狀語,主句倒裝 G、Only he can save the patient.(only修飾主語.不倒裝 H、Not only will help be given to people,but also medical treatment will be provided.(否定詞提前,部分倒裝I、Not only he but also we like sports.(連接兩個主語,不倒裝五、虛擬語氣虛擬語氣也是一個難點。所謂虛擬語氣是表示說話人的愿望、假設(shè)、猜測或建議,而不

10、表示客觀存在的事實。它通過句子的謂語動詞的特殊形式來表示?，F(xiàn)歸納如下:純假設(shè),用虛擬,動詞時態(tài)退一級:條件句,分主從,主句謂語前加would (should,could,might;表愿望,用虛擬,wish后面接賓語(從句:現(xiàn)在過去與將來,動詞時態(tài)退一級:提建議,用虛擬,賓語(從句動詞用(shoulddo:倆建議,三要求,再加堅持與命令(suggest,advise,demand,require,request,insist,order:It is time和eoukd rather,后接叢句用虛擬:部分主語從句中,謂語用虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)(It is necessry /important/natur

11、al/natural/strange/strange thatshould do。下面舉例說明:A、If you came tomorrow,we would have the metting. (條件句虛擬 B、Without air,there would be no living things.(同上 C、We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.(表示愿望虛擬D、He demanded that we (shouldstart right away.(表示建議虛擬 E、It is(hightime that we left (shou

12、ld leavenow.(特殊從句虛擬F、I would rather you gave me the book.(同上 G、It is necessary that we should clean the room everyday,(主語從句虛擬 H、He speaks English so fluently as if he were English.(特殊從句虛擬總之,語法是從語言實踐中總結(jié)出來的規(guī)則,要邊學(xué)邊尋找規(guī)律,以提高學(xué)習(xí)效率。在學(xué)習(xí)中不能只記一些語法規(guī)則,要進行實踐練習(xí)。通過練習(xí),可以發(fā)現(xiàn)和糾正錯誤,而且有利于況固所學(xué)知識。高中英語難點詞語使用解釋一,使用代用詞one應(yīng)注意的

13、問題英語中one可用作代用詞.它代替上文出現(xiàn)的名詞詞組中心詞,以避免重復(fù).使用代用詞one時需注意以下幾個方面:1.只能代替可數(shù)名詞,不能代替不可數(shù)名詞.eg:I haven't got a raincoat.I'll have to buy one. Brown's old car is much better than our new one.3.代用詞one的常用關(guān)聯(lián)情況1與前面帶有冠詞的形容詞連用.eg:We are moving from our present house into a smaller one.Have you any knives I ne

14、ed a sharp one.I like a strong cup of tea better than a weak one.I propose in this chapter and in the following one to give an outline of the pioneering work.2與形容詞性物主代詞和形容詞連用.eg:Take off your blue dress and put on your green one.3其前有定冠詞,其后有后置修飾語(形容詞短語或定語從句.eg:If you can't find your pen, use the

15、one on the table.Hand me my coat,please.It is the one hanging on the third hook.Of the two watches, I prefer the one that you showed us first.4與this和that連用,其后可接后置修飾語或定語從句.eg:You sit in that chair,and I'll have this one.The book I am referring to is that one on the second shelf.The most valuable

16、ring that l possess is this one I am wearing.5其前可用廣義序數(shù)詞,如next,1ast, other,another及疑問代詞which等.eg:Let's finish this exercise so we can go on to the next one.Some of the answers were correct,but I don't remember which ones.6在口語中,代用詞one常與形容詞最高級連用.eg:Betty had tens of thousands of Augustus's

17、1etters. She chose from these thousands the fifteen most damaging ones she could find.4.代用詞one(或ones的省略1句中形容詞表示前后對比時,可以省略代用詞.eg:His professional instincts are stronger than his personal (ones.Local political forces are 1ess concentrated than national(ones. There are,of course,bad architects as well

18、as good(ones.AngloSaxon should be preferrted to foreign words,and the short word to the long(one.2句中只提到兩種可能性時,一般省略代用詞.eg:The new library will be like the o1d(one. Lean years may be expected to follow the fat(ones.3形容詞比較級后常省略代用詞.eg:I know this is not quite the right word,but I can't be bothered t

19、o think of a better(one.There were two tables 1aidhe and Ann were expected to preside at the smaller (one. 4"不定冠詞+原級形容詞"后的代用詞一般不省略.eg:Have you any knives I need a sharp one.5.不使用代用詞的場合2one一般不能與own連用.eg:I can't write properly with your pen;I'd rather use my own.(不能用my own oneMrs Smi

20、th is both 1oved and respected in many countries besides her own.(不能用her own one3one不能置于所有格名詞或形容詞性物主代詞之后.eg:As my own bicycle was broken,I borrowed John's.(不能用John's oneIs this my pen,or is it yours (不能用your one如需連用,所有格名詞或形容詞性物主代詞與代用詞之間必須有一形容詞,如John's oldone,your new one,my best one等.eg:

21、You may borrow my o1d pen,if you wish,but I cannot 1end you my best one.My humble fate is curiously bound up with John's illustrious one. 4one不能與these和those連用.eg:I don't care for those flowers;I would rather have these.These machines are better than those we turned out last year.5one不能與基數(shù)詞連用

22、.eg:You have three book; I have only two.(不能用two ones但在口語中有時可以例外.eg:There were a 1ot of artistic kinds of people there,and one or two ones from the BBC.二,"to.to"結(jié)構(gòu)之肯定意義的語域及其成因研究"tooto"是英語中常見的,以其肯定形式表示否定意義的結(jié)構(gòu).但是,并不是所有的"tooto"結(jié)構(gòu)都表示否定意義.在某些情況下,"tooto"結(jié)構(gòu)也表示肯定意義.下面

23、將從"too.to"結(jié)構(gòu)的語義特征分析其肯定意義及其語域和成因.一,"too.to"結(jié)構(gòu)的肯定意義在"某些特殊副詞+tooto"結(jié)構(gòu)語域中的體現(xiàn)及其成因研究: 1.語域研究2.成因研究在以上例句中,too前面的"but,only,all,simply,just"等副詞只起到了加強語氣的作用.因此,用于"too.to"結(jié)構(gòu)前面的這幾個副詞可以互換,而不定式,to則表示原因,有肯定意義.另外,該用法中的too只表示程度深一些,所以不會對其后的形容詞產(chǎn)生否定意義,反而更強調(diào)了其肯定意義.二,"

24、;too.to"結(jié)構(gòu)的肯定意義在"否定副詞+too.to"結(jié)構(gòu)和"too.+notto"語域中的體現(xiàn)及其成因研究1.語域研究2.成因研究當(dāng)too表示"太,過分"意義時,它是一個表示超量的程度副詞,對其后所跟的形容詞起一種消極作用,含有否定意義,因此就導(dǎo)致了"tooto"結(jié)構(gòu)含有否定意義.但如果在too前加否定詞not 或never,形成雙重否定,則能使原來具有否定意義的"too.to"結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)化為肯定意義. 三,"tooto"結(jié)構(gòu)的肯定意義在"too+特殊形

25、容詞+to"結(jié)構(gòu)語域中的體現(xiàn)及其成因研究1.語域研究漂亮的禮物,他真是太高興了.2.成因研究在以上例句中,表示心情或描繪性的形容詞和to引導(dǎo)的不定式結(jié)合成一個表示不可分割的狀態(tài),態(tài)度,心境或傾向,并且具有明顯的動詞意義或感情色彩.因此,句中的不定式"to."表示肯定(不表示結(jié)果含義.可見,在"too.to"結(jié)構(gòu)表示肯定的句型中,too的邏輯意義為'extremely'(很,十分,強調(diào)其后的形容詞具有肯定意義;這與"too.to"結(jié)構(gòu)表示否定時,too的含義和作用完全相反.三,as用法小結(jié)as一詞在SEFC新教

26、材中多處出現(xiàn).它詞性多,詞義廣,用法靈活.現(xiàn)將其用法歸納如下.一as作副詞,表示程度,意為"同樣地".在"as.as.","not as.as."結(jié)構(gòu)中的第一個as是副詞,作"和/與.(不一樣"解.eg:Jack is as tall as his father.杰克和他的父親一樣高.He doesn't speak English as/so fluently as you.他的英語說得不如你流利.二as作介詞.三as作連詞,常用來連接主句和狀語從句.1.引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句,作"當(dāng).的時候&quo

27、t;解,有"隨著."之意,與while意義相近,強調(diào)兩個動作同時發(fā)生;或某事一發(fā)生,另一事立即發(fā)生.eg:He shouted aloud as her ran along.他一邊往前跑,一邊高聲地呼喊.I was startled as he opened the door.他一開門,我嚇了一跳. We get wiser as we get older.隨著年齡的增長,我們會變得更聰明.as作連詞,相當(dāng)于when.eg;As a little boy (When he was a little boyhe began to learn to play piano.他小時

28、候就開始學(xué)彈鋼琴. As a child (When he was a child,he lived in the countryside.他小時候住在農(nóng)村.2.引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句,作"因為,由于"解,與because的用法相近.eg;As it was getting very late,we soon turned back.因為很晚了,我們很快就回來了.I must stop writing now,as I have rather a lot of work to do.我必須停筆了,因為我還有許多工作要做.3.引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句或比較狀語從句,作"正如,(如

29、像"解.例eg:As in your country,we grow wheat in the north and rice in the south.正如(像你們國家一樣,我們在北方種小麥,在南方種大米.(方式狀語從句 When at Rome,do as Romans do.入鄉(xiāng)隨俗.(方式狀語從句They always work as hard as we do.他們工作總是像我們一樣努力.(句中第二個as是連詞,引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句4.引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,作"雖然,盡管"解.這時從句常用倒裝語序,即把從句中的表語,狀語或動詞原形放在as之前.eg;Strange

30、 as it may seem,it is true.盡管這事看上去很奇怪,但卻是真的. Try as he might,Tom could not get out of the difficulties.不管怎樣努力,湯姆還是擺脫不了困境.Child as she is,she knows a lot.她雖然年幼,但卻懂得很多東西.(注意;child前不帶不定冠詞a四as作關(guān)系代詞.過去一樣了.As many people as are present will be given a present.所有在場的人都將得到一份禮物.2.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,用來指代它前面的整個句子(即先行句,

31、意思是"這一點".這個分句可以位于句首,句中或句末.eg:As is well known,oceans cover more than 70% of the earth.我們知道,海洋占地球面積的百分之七十以上.This elephant is like a snake,as anybody can see.誰都看得出來,這頭大象就像一條蛇.五含as的固定詞組的用法1.as soon as作"一就"解,引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句.eg:As soon as I get to Beijing,I'll write to you.我一到北京,就給你寫信.2.

32、as/so long as作"只要"解,eg;As/So long as you study hard,you'll make progress.只要你努力,你就會取得進步.As if/though也可用來引導(dǎo)表語從句,常用在"It appears/looks/seems.+as if/though"句型結(jié)構(gòu)中.eg;It appears as if/though it is going to clear up.看起來天要晴了. It seems as if/though he knew nothing about it.他好像對此事一無所知.4

33、.as to作"關(guān)于,至于"解.eg;There is no doubt as to his honesty.他的誠實是無可置疑的.6.so/as far as I know作"就我所知"解,在句中作插入語.eg:As/So far as I know,he will come here next Monday.據(jù)我所知,他將于下星期一到這里來.7.as a result,as a result of表示"由于.的結(jié)果".eg: We follow up the suggestions,and have had satisfying

34、experiences as aresult.由于我們按照建議辦事,因此一直得到滿意的結(jié)果. She died as a direct result of the accident.她的死是那次事故的直接結(jié)果.8,as well為"也,還"之意.eg:Come early,and bring your brother as well.早點來,把你的弟弟也帶來.as well as也可以作"和,同"解.當(dāng)其連接兩個并列主語時,謂語動詞應(yīng)與前面的主語在數(shù)上保持一致.eg:My parents as well as my elder sister enjoy

35、music. 比較:My elder sister as well as my parents enjoys music.我父母親和我姐姐都喜歡音樂.9.so as to,so.as to若跟動詞原形,表示目的或結(jié)果.eg:He studied hard so as to pass the exam.他努力學(xué)習(xí)以便通過考試.(表示目的He was so strong as to carry the heavy box.他很強壯,能搬動這個沉重的箱子.(表示結(jié)果 四,keep,1eave,find,feel和make在S V O C中的用法SVOC是一種基本句型.其中S-Subjeet,V-Ve

36、rb,O-Object,C-Complement.賓語補語可以是形容詞(Adjective,名詞(Noun,現(xiàn)在分詞(Present participle,過去分詞(Past participle,介詞短語(Prepositional phrase和副詞(Adverb,也可以是動詞不定式(Infinitive,或是從句(Clause.SVOC結(jié)構(gòu)在SEFC中運用很廣泛,而且動詞make,keep,leave,find和feel在新教材中出現(xiàn)頻率很高,也是學(xué)習(xí)中的難點.下面分別談?wù)勥@些詞在SVOC中的用法.Keep keep在SVOC中的釋義是"使某人或某事保持在某一狀態(tài)".

37、1.keep+O+Prepositional phraseI'll keep the box in the shade so that the sun doesn't burn the little plants.我會把這個盒子一直放在陰涼地方,這樣太陽就不會把幼苗曬枯.2.keep+O+Past participleWe'll keep you informed of the flood in the Chang jiang River.我們將隨時讓你知道長江水災(zāi)的情況.3.keep+O+AdjectivePlease keep the room clean all

38、the time.請始終保持房間清潔.4.keep+O+Present participleMother kept me studying during the summer holiday;for I failed my maths exam.母親讓我暑假一直學(xué)習(xí),因為我數(shù)學(xué)考試不及格.5.keep+O+AdverbYou must keep this medicine away from the child.這藥要放在兒童夠不到的地方.Leave leave在SVOC中的釋義是"讓某人或某事處于某種狀態(tài)".1.1eave+O+ClauseLeave her where

39、she is.讓她留在原地.Don't touch my writing table;leave it as it is.別碰我的寫字臺,就讓它照原樣放著.2.1eave+O+Past participleBefore the final exam,he left nothing undone.在期末考試前,他已做好了一切準(zhǔn)備.3.1eave+O+AdjectiveFear left her lips stiff.恐懼使她張口結(jié)舌.4.1eave+O+Present participleDon't leave water running to clean vegetables.

40、洗菜時不要開著水龍頭讓水直淌.5.1eave+O+InfinitiveLeave the fnture to take care of itself.讓未來自然發(fā)展吧.6.Leave+O+AdverbSomeone has left the bathroom tap no.有人忘了關(guān)浴室的水龍頭.Find find在SVOC中的釋義是"發(fā)現(xiàn),覺得"或者"發(fā)現(xiàn).處于某種狀態(tài)".1.find+O+Adjective.but I find idioms and useful expressions hard to learn.但是我覺得習(xí)慣用語和有用的詞語很難

41、學(xué).2.find+O+NounI find him a very clever man.我發(fā)現(xiàn)他是一個很聰明的人.3.find+O+Present participleDusk found him crying in the street.黃昏時,他在街頭叫喊.4.find+O+Past participleHe found his hometown greatly changed.他發(fā)現(xiàn)他的家鄉(xiāng)發(fā)生了巨大的變化.5.find+O+Prepositional phraseThey found him already in the care of a doctor.他們發(fā)現(xiàn)已經(jīng)有一位大夫在照顧他

42、了.6.find+O+AdverbHe hurried there,but found them all out.他趕到那里,但發(fā)現(xiàn)大家都出去了.find在SVOC中的賓語如果是動詞不定式或者是動名詞,就必須用先行詞it表示,然后將真正的賓語置于補語之后.7.find+it+adj.+doing sth.We found it useless trying to persuade him to go with us.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)勸他和我們一起去是沒用的.8.find+it+adj.+to do sth.She found it hard to keep a diary in English.她發(fā)現(xiàn)

43、用英語每天寫日記很難.Feel feel在SVOC中的釋義是"感到,認(rèn)為",如果其賓語是動詞不定式,也必須用先行詞it表示,然后將真正的賓語置于補語之后.1.feel+it+Noun+InfinitiveThey feel it their duty to keep the classroom clean.他們認(rèn)為保持教室干凈是他們的職責(zé). 2.feel+O+Past participleHe felt himself forced to take the action.他感到自己是被迫采取這個行動.3.feel+O+Bare infinitive (不帶to的動詞不定式W

44、hile I was cooking something in the kitchen I felt the floor move.我在廚房煮飯的時候,感到地板在動.4.feel+O+Present participleI felt my heart beating faster when I entered the lonely house.當(dāng)我走進這幢孤零零的房子時,我感到我的心跳加快.5.feel+O+AdjectiveWe feel the idea quite impractical.我們覺得這個想法很不實際.6.feel+O+NounMike felt himself a pers

45、on of importance.邁克覺得自己是一個重要人物.Make Make在SVOC中的釋義是"使得某人或某物怎么樣".1.make+O+AdjectiveWe must make the buying of tickets easier for our passengers.我們一定要讓旅客們更容易買到機票.2.make+O+NounAll work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.只用功不玩耍,弄得孩子會變傻.3.make+O+Bare innnitiveMan must make the earth support more

46、people.人類必須使地球養(yǎng)活更多的人.4.make+O(oneself+Past participleIf Dr.Baker is in the hall,will he please make himself known to me 如果貝克博士在場的話,請自我介紹一下好嗎Exercise:Fill in the blanks with feel, find, make, leave, keep using the proper form.1. It's dangerous for you the horse running too fast.2. He it an honor

47、to be invited to the party.3. The death of the president _ the country sad.4. His English is so poor that he can't _ himself understood.5. At the time of the earthquake, you _ the ground shaking or moving.6. You'd better all the windows open.7. If the government _ _ the factory polluting the

48、 river, there would be no fish here.8. He returned home _ his father lying sick in bed.9. They _ _ him the right man for the job.10. The weather us indoors that day.五,英語中"許多"概念的表述英語中"許多"概念的表達(dá)方法很多,用起來較靈活.本文對其用法分類淺析如下.一,修飾可數(shù)名詞.表示"許多"的詞和詞組有:many,a great/good many,a great/l

49、arge/small number of,scores of,dozens of.eg:There are many people in the park.公園里有許多人.I'm quite busy;I have a great many things to do.我非常忙,我有很多事情要做.A number of my friends think I should take a holiday.我的許多朋友都認(rèn)為我應(yīng)該休假. There were a large number of patients outside waiting to see the doctors.外面有很多人

50、等著看病.Up to now only a small number of schools have been built in this area.到目前為止,這個地區(qū)僅僅建了少數(shù)幾個學(xué)校.She bought dozens of eggs yesterday morning.她昨天上午買了許多雞蛋.I have heard that scores of times.那件事我已聽過很多遍了.注意:1.many用作代詞,表示"許多人,許多"的意思.Many of them have left for the countryside.他們中有許多人到農(nóng)村去了.2.Many a

51、/an也表示"很多的,許多的"的意思,后接可數(shù)名詞單數(shù),謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式.Many a young man wants to speak English.許多年輕人想說英語.3.a great/good many用作代詞,表示"很多東西/人"的意思.A great many of them are out of work.他們中的很多人失業(yè)了.4.the number of.表示".的數(shù)目"'謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式.The number of books missing from the school library is la

52、rge.學(xué)校圖書館丟失書的數(shù)目很大. 二,修飾不可數(shù)名詞.表示"許多"的詞和詞組有:much,a great/good deal of,a large/small amount of."Do you have much money with you ""No,I never carry much money with me.""你身上帶了很多錢嗎""不,我身上從來不多帶錢."There is a great deal of snow on the ground.地面上有很多雪.I have spent a good deal of time/mo