英語句子成分及練習課件

1、語法復習語法復習- 句子成分及練習句子成分及練習一、句子成分一、句子成分v（一）句子成分的定義：（一）句子成分的定義：v構成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。構成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。v句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；v主要成分有主語和謂語；主要成分有主語和謂語；v次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補足語、同位語和足語、同位語和插入語插入語。二）主語：二）主語：v主語主語 (Subject) 表示句子說的是什么人或什么事表示句子說的是什么人或什么事. 是一個句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。是一個句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在

2、但在there be結構、疑問句（當主語不疑結構、疑問句（當主語不疑問詞時）和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助問詞時）和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面。主語可由名詞、代動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的形詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。例如：容詞和主語從句等表示。例如：1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2.We often speak English in class. 3.One-third of the

3、 students in this class are girls.4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5.Smoking does harm to the health. 6.The rich should help the poor. （名詞）（代詞）（數(shù)詞）（不定式）（動名詞）（名詞化的形容詞）7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. 8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.（主語從句）（it作形

4、式主語，真正的主語為后面的不定式）（三）謂語（三）謂語 v謂語謂語 (Predicate) 說明主語所做的動作或說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動詞在句中作謂語，具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后。謂語的構成如下：一般放在主語之后。謂語的構成如下：v1、簡單謂語：由一個動詞或動詞短語構、簡單謂語：由一個動詞或動詞短語構成。如：成。如： He practices running every morning. The plane took off at ten oclock.（三）謂語（三）謂語 （四）表語（四）表語 v表語表語(Predicative)v用以說明主語的性質

5、、特征、狀態(tài)與身份，用以說明主語的性質、特征、狀態(tài)與身份，它一般位于系動詞（如它一般位于系動詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。等）之后。v表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、 副副詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、介詞短語及表詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、介詞短語及表語從句表示。例如：語從句表示。例如： 1.Our teacher of English is an American.（名詞）（名詞）2.Is it yours?（代詞）（代詞）3.The weather has turned cold.（形容詞）

6、（形容詞）4.The speech is exciting.（分詞）（分詞）5.Three times seven is twenty one?（數(shù)詞）（數(shù)詞）6.His job is to teach English.（不定式）（不定式）7.His hobby is playing football.（動名詞）（動名詞）8.The meeting is of great importance.（介詞短語）（介詞短語）9.Time is up. The class is over.（副詞）（副詞）10.The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表語

7、從句）（表語從句）注意：系動詞（注意：系動詞（Linking verb)用于連接主語和用于連接主語和表語，說明主語的狀態(tài)，性質特征和身份等。表語，說明主語的狀態(tài)，性質特征和身份等。1）狀態(tài)系動詞狀態(tài)系動詞用來表示主語狀態(tài)，只有用來表示主語狀態(tài)，只有be一詞，一詞，例如：例如： He is a teacher. 2）持續(xù)系動詞持續(xù)系動詞用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有或態(tài)度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：例如：He always kept silent at meeting. 3）表像系動詞表像系動詞用來表示

8、用來表示“看起來像看起來像”這一概念，這一概念，主要有主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：例如：He seems (to be) very sad. 注意：系動詞（注意：系動詞（Linking verb)用于連接主語和表用于連接主語和表語，說明主語的狀態(tài)，性質特征和身份等。語，說明主語的狀態(tài)，性質特征和身份等。 4）感官系動詞感官系動詞主要有主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft. 5）變化系動詞變化系動詞表示主語變成什么樣，主要有表示主語變成什么樣，主要有become, gr

9、ow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如：例如：The river was beginning to run dry. 6）終止系動詞終止系動詞表示主語已終止動作，主要有表示主語已終止動作，主要有prove, turn out, 表達表達結果是結果是;證明是證明是 ，之意，之意，例如：例如：The rumor proved false. His plan turned out a success. （五）賓語（五）賓語 v賓語（賓語（Object）表示動作的對象或承愛者，一）表示動作的對象或承愛者，一般位于及物動詞和介詞后面。例如：般位于及物動詞和介詞后面。例

10、如： 1.He is doing his homework.2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.3.How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（名詞）（代詞、動名詞）（名詞、數(shù)詞）4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.5.He pretended not to see me.6.I enjoy listening to popular music.7.I think（that）he is fi

11、t for his office.（名詞化形容詞，名詞）（不定式短語）（動名詞短語）（賓語從句）v賓語種類賓語種類：v（1）雙賓語（間接賓語）雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語），例如：直接賓語），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.To: write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw等，例如：等，例如： He sent the novel to William yesterday.For: leave, buy, build, choose, cook, dr

12、aw, find, get, order, post, save等，例如：等，例如： She bought a gift for her mother.v（2）復合賓語（賓語）復合賓語（賓語+賓補），例如：賓補），例如：vThey elected him their monitor.v下列動詞只能接不定式做賓語下列動詞只能接不定式做賓語 ask, agree, care, choose, demand, dare, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, r

13、efuse, want, wish, desire等，如：等，如： He refused to lend me his bike.v下列動詞只能接動名詞做賓語下列動詞只能接動名詞做賓語 admit, avoid, advise, consider, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, imagine, mind, practise, suggest等，如：等，如： John has admitted breaking the window .v下列動詞既可接不定式，也可接動名詞做下列動詞既可接不定式，也可接動名詞做賓語，但意義不同，如賓語，但意義不同，如mean, t

14、ry, remember, forget, regret等。等。vforget to do表示表示“未發(fā)生的動作未發(fā)生的動作”，forget doing表示表示“已完成的動作已完成的動作”。如：。如：vDont forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(還沒來還沒來)vI forgot returning the book to him.v(書已還給他了書已還給他了)v（六）賓語補足語（六）賓語補足語 v賓語補足語（賓語補足語（Object Complement），），用于補充說明賓語的動作，一般位于賓用于補充說明賓語的動作，一般位于賓語之后，賓語與賓語補足語

15、一起構成復語之后，賓語與賓語補足語一起構成復合賓語。需接復合賓語的動詞有：合賓語。需接復合賓語的動詞有：tell，let，help，teach， ask，see，have，order，make等。等?！百e補賓補”一般可由名一般可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當。例如：詞短語和從句充當。例如：1.His father named him Xiaoming.2.They painted their boat white.3.Let the fresh air in.4.You mustnt force him to lend his mone

16、y to you.5.We saw her entering the room.6.We found everything in the lab in good order.7.We will soon make our city what your city is now.（名詞）（形容詞）（副詞）（不定式短語）（現(xiàn)在分詞）（介詞短語）（從句）（七）定語（七）定語 v修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語(Attribute)。v定語可由以下等成分表示：定語可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞（形容詞）2

17、.China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分詞（分詞） 3.There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名詞）（名詞）4.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代詞）（代詞）5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短語）（不定式短語）6.The teaching plan for next term has been w

18、orked out.（動名詞）（動名詞）7.He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介詞短語）（介詞短語）8.She is the girl who sings best in my class. (定語從句定語從句)（八）狀語（八）狀語 v修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子，說明修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子，說明動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語（Adverbial）?？捎梢韵滦问奖硎荆??？捎梢韵滦问奖硎?：1.Light travels most quickly.2.He has live

19、d in the city for ten years. 3.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（副詞及副詞性詞組）（介詞短語）（不定式短語）4.He is in the room making a model plane.5.Wait a minute.6.Once you begin, you must continue.（分詞短語）（名詞）（狀語從句）9種狀語種類如下： 1. How about meeting again at six?2.Last night she didnt g

20、o to the dance party because of the rain.3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor. 5.She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（時間狀語）（原因狀語）（條件狀語）（地點狀語）（方式狀語）v She came in with a dictionary in her hand.6.In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.

21、 7.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 8.She works very hard though she is old.9.I am taller than he is.（伴隨狀語）（目的狀語）（結果狀語）（讓步狀語）（比較狀語） （九）同位語（九）同位語（Appositive）對前面的名）對前面的名詞或代詞做進一步的解釋，通常由名詞、詞或代詞做進一步的解釋，通常由名詞、數(shù)詞、代詞或從句擔任，如：數(shù)詞、代詞或從句擔任，如：This is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster.（十）插入語（十）插入語（Parenthes

22、is）對一句話）對一句話做一些附加的解釋，通常有做一些附加的解釋，通常有to be honest , I think (suppose, believe-)等，如：等，如：To be frank, I dont quite agree with you.練習練習一一.指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成分：指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成分：v1. The students got on the school bus.v2. He handed me the newspaper.v3. I shall answer your question after class.v4. What a beau

23、tiful Chinese painting!v5. They went hunting together early in the morning.S.AttributeO.PredicateAdverbialAttributeAdverbialAdverbialv6. His job is to train swimmers.v7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.v8. There is going to be an American film tonight.v9. He is to leave for Shanghai to

24、morrow.v10. His wish is to become a scientist.v11. He managed to finish the work in time.v12. Tom came to ask me for advice.v13. He found it important to master English.AttributePredicativeO.PredicateS.PredicateS.PredicativePredicateO.AdverbialAO.RO.v14. Do you have anything else to say?v15. To be h

25、onest，your pronunciation is not so good.v16. Would you please tell me your address?v17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.v18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.v19. He noticed a man enter the room.v20. The apples tasted sweet.O.AttributeParenthesisO.AdverbialAdverbialAS.Predicativ

26、eO.C.O.C.Predicative劃分劃分句子成分句子成分1.we are working .2.I can swim very well .3.The waiter brought a bottle of beer to me .4.Why does the wind blow .5.The rain has been pulling down for a whole day .6.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music .7.Jim asked you to give his best wishes to everyone .8.You must

27、get the car ready by tomorrow .9.I have a lot of clothes to wash . I have a lot of clothes to be washed .10.He gave his son some advice on reading .11.Read me the first paragraph .12.Ive ordered some soup for you .13.He began leaning English ten years ago .14.My being late worried my teacher .15.Tha

28、t president himself would visit our school excited all of us .16.April Day is the special day of the year when you play a joke on someone .17.He usually takes a nap after lunch ,as is his habit .18.I found the book in the corner of the room.19.he finished lunch and went into the garden .20.The telep

29、hone rang .21.We study hard .22.His father might have died .23.Will you leave the door open when going out .24.Can you make the dog stand still ?25.The landlord had them working day and night .26.I think a sound knowledge of grammar is important to good writing .27.We all breathe ,eat, drink .28.I w

30、oke up at 6:00 in the morning .29.The book weighs five kilos .30.They will be flying to London .31.The shop assistant found some certain materials for me .32.He promised me a new English-Chinese dictionary.33.Please pass a newly- published magazine to me .34.He lived in Guang Zhou .35.The father is

31、showing the boy how to plant trees .36.His uncle left him some money .37.She is teaching the piano to several of the village children and she has taught us English for 3 years .38.I like popular music .39.She knows what to do next .40.It excited all of us that the president would visit our school .二

32、、用符號劃出下列短文各句中的主語（）、謂語（）、賓語（）：vI hope you are very well. Im fine, but tired. Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad on the farm. August is the hottest month here. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. Sometimes we go on working after

33、 dark by the lights of our tractors. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. We have a lot of machines on the farm. vAlthough the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him. But he employs more men for the harvest. My brother takes ca

34、re of the vegetable garden. It doesnt often rain in the summer here. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden. Every evening we pump water from a well. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden.三、用符號劃出下列短文各句中的定語（）、狀語（）、補語（）： vMost Saturday evenings there is a party, even

35、 at harvest time. These parties often make us very happy. We cook meat on an open fire outside. Its great! Americans eat a lot of meat too much in my opinion. Some of my friends drink beer. I dont, because I have to drive home after the party. In your letter you asked about the time in different are

36、as of the States. There are five different time areas in the States. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time. How many different time areas do you have in China? Well, I must stop and get some sleep. Please give my best regards to your parents. 四、選擇填空：v( )1. _ will leave for Beijing.vA

37、. Now there the man vB. The man here nowvC. The man who is here now vD. The man is here nowv( ) 2. The weather _.vA. wet and cold B. is wet and coldvC. not wet and coldD. were wet and coldv( ) 3. The apple tasted _.vA. sweets B. sweetly vC. nicely D. sweetv( ) 4. He got up _ yesterday morning.vA. lately B. late vC. latest D. latterv( )5. The actor _at the age of 7