有關(guān)英語語法中《句子成分及五種基本句型》問題_附有習(xí)題及答案

1、英語的基本句型主要有五種，它們是：1、主語動(dòng)詞表語2、主語動(dòng)詞3、主語動(dòng)詞賓語4、主語動(dòng)詞賓語賓語5、主語動(dòng)詞賓語補(bǔ)語掌握好這些基本句型，就可以為靈活運(yùn)用語言打下良好的基礎(chǔ)。下面分別講解這五種句型。一、主語動(dòng)詞表語在這一句型中，動(dòng)詞是系動(dòng)詞，劃線部分為表語。1.Mr.Brown is an engineer.(名詞做表語)2.Gradualy he became silent.(形容詞做表語)3.She remained standing for a hour.(現(xiàn)在分詞做表語)4.The question remained unsolved.(過去分詞做表語)5.The machine is

2、 out of order.(介詞短語做表語)6.The television was on.(副詞做表語)7.His plan is to keep the affair secret.(動(dòng)詞不定式做表語)8.My job is repairing cars.(動(dòng)名詞做表語)9.The question is what you want to do.(從句做表語，即：表語從句)注意：在下面的句子中，形容詞做表語，在表語的后面常常接不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。I'm happy to meet you.They are willing to help.We are determined to foll

3、ow his example.二、主語動(dòng)詞在這一句型中，動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞及不及物的動(dòng)詞詞組。在有的句子中，不及物動(dòng)詞可以有狀語修飾。1.The sun is rising.2.I'll try.3.Did you sleep well？(well做狀語，修飾不及物動(dòng)詞sleep)4.The engine broke down.注意：在此句型中，有少數(shù)不及物動(dòng)詞表達(dá)被動(dòng)含義，表達(dá)主語本身所具有的特性，不用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。1.The book sells wel.2.The window won't shut.3.The pen writes smoothly.4.Cheese cuts

4、 easily. （接下頁三、主語動(dòng)詞賓語在此句型中，動(dòng)詞為及物動(dòng)詞，劃線部分為賓語。1.Do you know these people(them)？(名詞或代詞做賓語)2.I can't express myself in English.(反身代詞做賓語)3.He smiled a strange smile.(同源賓語)4.We can't afford to pay such a price.(不定式做賓語)5.Would you mind waiting a few minutes？(動(dòng)名詞做賓語)6.I hope that I have said nothing

5、to pain you.(從句做賓語，即：賓語從句)注意：并不是所有的及物動(dòng)詞都可以接上述各種情況做賓語，不同的動(dòng)詞有不同的用法，所以，在學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，一定要掌握其用法。四、主語動(dòng)詞賓語賓語在此句型中，動(dòng)詞可以稱作雙賓語動(dòng)詞，在英語中，這樣的動(dòng)詞并不多，在學(xué)習(xí)遇時(shí)，要牢記。后面的賓語為間接賓語和直接賓語，其中間接賓語在前，一般表人，直接賓語在后，一般表物。這類句型有三種情況。第一種情況，間接賓語可以改為to引導(dǎo)的短語。1.He handed me a letter.He handed a letter to me.2.She gave me her telephone number.She ga

6、ve her telephone number to me.第二種情況，間接賓語可以改為for引導(dǎo)的短語。3.She sang us a folk song.She sang a folk for us.4.She cooked us a delicious meal.She cooked a delicious meal for us.第三種情況，直接賓語可以由賓語從句充當(dāng)。5.Tell him I'm out.6.Can you inform me where Miss Green lives？五、主語動(dòng)詞賓語賓語補(bǔ)足語在此句型中的動(dòng)詞，叫做可以跟復(fù)合賓語的動(dòng)詞，在英語中，這樣的動(dòng)

7、詞也不多。后面的賓語補(bǔ)足語是說明賓語的情況的，賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語一起被稱做復(fù)合賓語。這個(gè)句式是英語中比較復(fù)雜的一個(gè)句式，因?yàn)閺?fù)合賓語的構(gòu)成內(nèi)容較多。下面句子中劃線部分為賓語補(bǔ)足語。1.He found his new job boring.(形容詞做賓補(bǔ))2.The called their daughter Mary.(名詞做賓補(bǔ))3.This placed her in a very difficult position.(介詞短語做賓補(bǔ))4.We went to here house but found her out.(副詞做賓補(bǔ))5.What do you advise me to d

8、o？(不定式做賓補(bǔ))6.We thought him to be an honest man.(tobe做賓補(bǔ))7.He believed them to have discussed the problem.(不定式的完成式做賓補(bǔ))8.He believed her to be telling the truth.(不定式的進(jìn)行式做賓補(bǔ))9.Did you notice him come in？(不帶to的不定式做賓補(bǔ))10.I saw her chatting with Nancy.(現(xiàn)在分詞做賓補(bǔ))11.He watched the piano carried upstairs.(過去分

9、詞做賓補(bǔ))注意：在這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中，可以出現(xiàn)用it做形式上的賓語，把真正的賓語放在賓語補(bǔ)足語的后面。在此結(jié)構(gòu)中，賓語常常是動(dòng)詞不定式或賓語從句。1.He felt it his duty to mention this to her.分析：it是形式賓語，hisduty是賓語補(bǔ)足語，to mention this to her是真正的賓語。2.I think it best that you should stay with us.分析：it是形式賓語，best是賓語補(bǔ)足語，that you should stay with us是真正的賓語。（接下頁）注意：1.習(xí)慣用語的使用在英語中，有很多動(dòng)詞習(xí)

10、慣用語，在學(xué)習(xí)的過程中，要注意它們的使用，不必分析單獨(dú)每個(gè)詞的使用。例：We are short of money.(be short of中short做表語)She is always making trouble for her friends.(trouble做make的賓語)He has carried out our instructions to the letter.(our instructions做詞組carry out的賓語)We are waiting for the rain to stop.(wait for后面的the rain是賓語，to stop是賓語補(bǔ)足語)2

11、.在英語中，大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞既可以做及物動(dòng)詞又可以做不及物動(dòng)詞，而且還會(huì)有一些固定詞組，因此一個(gè)動(dòng)詞可以用于幾種句型。例：askDid you ask the price？(直接接名詞做賓語)She asked them their names.(接雙賓語)I asked James to buy some bread.(接賓語加不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語)I asked to speak to Fred.(接不定式做賓語)Didn't you ask him in？(在此句中和副詞in連用)He has asked for an interview with the President.(組成固定

12、詞組ask for)3.There be句型是一種特殊的句子，真正的主語在后面，含義為“有”謂語動(dòng)詞和主語保持一致：There is a television in the sitting room.有兩個(gè)或更多的主語時(shí)，動(dòng)詞一般和最近的一個(gè)保持一致：There are two girls and a boy dancing in the hall.主語的后面有時(shí)有修飾語：There are a lot of difficulties facing us.There were many things to be done(此處也可以使用to do).謂語動(dòng)詞be可以有時(shí)態(tài)的變化:There w

13、ill be a concert in the park tonight.There was little change in him.謂語也可以有不定式構(gòu)成的復(fù)合謂語。There used to be a cinema here.There seems to be something the matter with her.Is there going to be any activity tonight？there be句式變疑問句，把be提前；變翻譯疑問句也要借助there。Is there any hope of getting the job？There is nothing wro

14、ng with your watch，is there？there be句型中也可以使用諸如：live，follow，come，stand，sit，exist等不及物動(dòng)詞：Once upon a time，there lived a fisherman on the island.There came a knock at the door.At the top of the hill there stands an old temple.用于非謂語的情況下，有時(shí)用不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)there to be或動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)和獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)there being：You wouldn't w

15、ant there to be another war.(不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu))The teacher was satisfied with there being no mistakes in his homework.(動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu))There being nothing else to do，we went home.(獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu))鞏固性練習(xí)請判斷下列句子的結(jié)構(gòu)類型1.He is running.2.The loud voice from the upstairs made him angry.3.The little boy is asking the teacher all kin

16、ds of questions.4.She seemed angry.5.My father bought me a beautiful present.6.Why do you keep your eyes closed？7.Will you tell us an exciting story？8.We must keep our classroom tidy and clean.9.I heard the baby crying in the sitting room.10.Can you push the window open？答案：1.主語-動(dòng)詞2.主語-動(dòng)詞-賓語-補(bǔ)語3.主語-動(dòng)

17、詞-賓語-賓語4.主語-動(dòng)詞-表語5.主語-動(dòng)詞-賓語-賓語6.主語-動(dòng)詞-賓語-賓語7.主語-動(dòng)詞-賓語-補(bǔ)語8.主語-動(dòng)詞-賓語-補(bǔ)語9.主語-動(dòng)詞-賓語-補(bǔ)語10.主語-動(dòng)詞-賓語-補(bǔ)語 （編輯：趙露）句子成分篇一、詞類、句子成分和構(gòu)詞法：1、詞類：英語詞類分十種：名詞、形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、冠詞、動(dòng)詞、副詞、介詞、連詞、感嘆詞。1、名詞(n.)： 表示人、事物、地點(diǎn)或抽象概念的名稱。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.2、代詞(pron.)： 主要用來代替名詞。如：who, she, you, it .3、形容詞(adj.)：表示人或事物的性

18、質(zhì)或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、數(shù)詞(num.)： 表示數(shù)目或事物的順序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.5、動(dòng)詞(v.)： 表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。如：am, is,are,have,see .6、副詞(adv.)： 修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或其他副詞,說明時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly.7、冠詞(art.)：用在名詞前,幫助說明名詞。如：a, an, the.8、介詞(prep.)： 表示它后面的名詞或代詞與其他句子成分的關(guān)系。

19、如in, on, from, above, behind.9、連詞(conj.)： 用來連接詞、短語或句子。如and, but, before .10、感嘆詞(interj.)表示喜、怒、哀、樂等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello.2、句子成分：英語句子成分分為七種：主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語、表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語。1、主語是句子所要說的人或事物,回答是“誰”或者“什么”。通常用名詞或代詞擔(dān)任。如：Im Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)2、謂語動(dòng)詞說明主語的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),回答“做(什么)”。主要由動(dòng)詞擔(dān)任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰

20、克每天打掃房間)3、表語在系動(dòng)詞之后,說明主語的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么樣”。通常由名詞、代詞或形容詞擔(dān)任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、賓語表示及物動(dòng)詞的對象或結(jié)果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名詞或代詞擔(dān)任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼這個(gè)詞)有些及物動(dòng)詞帶有兩個(gè)賓語,一個(gè)指物,一個(gè)指人。指物的叫直接賓語,指人的叫間接賓語。間接賓語一般放在直接賓語的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他給我寫了一封信)有時(shí)可把介詞to或for加在間接賓語前構(gòu)成短語,放在直接賓語后面,來強(qiáng)調(diào)間接賓語。如：H

21、e wrote a letter to me . (他給我寫了一封信)5、定語修飾名詞或代詞,通常由形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞等擔(dān)任。如：Shanghai is a big city .(上海是個(gè)大城市)6、狀語用來修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞,通常由副詞擔(dān)任。如：He works hard .(他工作努力)7、賓語補(bǔ)足語用來說明賓語怎么樣或干什么,通常由形容詞或動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)。如：They usually keep their classroom clean.(他們通常讓教室保持清潔) / He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常幫我做功課) / The teacher want

22、ed me to learn French all by myself.(老師要我自學(xué)法語)同位語通常緊跟在名詞、代詞后面,進(jìn)一步說明它的情況。如：Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同學(xué)湯姆在哪里？)3、構(gòu)詞法：英語構(gòu)詞法主要有：合成法、派生法和轉(zhuǎn)換法。1、合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。2、派生法：(1)派生名詞：動(dòng)詞+er/or 動(dòng)詞+ing 動(dòng)詞+(t)ion 形容詞+ness 其他,如：inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindn

23、ess, carelessness, knowledge(2)派生形容詞：名詞+y 名詞+ful 動(dòng)詞+ing/ed friendly dangerous Chinese; Japanese English French German 國名+(i)an 如：snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious (3)派生副詞：形容詞+ly 其它,如：slowly, angrily, fullfully, goodwell, possiblepossibly等等。3、轉(zhuǎn)換法：(

24、1)形容詞動(dòng)詞,如：dry(干燥的)dry(弄干), clean(干凈的)clean(打掃,弄干凈),等等。 (2)動(dòng)詞名詞,如：look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。(3)名詞動(dòng)詞,如：hand(手)(傳遞),face(臉)(面對)等等。(4)形容詞副詞,如：earlyearly, fastfast等等。(5)副詞連詞,如：when(什么時(shí)候)(當(dāng)時(shí)候),等等。(6)介詞副詞,如：in(到里)(在里面；在家),on(在上)(進(jìn)行,繼續(xù)),等等。二、名詞：1、英語名詞可分專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類：1、專有名詞是個(gè)別的人、地、物、團(tuán)體、機(jī)

25、構(gòu)等的專用名稱。專有名詞中實(shí)詞的第一個(gè)字母要大寫。如：Beijing, Tom, the Peoples Republic of China(中華人民共和國) 專有名詞如果是含有普通名詞的短語,則必須使用定冠詞the。如：the Great Wall(長城)姓氏名如果采用復(fù)數(shù)形式,則表示該姓氏一家人(復(fù)數(shù)含義),如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。2、普通名詞是許多人或事物的共有名稱。如：pupil, family, man, foot.普通名詞又分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞?？蓴?shù)名詞是可以用簡單的數(shù)詞進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)的名詞,如： box, child, orange；不可數(shù)名詞是不可以用簡單的數(shù)詞

26、進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)的名詞。如：water, news, oil, population, information .2、英語可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)：英語可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。1、名詞由單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)的基本方法如下：在單數(shù)名詞詞尾加s。如：map maps,boy boys,horse horses, table tables.s,o,x ,sh,ch結(jié)尾的詞加es.如：classclasses, boxboxes, heroheroes, dishdishes, benchbenches.注：少數(shù)以o結(jié)尾的詞,變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)只加s。如：photophotos, pianopianos.以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,

27、變y為i,再加es。如：familyfamilies, citycities, partyparties.以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞,變f或fe為v,再加es。如：shelfshelves, wolfwolves, lifelives, knifeknives.2、不規(guī)則變化：manmen, womanwomen, sheepsheep,toothteeth, fishfish, childchildren, oxoxen, goosegeese不可數(shù)名詞一般沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式,說明其數(shù)量時(shí),要用有關(guān)計(jì)量名詞。如：a bag of ricetwo bags of rice, a piece of pape

28、rthree pieces of paper, a bottle of milkfive bottles of milk. 3、名詞所有格：1、名詞所有格表示所屬關(guān)系,相當(dāng)于物主代詞,在句中作定語、賓語或主語。其構(gòu)成法如下：(1)表示人或其它有生命的東西的名詞常在詞尾加s。如：Childerns Day(兒童節(jié)), my sisters book(我姐姐的書)(2)以s或es結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞。只在詞尾加。如：Teachers Day(教師節(jié))(3)有些表示時(shí)間、距離以及世界、國家、城鎮(zhèn)等無生命的名詞,也可在詞尾加s. 如：todays newspaper(今天的報(bào)紙), ten minutes

29、break(十分鐘的課間休息),Chinas population(中國的人口).(4)無論表示有生命還是無生命的東西的名詞,一般均可用介詞of短語來表示所有關(guān)系。如：a fine daughter of the Party(黨的好女兒).2、注解： s還可以表示某人的家或者某個(gè)店鋪,如：my aunts(我阿姨家), the doctors(診所) 兩人共有某物時(shí),可以采用 A and Bs 的形式,如：Lucy and Lilys bedroom(露西和麗麗合住的臥室) “of+名詞所有格/名詞性物主代詞”,稱為雙重所有格,如：a friend of my fathers(我父親的一位朋友

30、), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)4、名詞或代詞作主語時(shí)和謂語之間的單復(fù)數(shù)的一致問題：1、謂語和謂語基本保持單復(fù)數(shù)的一致,即：主語是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式：如：The computer was a great invention.(計(jì)算機(jī)是個(gè)了不起的發(fā)明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)2、集體名詞(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主語時(shí),如果表示整體概念,則謂語用單數(shù)形式,如：Class Three is a ver

31、y good class.(三班是好班)如果表示其中的所有成員時(shí),則謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.(三 班有張中國地圖)3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示單個(gè)時(shí)謂語用單數(shù),表示許多時(shí),謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。如：There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只綿羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些綿羊)4、maths, news等雖然有s結(jié)尾,但不是復(fù)數(shù),因此謂語仍用單數(shù)：The news is very exciting.

32、(這個(gè)消息令人興奮)5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名詞往往用復(fù)數(shù)形式,故謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。如：The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(褲子很便宜,我想買)6、a lot of 后跟名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式,跟不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)謂語用單數(shù)形式。如：A lot of students are playing baseball now.(現(xiàn)在有許多學(xué)生在打壘球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的時(shí)間花在了那個(gè)工作上)(被動(dòng)句)7、and 連接

33、兩個(gè)名詞做主語時(shí),謂語原則上用復(fù)數(shù),但是兩個(gè)名詞若構(gòu)成一個(gè)整體事物時(shí),謂語則用單數(shù)。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老師和他的兒子在摘蘋果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (魚和薯?xiàng)l是一種出名的食品)8、 there be 句型中be的單復(fù)數(shù)一般由靠近的名詞決定。如：There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房間里有一張桌子和四張椅子)9、用bothand連接兩個(gè)事物做主語時(shí),謂語一般用復(fù)數(shù)。如：Both you and I are

34、 required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都來)10、主語中含有with的短語時(shí),謂語單復(fù)數(shù)由with之前的人物決定。如：A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名婦女帶著一個(gè)七歲的孩子(當(dāng)時(shí))就站在路邊)11、eitheror或者 neithernor連接兩個(gè)人物做句子主語時(shí),謂語采用就近原則。如：Either you or he is right.(要么是你對,要么是他對。/你和他有一個(gè)人是對的) / Neither you nor I am going

35、 there.(你和我都不打算去那里) 12、表示一段時(shí)間或長度概念的復(fù)數(shù)名詞做主語時(shí),謂語一般用單數(shù)。如：Two months is not a short time.(兩個(gè)月不是個(gè)短時(shí)間)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距離).(兩千千米是相當(dāng)長的一段距離)13、主語中含有half of / (three quarters)of / all (of) the .等詞語時(shí),謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)由名詞確定,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in Eng

36、lish.(因特網(wǎng)上四分之三以上的信息是用英語寫的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(學(xué)生的三分之一(當(dāng)時(shí))正在湖邊玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(這些河流中的水已經(jīng)被污染了)(被動(dòng)句) 但是,population一詞又有特殊情況： Whats the population of China?(中國人口是多少？)(句子用單數(shù)) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Ara

37、bs(阿拉伯人).(這個(gè)城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用復(fù)數(shù))5、部分名詞用法辨析：1、sport、game、match、race 的區(qū)別：sport通常指“戶外運(yùn)動(dòng)”,以鍛煉為主,概念較大；game意思是“運(yùn)動(dòng)、比賽”,不管戶內(nèi)戶外還是腦力體力,指以勝負(fù)為主的運(yùn)動(dòng)；match意為“競賽、比賽”,多指正式比賽；race主要表示“賽跑、賽馬、賽車”。如：People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜愛運(yùn)動(dòng)) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奧運(yùn)會(huì)將在北京舉行)(被

38、動(dòng)句) / Our school football team won the league match(聯(lián)賽).(我們學(xué)校足球隊(duì)取得了聯(lián)賽冠軍) / They were strong and won the boat race.(湯他們很棒,贏得了劃艇比賽) 2、festival、holiday、vacation的區(qū)別：festival“節(jié)日”,指喜慶的日子或持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的文娛活動(dòng)；holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣,復(fù)數(shù)可以表示一個(gè)較長的假期；vacation“假期”,指學(xué)習(xí)或工作中一段長時(shí)間的休息。如：The Shanghai Television Festival wi

39、ll be held next month.(上海電視節(jié)將在下個(gè)月舉行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是個(gè)假日,多數(shù)人不工作) / What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情？)3、journey、tour、trip、travel的區(qū)別：journey指在陸地上(或海上或空中)進(jìn)行的長途旅行,不知終點(diǎn),含有辛苦的意思；tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,強(qiáng)調(diào)游覽多處,常用來指觀光等；trip通常指往返定時(shí)的短途旅

40、行,如出差度假等；travel多指長期或長途的觀光旅行,尤其指到國外,沒有明確目的地,也作不可數(shù)名詞,指旅行這一行為。如：He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行觀光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好幾次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亞哥) during your travels?(旅行期間你去圣地亞哥了嗎？) / Tra

41、velling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里邊穿行是很危險(xiǎn)的) 4、sound、noise、voice的區(qū)別：sound指各種聲音；noise主要指“噪音”；voice指人的“嗓音”。如：The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧囂聲讓我徹夜難眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然間傳來幾聲槍響和一聲尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice

42、as a result of a bad cold.(因?yàn)楦忻暗木壒?這個(gè)歌唱家失去了她銀鈴般的嗓音) 5、fish的問題：指許多條魚且不管種類時(shí),用fish,單復(fù)數(shù)相同；fishes 指許多種類的魚；fish指“魚肉”時(shí)是不可數(shù)名詞。如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多種類的魚)/ I prefer fish to meat.(與肉相比我更喜歡魚)三、代詞：1、代詞的分類：英語中代詞分為：人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、關(guān)系代詞、疑問代詞、連接代詞和不定代詞等等。2、人稱代詞：人稱代詞代替人和事物的名稱,分為主格和

43、賓格兩種形式。1、主格用來作句子的主語、表語。如： I often go shopping on Sundays.(星期天我常去購物) / Are they from Brazil?(他們是巴西人嗎？) / Where have they gone?(他們上哪兒去了？) / Thats it.(就那么回事) / Its he!(是他！)2、賓格用來作及物動(dòng)詞或者介詞的賓語。如：Who teaches you English this year?(今年誰教你們的英語？) / Help me!(救救我！) / We often write letters to her.(我們常給他寫信)3、人稱代

44、詞作表語或者放在比較狀語從句連詞than或as之后時(shí),可以用主格形式,也可以用賓格形式,口語中大多用賓格。如：-Who is it?(是誰？) Its I/me.(是我。)4、三個(gè)不同人稱同時(shí)出現(xiàn),或者主語中包含“我”時(shí),按照“youheI”的順序表達(dá)。如：Both he and I are working at that computer company.(我和他都在那家電腦公司上班) Who will go there?(誰要去那兒？) You and me.(你和我)5、人稱代詞it除了可以指人指物之外,還可以表示“時(shí)間、天氣、溫度、距離、情況”等含義,此外還可以作“非人稱代詞”使用,替

45、代作主語或者賓語的不定式、動(dòng)名詞或者名詞性從句。如：-Whats the weather like today?(今天天氣怎樣？)Its fine.(天氣晴好) / -Whats the time?(幾點(diǎn)啦？) Its 12：00.(12點(diǎn)) / Its a long way to go.(那可要走好長的路) / It took him three days to clean his house.(打掃屋子花了他三天的時(shí)間) / It is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go into space.(很顯然

46、,公眾想知道這些人什么時(shí)候能進(jìn)入太空) / We found it very difficult to learn a foreign language well.(我們發(fā)覺要學(xué)好一門外語是非常困難的)3、物主代詞：說明事物所屬關(guān)系的代詞,分為形容詞性和名詞性兩種。1、形容詞性物主代詞只能作句子中名詞的修飾語,后面要跟名詞。如：Is that your umbrella?(那是你的傘嗎？) / I often go to see my aunt on Sundays.(我經(jīng)常在星期天去看望阿姨) / They are their books.(是他們的書)2、名詞性物主代詞相當(dāng)于名詞,既代替事

47、物又表明所屬關(guān)系,在句子中往往獨(dú)立地作主語、賓語或者表語,后面千萬不可以跟名詞。如：This is your cup,but where is mine?(這是你的杯子,可我的在哪兒？) / Your classroom is very big, but ours is rather small.(你們的教室很大,我們的相當(dāng)小)3、“of + 名詞性物主代詞”稱為雙重所有格,作定語時(shí)放在名詞的后面。如：A friend of mine came to see me yesterday.(我的一個(gè)朋友昨天來看我了) (指若干朋友中有一個(gè)來看我。)試比較 My friend came to see

48、 me yesterday.(我的朋友昨天來看我了)(指我的那個(gè)特定的朋友來看我。)4、反身代詞：表示謂語的動(dòng)作與主語有關(guān)或者賓語補(bǔ)足語的動(dòng)作與賓語有關(guān)。1、反身代詞在句子中作賓語表示反射(指一個(gè)動(dòng)作回到該動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者本身)。如：Dont play with the knife, you might hurt yourself.(不要玩刀子,那會(huì)割傷你的)2、在句子中作同位語表示強(qiáng)調(diào)(即用來強(qiáng)調(diào)名詞或代詞的語氣)。如：The story itself is good. Only he didnt tell it well.(故事本身是好的,只是他沒有講好)6、指示代詞： 指示說明近處或者遠(yuǎn)處、上

49、文或者下文、以前或者現(xiàn)在的人或事物。單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)含義this(這個(gè))these(這些)指較近的人和物that(那個(gè))those(那些)指較遠(yuǎn)的人和物such (這樣的人/物)指上文提過的人和物same (同樣的人/物)指和上文提過的相同的人和物it (這人/這物)指不太清楚是誰或者是什么時(shí)指示代詞既可以單獨(dú)使用做句子的主語、賓語或表語,也可以作定語修飾名詞。如：Whats this?(這是什么？) / That model plane is made of plastic.(那只模型飛機(jī)是塑料做的)(被動(dòng)句) / Remember never to do such things.(記得永遠(yuǎn)不要做這

50、樣的事情) / Do the same as the teacher tells you. (按老師說的做)/ -Who is it?(是誰？) -Its me!(是我！)6、關(guān)系代詞：用來引導(dǎo)定語從句的代詞叫關(guān)系代詞,參見后面的定語從句。1、關(guān)系代詞who 、which、 that 、whom 等,將定語從句和主句連接起來。英語中的關(guān)系代詞一方面在從句中擔(dān)任一定的成分,另一方面又起連接作用。 如：The student who is drawing a picture is in Grade One.(正在畫畫的學(xué)生是一年級的)2、關(guān)系代詞who / whom指人,如果作從句的賓語,則有時(shí)省

51、略。如：Do you know the man who is wearing a red hat? (你認(rèn)識(shí)那個(gè)戴著紅帽子的男人嗎？)3、關(guān)系代詞which 指物,如果作從句的賓語,則有時(shí)省略。如：Have you found the book which you lost several days ago?(你找到幾天前丟失的那本書了嗎？)4、關(guān)系代詞that既可指人也可指物,如果作從句的賓語,則有時(shí)省略。如：Can you see the man/dog that is running along the river bank ?(你看得見順著河跑的男人/狗了嗎？)7、連接代詞：用來引導(dǎo)賓

52、語從句、主語從句或表語從句的連接詞稱連接代詞。 英語中連接代詞主要有：what(什么),who(誰),whom(誰),which(哪個(gè)),whose(誰的)。詳見相應(yīng)從句。8、不定代詞：代替或修飾不特指的人或事物的代詞叫不定代詞。單數(shù)含義someanynonone/each(every)oneeither,neithersothe other,another復(fù)合不定代詞不可數(shù)含義muchlittle,a littleall/復(fù)數(shù)含義manyfew,a fewonesbothothers,the others注：復(fù)合不定代詞有12個(gè)：something(某事), someone(某人), som

53、ebody(某人), anything(任何事), anyone(任何人), anybody(任何人), nothing(沒事),nobody(沒有人), no one(沒有人), everything(一切), everyone(每個(gè)人), everybody(每個(gè)人). (1)some和 any 的用法：some一般用于肯定句中,意思是“幾個(gè)”、“一些”、“某個(gè)”作定語時(shí)可修飾可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞。如：I have some work to do today. (今天我有些事情要做)/ They will go there some day.(他們有朝一日會(huì)去那兒) some 用于疑問句時(shí)

54、,表示建議、請求或希望得到肯定回答。如：Would you like some coffee with sugar?(你要加糖的咖啡嗎？)any 一般用于疑問句或否定句中,意思是“任何一些”、“任何一個(gè)”,作定語時(shí)可修飾可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞。如：They didnt have any friends here. (他們在這里沒有朋友)/ Have you got any questions to ask?(你有問題要問嗎？)any 用于肯定句時(shí),意思是“任何的”。Come here with any friend.(隨便帶什么朋友來吧。)(2)no和none的用法：no是形容詞,只能作定語表示,意

55、思是“沒有”,修飾可數(shù)名詞(單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù))或不可數(shù)名詞。如：There is no time left. Please hurry up.(沒有時(shí)間了,請快點(diǎn)) / They had no reading books to lend.(他們沒有閱讀用書可以出借)none只能獨(dú)立使用,在句子中可作主語、賓語和表語,意思是“沒有一個(gè)人(或事物)”,表示復(fù)數(shù)或單數(shù)。如：None of them is/are in the classroom.(他們當(dāng)中沒有一個(gè)在教室里) / I have many books, but none is interesting.(我有很多的書,但沒有一本是有趣的) (3

56、)all和both的用法：all指三者或三者以上的人或物,用來代替或修飾可數(shù)名詞；也可用來代替或修飾不可數(shù)名詞。both指兩個(gè)人或物,用來代替或修飾可數(shù)名詞。all和both在句子中作主語、賓語、表語、定語等。如：I know all of the four British students in their school.(他們學(xué)校里四個(gè)英國學(xué)生我全認(rèn)識(shí)) / -Would you like this one or that one? Both.(你要這個(gè)還是那個(gè)？兩個(gè)都要。)all和both既可以修飾名詞(all/both+(the)+名詞),也可以獨(dú)立使用,采用“all/both + o

57、f the +名詞(復(fù)數(shù))”的形式,其中的of 可以省略。如：All (of) (the) boys are naughty.(是男孩都調(diào)皮)(4)every和each用法：every是形容詞,只能作定語修飾單數(shù)名詞,意思是“每一個(gè)”,表示整體概念；each是形容詞、代詞,可用作主語、賓語、定語等,意思是“每個(gè)”或者“各個(gè)”,表示單個(gè)概念；each可以放在名詞前,可以后跟of短語,與動(dòng)詞同時(shí)出現(xiàn)時(shí)要放在“be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞”之后或者行為動(dòng)詞之前every和each都用作單數(shù)理解,但是下文中既可以用單數(shù)的代詞(如he/him/his)也可以用復(fù)數(shù)的代詞(如they/them/their)替代。如：Every one of the