材料成型與控制工程專業(yè)英語與翻譯

1、 最新消息1-2the benefits of civilization which we enjoy today are essentially due to the improved quality of products available to us .文明的好處我們享受今天本質(zhì)上是由于改進(jìn)質(zhì)量的產(chǎn)品提供給我們。the improvement in the quality of goods can be achieved with proper design that takes into consideration the functional requirement as well

2、 as its manufacturing aspects. 提高商品的質(zhì)量可以達(dá)到與適當(dāng)?shù)脑O(shè)計(jì),考慮了功能要求以及其制造方面。The design process that would take proper care of the manufacturing process as well would be the ideal one. This would ensure a better product being made available at an economical cost.設(shè)計(jì)過程中,將采取適當(dāng)?shù)恼疹櫟纳a(chǎn)過程將是理想的一個(gè)。這將確保更好的產(chǎn)品被使可得到一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)成本。Ma

3、nufacturing is involved in turning raw materials to finished products to be used for some purpose. 制造業(yè)是參與將原材料到成品用于某些目的。In the present age there have been increasing demands on the product performance by way of desirable exotic properties such as resistance to high temperatures, higher speeds and ext

4、ra loads.在現(xiàn)在的時(shí)代已經(jīng)有越來越多的產(chǎn)品性能要求的理想的異國情調(diào)的性能如耐高溫,更高的速度和額外的負(fù)載These in turn would require a variety of new materials and its associated processing.這些反過來需要各種新材料及其相關(guān)的處理Also, exacting working conditions that are desired in the modern industrial operations make large demands on the manufacturing industry.這些反過

5、來需要各種新材料及其相關(guān)的處理。同時(shí),嚴(yán)格的工作環(huán)境,需要在現(xiàn)代工業(yè)操作使大型制造業(yè)的需求.Further, the economics of the manufacturing operation is a very important consideration. 此外,經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的生產(chǎn)操作是一個(gè)非常重要的考慮因素。To be viable in the modern environment, a product has to be petitively priced besides having the functional and aesthetic appeal.是可行的在現(xiàn)代環(huán)境中,一

6、個(gè)產(chǎn)品必須具有價(jià)格競爭力除了具有功能性和審美情趣。 Therefore, it is necessary for the engineer to give a proper thought to various aspects of manufacturing.因此,它是必要的讓工程師給適當(dāng)?shù)恼J(rèn)為制造業(yè)的各個(gè)方面。 Manufacturing processes is a very fundamental subject since it is of interest not only to mechanical engineers but also to those from practic

7、ally every discipline of engineering. 制造過程是一個(gè)非?；镜闹黝},因?yàn)樗怯腥さ?不僅機(jī)械工程師但同樣從幾乎每個(gè)學(xué)科的工程。It is so because engineering as a whole is meant for providing various materials for human consumption.它是如此因?yàn)楣こ套鳛橐粋€(gè)整體是用來提供各種材料供人類食用For various products such as plant machinery required for chemical, civil, electrical,

8、electronic, textile, etc., the manufacturing process forms a vital ingredient.對于不同的產(chǎn)品,如植物機(jī)械所需的化工、土木、電氣、電子、紡織等,生產(chǎn)過程形成一個(gè)至關(guān)重要的因素.A detailed understanding of the manufacturing processes is thus essential for every engineer. 詳細(xì)了解生產(chǎn)流程是必不可少的每個(gè)工程師這樣。This helps him appreciate the capabilities, advantages and

9、 also the limitations of the various manufacturing processes.這有助于他欣賞能力、優(yōu)勢和局限性,各生產(chǎn)工序。 This in turn helps in the proper design of any product required for him.這反過來有助于正確的設(shè)計(jì)的任何產(chǎn)品需要他。 Firstly, he would be able to assess the feasibility of manufacturing from his designs.首先,他將能夠評估制造的可行性從他的設(shè)計(jì)。 He may also f

10、ind out that there more than one process available for manufacturing a particular product and so he can make a proper choice of the process which would require the lowest manufacturing cost and would deliver the product of desired quality. 他可能也發(fā)現(xiàn)有超過一種過程用于生產(chǎn)特定的產(chǎn)品,所以他可以使一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)倪x擇過程,需要最低的制造成本和交付產(chǎn)品的期望質(zhì)量。H

11、e may also modify his design slightly to suit the particular manufacturing process he chooses.也可以修改自己的設(shè)計(jì)稍微適應(yīng)特定的制造過程他選擇. Manufacturing is defined by the Merriam Webster online dictionary as to make into a product suitable to use. 制造業(yè)是梅里厄姆-韋伯斯特詞典定義的在線詞典使成一個(gè)產(chǎn)品適合使用。Manufacturing remained as a craft till

12、 the first industrial revolution towards the end of the 18th century with low volumes and single-piece productions.制造業(yè)仍然作為一個(gè)工藝直到第一次工業(yè)革命對18世紀(jì)末的低量和單件生產(chǎn)。 It required highly skilled craftsmen to individually produce the pieces and fit them when the assembly was required. 它需要高度熟練的工匠來單獨(dú)生產(chǎn)件和適合他們的需要時(shí)組裝。This

13、 was a slow and expensive process , but in the absence of any machines, that was the only thing that was possible.這是一個(gè)緩慢而昂貴的過程,但在缺乏任何機(jī)器,這是唯一可能的。 The availability of the steam engine and coal-fire furnaces made the invention of a number of steam-power driven machinery to greatly increase the manufact

14、uring capacity. 蒸汽引擎的可用性和煤火熔爐使發(fā)明一種數(shù)量的全局驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)械制造能力大大增加。A large number of inventions related to machine tools took place during this period and continued into the 19th century. 大量的發(fā)明與機(jī)床發(fā)生在這一時(shí)期,持續(xù)到19世紀(jì)。對十九世紀(jì)末的發(fā)明電力和更好的工程材料、生產(chǎn)操作變得更有效率。Towards the end of the 19th century with the invention of electricity an

15、d better engineering materials, manufacturing operations became more productive. The developments in the automobiles at the beginning of the 20th century are instrumental in the growth of a variety of manufacturing methods and practices.對十九世紀(jì)末的發(fā)明電力和更好的工程材料、生產(chǎn)操作變得更有效率。汽車的發(fā)展在20世紀(jì)初期是工具性成長的各種生產(chǎn)方法和實(shí)踐。The

16、re are a large number of processes available to the engineer for manufacture.有大量的流程提供給工程師制造。 These processes can be broadly classified into four categories.這些過程可以大致分為四類Casting processes forming processes fabrication processes material removal processes鑄造工藝成形過程工藝制備材料去除的過程These are the only processes

17、where liquid metal is used. 這些是唯一使用過程中,液態(tài)金屬。Casting is also one of the oldest known manufacturing processes.鑄造是一個(gè)已知的最古老的制造過程。它需要準(zhǔn)備一個(gè)腔通常在耐火材料類似于最終對象是。 It required preparation of a cavity usually in a refractory material to resemble closely the final object to be made.它需要準(zhǔn)備一個(gè)腔通常在耐火材料類似于最終對象是。 Molten m

18、etal is poured into this refractory mould cavity and is allowed to solidify. 金屬熔液注入這耐火模腔和允許鞏固。凝固后的對象被刪除從模具。The object after solidification is removed from the mould.凝固后的對象被刪除從模具。 Casting processes are universally used for manufacture of a wide variety of products. 鑄造過程是普遍用于制造各種各樣的產(chǎn)品The principal pro

19、cess among these is sand casting where sand is used as the refractory material. 其中的主要過程是砂鑄,砂用作耐火材料。The process is equally suitable for the production of a very small batch as well as on a very large scale.這個(gè)過程同樣適用于生產(chǎn)的一個(gè)非常小的批量以及一個(gè)非常大尺度。 Some of the other casting processes for specialized needs are一些其

20、他的鑄造工藝專業(yè)需求Shell-mould casting. 殼型鑄造permanent-mould casting硬模鑄造Precision-investment. 精密的投資casting die-casting鑄造壓鑄Plaster-mould casting. 石膏型鑄造Centrifugal casting離心鑄造 These are solid state manufacturing processes involving minimum amount of material wastage and faster production.這些都是固態(tài)制造過程涉及最少的材料損耗和更快的

21、生產(chǎn)。 In a forming process, the metal may be heated to a temperature, which is slightly below the solidus temperature and then a large force is applied such that the material flows and takes the desired shape. 在成形過程中,金屬可能被加熱到一個(gè)溫度,略低于固相線溫度,然后一個(gè)大力量是應(yīng)用的材料流和需要所需的形狀。The desired shape is controlled by means

22、 of a set of tools called dies, which may be pletely closed or partially closed during manufacture. 所需的形狀是通過控制的一組工具稱為死亡,這可能是完全封閉或部分封閉在制造。These processes are normally used for large-scale production rates. These are generally economical and in many cases improve the mechanical properties too. 這些過程通常用

23、于大規(guī)模的生產(chǎn)速度。這些通常是經(jīng)濟(jì)和在許多情況下改善機(jī)械性能太Some of the metal forming processes are rolling ,extrusion ,drop forging ,wire drawing ,press forging ,sheet metal operations ,upset forging . 一些金屬成形過程是軋制、擠壓、落錘鍛造,拉絲,按鍛造、金屬板操作、頂鍛 These are secondary manufacturing processes where the starting raw materials are processed

24、 by any of the previous manufacturing processes described .這些是二次制造過程的起始原料處理前面的任何制造過程描述。It essentially, envolves joining pieces either permanently or temporarily so that they would perform the necessary function. 它從本質(zhì)上講,envolves加入碎片要么永久或暫時(shí)如此,他們將執(zhí)行必要的功能。The joining can be achieved by either or both of

25、 heat and pressure and/or a joining material.的加入可以達(dá)到的一種或兩種熱量和壓力和/或加入材料。 Many of the steel structural constructions we see are first rolled and then joined together by a fabrication process.許多鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑,我們看到的是第一卷,然后連接在一起的工藝過程。Some of the processes of interest in this category are gas welding, cold welding

26、, electric arc welding, brazing, electric resistance welding, soldering, thermit welding.一些感興趣的過程都屬于這一類氣體焊接、冷焊接、電弧焊、釬焊、電阻焊、釬焊、鋁熱焊。These are also secondary manufacturing processes where the additional unwanted material is removed in the form of chips from the blank material by a harder tool so as to

27、obtain the final desired shape.這些是二次制造工藝,額外的不必要的材料去除的形式的芯片從空白材料的困難,得到了工具最終想要的形狀。 Material removal is normally the most expensive manufacturing process because more energy is consumed and also, a lot of waste material is generated in the process. 材料去除的通常是最昂貴的制造過程,因?yàn)楦嗟哪芰肯?同時(shí),大量的廢棄物產(chǎn)生的過程。Still this i

28、s widely used because it delivers very good dimensional accuracy and good surface finish. 這仍是廣泛使用的,因?yàn)樗峁┝朔浅Ａ己玫某叽缇群土己玫谋砻婀鉂嵍取t also generates accurate contours. Material removal processes are also called machining processes.它還生成精確的輪廓。材料去除過程也稱為加工過程。The various processes in this category are turning,

29、grinding, drilling, broaching, shaping and planning, sowing, milling.各種流程在這個(gè)類別是車削、磨削、鉆孔、擴(kuò)孔、塑造和規(guī)劃、播種、銑削。All these manufacturing processes have been continuously developed so as obtain better products at a reduced cost. 所有這些制造工藝不斷發(fā)展,獲得更好的產(chǎn)品在降低成本。Of particular interest is the development of puter and t

30、heir effect on the manufacturing processes.特別感興趣的是計(jì)算機(jī)的發(fā)展及其影響制造過程。 The advent of puters has remarkable difference to most of the above manufacturing processes. 電腦的出現(xiàn)有顯著差異,最上面的制造過程。They have contributed greatly to both automation and designing the process.他們作出了巨大貢獻(xiàn)兩個(gè)自動(dòng)化和設(shè)計(jì)過程An important responsibility

31、 of the engineer is to choose a manufacturing process, which makes the required quality of a product to the specifications and at the lowest cost possible.工程師的一個(gè)重要職責(zé)是選擇一個(gè)以盡可能低的成本制造出所需質(zhì)量的產(chǎn)品的制造過程。 To fulfil both the conditions, one would have to do a break-even analysis of the various processes suitab

32、le for the production of the given object.為了實(shí)現(xiàn)這兩方面的目標(biāo)，工程師必須針對給定的目標(biāo)對不同的制造過程做出適當(dāng)?shù)挠澠胶夥治?，In the break-even analysis, two types of costs are considered:在盈虧平衡分析中要考慮兩方面的成本，F(xiàn)ixed cost relates to the initial investment on the equipment and tools required for the process. This cost would be constant and does

33、 not vary with quantity produced.固定成本與制造過程相關(guān)聯(lián)的所有設(shè)備和工具的投資是固定成本，固定成本是固定的，不以產(chǎn)量而異，另一方面是可變成本，因?qū)嶋H產(chǎn)量不同而有差別。Variable cost on the other hand, varies with the actual number of objects made. This takes into account the raw material required, energy consumed, labour cost, cost of special toolings, cost of tools

34、 used and other administrative overheads. requirement of these are directly proportional to the quantity produced.可變成本計(jì)算進(jìn)的所需原材料消耗、能量消耗勞動(dòng)力成本、特殊工具成本和其他的行政管理費(fèi)用，這些通常和產(chǎn)量是成比例的The same is shown in graphical form in Fig. 1.1.Normally, as the quantity of produced decreases. This is due to the fact that the f

35、ixed cost associated with the production remains constant.相同的顯示在圖形化的形式在圖1.1。通常,作為生產(chǎn)的數(shù)量減少。這是由于這樣的事實(shí),即固定成本與生產(chǎn)有關(guān)保持不變。If the engineer has to make a choice between two different processes for manufacturing the same ponent, he may first estimate the fixed costs and variable costs for both the processes an

36、d then plot the total cost curves for both as in Fig. 如果一位工程師必須制造同一產(chǎn)品的兩種不同工藝做出選擇，他必須首先估計(jì)兩種工藝的總的固定成本和可變成本，然后繪制總成本曲線，The point where both these curves intersect is called the break-even point. 這些曲線的交點(diǎn)叫做盈虧平衡點(diǎn)，It implies that the first process will be economical if the quantity of production is less tha

37、n that of the break-even point, that while beyond it the second process is economical.這意味著如果產(chǎn)量比盈虧平衡點(diǎn)低第一種工藝是經(jīng)濟(jì)的，如果產(chǎn)量超過該點(diǎn)那么，第二種是經(jīng)濟(jì)的。The break-even quantity, n, can also be obtained by equating the total costs in both the processes.保本量,n,也可以把獲得的總成本的過程。 This would give a positive value when a fixed and

38、variable costs are lower than the other process, then the latter process is always uneconomical whatever may be the production quantity.這將給一個(gè)積極的價(jià)值當(dāng)一個(gè)固定和可變成本是低于其他過程,那么后者過程總是不經(jīng)濟(jì)的任何可能的生產(chǎn)數(shù)量。The manufacturing of a ponent may involve more than one process or more variants of the same process. 制造一個(gè)組件可能會涉及到

39、多個(gè)進(jìn)程或更多的變種相同的過程。In the first case, it is necessary to consider the costs of all the processes while puting the total cost for each of the processes在第一種情況下,有必要考慮成本的所有工序,同時(shí)計(jì)算總成本的每個(gè)過程The deformation caused in a material is of two types, elastic and plastic.在材料中引起的變形可以分為兩種類型，彈性變形和塑性變形Elastic deformation

40、 is that part of the deformed material which when the applied load is removed, would spring back to its normal shape. 彈性變形是指材料上所施加的載荷被移除后能恢復(fù)原來形狀的變形。Plastic deformation is on the other hand , permanently set in a material and cannot be regained.，塑性變形是另一方面，永久的不可回復(fù)的變形。 Tensile strength is measured by a

41、 tensile test carried out on a universal testing machine. 拉應(yīng)力通過在一種通用的測試機(jī)上實(shí)施的測試實(shí)驗(yàn)測得。This involves the preparation of a test specimen as per standard shown in Fig.2.1包括圖2.1所示作為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的樣本的準(zhǔn)備。 The standard specimen can be either rectangular or cylindrical. 樣本可以是矩形的也可以是圓柱形的，Rectangular is generally used for p

42、late-type specimens.矩形的通常被用于板式樣本， Care has to be taken to see that the specimen is prepared in a way such that the surface is smooth and without any deep cracks or nicks.必須保證樣本的表面是平滑的、沒有任何裂縫或刻痕。 The tensile testing machine consists of a heavy test frame with a lower fixed beam, and an upper crosshea

43、d which is the moving beam used to apply the tensile force on the specimen as shown in Fig2.2.拉伸試驗(yàn)機(jī)由一個(gè)帶有一個(gè)較低的橫梁和一個(gè)在樣本上施加拉力的聯(lián)桿器的巨大測試機(jī)架組成。The specimen is mounted between two grips ,one attached to the fixed beam and the other attached to the crosshead. 樣本只能裝在兩個(gè)抓爪間，一個(gè)附加在橫梁上，另一個(gè)附加在連桿器上，An extensometer i

44、s attached to the specimen to measure the elongation of the test specimen as the force is being applied .當(dāng)施加負(fù)載時(shí)一個(gè)伸長儀被加到樣品上來測量測試樣本的伸長量。Then a uniformly increasing tensile load is applied on the specimen. 然后一個(gè)均勻增加的載荷被施加到樣本上，The movement of the crosshead relative to the fixed beam generates strain with

45、in the specimen and a corresponding load.連桿器和橫梁的相對運(yùn)動(dòng)在樣本上形成力和一個(gè)相應(yīng)的載荷。 As the load increases, the specimen initially gets elastically elongated. As can be noted from Fig2.1, the central portion is smaller pared to the gripping section.隨著載荷的增加，樣本首先產(chǎn)生彈性變形，如圖2.1所示，相比之下中心部分比引人矚目的區(qū)域要小。 On further elongatio

46、n, the specimen starts necking at some point (within the gauge marks) when the material goes beyond the elastic range. 繼續(xù)加載荷，當(dāng)材料超過彈性圍樣本在一些點(diǎn)處會變窄。The reduced width of he specimen would be reduced under the force of the load and finally develop fractures when the test is pleted. 在載荷的作用下樣本減少的寬度會減少，當(dāng)測試結(jié)束

47、時(shí)樣本會最終斷裂。If the necking does not happen within the gauge marks, the test need to be repeated with a different specimen. 如果斷裂沒有在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)刻度發(fā)生，測試需要用不同的樣本重新做。During the test , a record is maintained of the load and the corresponding elongation. 在測試中應(yīng)持續(xù)記載載荷和相應(yīng)的伸長量。The stresses and strains are calculated from t

48、he above data and plotted in a diagram as shown in Fig.2.3.應(yīng)力和力可以由上述數(shù)據(jù)計(jì)算并被繪制成圖2.3所示圖標(biāo)。It can be observed that there is a limit up to which the applied stress is directly proportional to the induced strain. 可以觀察到所施加的力和誘發(fā)的力直接成比例，This is represented by the linear portion of the curve up to A which is t

49、ermed as the proportional limit. 這一點(diǎn)可以有延伸到A點(diǎn)的線性曲線表示，A點(diǎn)叫做比例極限。The end of this linear portion is the yield point of the material above which the material starts plastically by the bow-shaped portion of the cube. 線性部分的終點(diǎn)叫做屈服點(diǎn)，在屈服點(diǎn)以上材料開始彈性變形，拱形曲線表明在彈性圍，應(yīng)力與力之間沒有明顯的線性關(guān)系。Finally, the specimen breaks when t

50、he force of the applied load goes beyond the limit that can be borne by the material.最終樣本在所施加載荷超過材料所能承受的極限時(shí)發(fā)生斷裂。 The proportional limit is often difficult to calculate, therefore, two practical measurements, offset yield strength (OYS) and yield by extension under load (EUL), were developed to appro

51、ximate the proportional limit. 比例極限通常難以計(jì)算，因此，兩種特殊的測量方法，補(bǔ)償屈服應(yīng)力和延伸屈服被發(fā)展用于近似代替比例極限。Point B represents the offset yield strength and is found by constructing a line X- B parallel to the curve in the elastic region. 點(diǎn)b通過在彈性圍構(gòu)造一條平行線x-b表示補(bǔ)償屈服應(yīng)力。Line X-B is offset a strain amount O-X that is typically 0.2%

52、of the guage length. X-B線補(bǔ)償了拉伸長度O-X所表示的的應(yīng)力的0.2%。Point C represents the yield strength by extension under load and is found by constructing a vertical line Y-C. 點(diǎn)C通過在在載荷下的拉伸量并構(gòu)成曲線Y-C來表示屈服應(yīng)力。Line Y-C is offset a strain amount O-Y that is typically 0.5% of the guage length. Y-C線補(bǔ)償拉伸長度O-Y所表示的應(yīng)力的0.5%。The

53、 ultimate tensile strength , or peak stress, is represented by the point C.最終的拉伸應(yīng)力或頂點(diǎn)應(yīng)力由點(diǎn)D表示。 Total elongation, which includes both elastic and plastic deformation, is the amount of uniaxial strain at fracture and is depicted as strain at the point Z.Per cent elongation at break is determined by rem

54、oving the fractured specimen from the grips;總伸長量，包括彈性變形和塑性變形，是斷裂時(shí)的單軸應(yīng)變，由Z點(diǎn)的應(yīng)變表示。 fitting the broken ends together and measuring the distance between guage marks.斷裂點(diǎn)的單一伸長量由移動(dòng)抓爪間的斷裂樣本決定。 Per cent elongation at break reports the amount of plastic deformation only. The guage length used for measurement

55、is reported with the result.他和斷裂點(diǎn)相配合來測量定位刻度間的距離。Similar tests can also be conducted for measuring the pression and shear strength. Hardness is a very important property since the manufacturing depends on it to a great extent.硬度是非常重要的性能，因?yàn)橹圃煸诤艽蟪潭壬弦蕾嚺c他， Hardness is the resistance offered by a material

56、 indentation. Moh的scale of hardness is based on ten standard minerals as shown in Table 2.1. 硬度是材料對壓力的抵抗力莫氏硬度測量基于表2.1所示的十種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)礦物。It can be measured by the indentation made by a harder material. . 通?？梢杂梢环N堅(jiān)硬的材料造成的壓痕來測量。The indentation made depends upon the applied load, the sharpness of the indentor and

57、 the time for which the applied load is maintained壓痕取決于所施加負(fù)載，壓痕的清晰度取決于負(fù)載應(yīng)用的時(shí)間。There are a number of indentation tests to measure the hardness of a material normally. 同場還有許多硬度測試方法來測量材料的硬度。These usually involve a ball, a cone or a pyramid of a harder material which is indented into the material under

58、test with a specified load. 這些測試方法通常是在指定的負(fù)載下把由堅(jiān)硬的材料制成的團(tuán)塊、圓錐體或球椎體壓入材料，The permanent indentation thus made is measured to give an indication of the hardness on the given scale for the tests.偶測量這些所產(chǎn)生的永久壓痕來在測試給定的圍對材料的硬度做出指示。Some precautions that need to be taken during the use of Brinell test are that t

59、he surface of the material whose hardness is being tested should be smooth and even, and there is enough material underneath the indentation and on all sides to give a proper value for the indentation.一些預(yù)防措施,需要在使用布氏硬度試驗(yàn)是材料的表面的硬度測試應(yīng)光滑、均勻,并有足夠的材料在壓痕和在各方面給予適當(dāng)?shù)目s進(jìn)值。The Brinell hardness of steel is roughly related to the tensile strength of the material utilizing the following empirical relationship for plain carbon steels.這個(gè)布氏硬度的鋼大致與抗拉