世紀(jì)商務(wù)英語(yǔ)外貿(mào)英語(yǔ)實(shí)務(wù)答案

1、Unitl1. FInternationaltradeisonlytheexchangeofgoodsbetweennations.2. TCountriestradewitheachotherpartlybecauseofcostadvantages.3. TTrademeanscountriescanprovideawidervarietyofproductsfortheirconsumers4. TInternationaltradecangreatlyexpandthemarket,whichenablesthesupplierstotakeadvantageofeconomiesof

2、scale.5. TExchangeratefluctuationsmaycreatemanyproblemsforinternationaltrade.Exchangeratefluctuationsmaycreatemanyproblemsforinternationaltrade6. TStillinsomecases,politicalreasonscanoutweigheconomicconsiderationsbetweencountries.7. TWhenweprovideshippinginsuranceserviceforforeigners,itcanbeseenasan

3、exampleofinvisibletrade.8. FTradesurplusmeansthatacountry'simportsexceeditsexports.9. TTariffandquotasaretheexamplesoftradebarriers.10. TAdutyleviedonaspecificshipmentcanbeanimport,aprotectiveandacompounddutyatthesametime.11. sthereasonwhyinternationaltradefirstbegan.a.Unevendistributionofresour

4、cesc.Economicbenefitb.Patternofdemandd.Comparativeadvantage2. Ifonecountryconcentratesontheproductionofthegoodsinwhichithasacomparativeadvantage,andproducesmorethanitcanuse,thenitwillsellthelefttoothercountries.Thisreasonforinternationaltradeiscalled.a.economiesofscalec.specializationb.varietyofstyl

5、ed.patternsofdemand3. Theproductioncostwilldecreaseifthegoodsareproducedonalargescale.Thisiscalled.a.economiesofscalec.specializationb.varietyofstyled.patternsofdemand4. Thefollowingsarethespecialproblemsforinternationaltradeexceptfor.a.usingforeignlanguagesandforeigncurrencyc.havingrisksb.underfore

6、ignlaws,customsandregulationsd.numerousculturaldifferences5. referstoanexchangeofservices,labororothernon-physicalgoodsbetweencountries.a.Invisibletradec.Internationaltradeb.Visibletraded.Balanceoftrade6. Invisibletradeconsistsofthefollowingitemsexceptfor.a.transportservicesacrossnationalbordersc.in

7、ductexchangeacrossnationalborders7. isthedifferencebetweenthevalueofthegoodsandservicesthatacountryexportsandthevalueofthegoodsandservicesthatitimports.a.Tradebalancec.Tradedeficitb.Tradesurplusd.Tradebarrier8. Eachcountryhastoearntopa

8、yforimports.a.moneyc.cashb.foreignexchanged.currency9. iscollectedaccordingtophysicalquantity.a.Revenuetariffc.Specificdutyb.Protectiontariffd.Alternativeduty10.Whichisnottheexampleoftradebarriers?a.Tariffsc.Importdutiesb.Quotasd.Incometax1 .國(guó)際貿(mào)易internationaltrade2 .比較優(yōu)勢(shì)comparativeadvantage3 .規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)ec

9、onomiesofscale4 .經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)economicgrowth5 .夕卜匯foreigncurrency6 .有形貿(mào)易visibletrade7 .無(wú)形貿(mào)易invisibletrade8 .貿(mào)易差額balanceoftrade9 .貿(mào)易順差tradesurplus10 .貿(mào)易逆差tradedeficit11 .貿(mào)易壁壘tradebarrier12 .非關(guān)稅壁壘.non-tariffbarrier13 .財(cái)政關(guān)稅revenuetariff14 .保護(hù)關(guān)稅revenuetariff15 .進(jìn)口關(guān)稅importduty16 .出口關(guān)稅exportduty17 .從量稅specificduty

10、18 .從價(jià)稅Advaloremduty19 .進(jìn)口許可證importlicense20 .配額quota翻譯1. Internationaltrade,alsoknownasworldtrade,foreigntradeoroverseastrade,istheexchangeofgoodsandservicesbetweencountries.國(guó)際貿(mào)易，又稱(chēng)世界貿(mào)易、對(duì)外貿(mào)易或海外貿(mào)易，是國(guó)與國(guó)之間商品和服務(wù)的交換交換。2. Trademayoccurbecauseofeconomiesofscale,thatis,thecostadvantagesoflarge-scaleproduct

11、ion.貿(mào)易可能源于規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)，即大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)帶來(lái)的成本優(yōu)勢(shì)。3. Visibletradereferstoexportsandimportsofgoods,whileinvisibletradereferstoanexchangeofservices,labororothernon-physicalgoodsbetweencountries.有形貿(mào)易即產(chǎn)品的進(jìn)出口，而無(wú)形貿(mào)易則指服務(wù)和資產(chǎn)的交換。4. Ifacountry'sexportsexceeditsimports,ithasatradesurplusandthetradebalanceissaidtobepositive.Ifi

12、mportsexceedexports,thecountryhasatradedeficitanditstradebalanceissaidtobenegative.如果出口大于進(jìn)口，即為貿(mào)易順差，稱(chēng)為出超；如果進(jìn)口大于出口，則為貿(mào)易逆差，稱(chēng)為入超。5. Atariffisataxleviedonacommoditywhenitcrossestheboundaryofacustomsareawhichusuallycoincideswiththeareaofacountry.關(guān)稅即當(dāng)貨物跨越關(guān)境邊界時(shí)征收的稅，關(guān)境通常就是國(guó)境。6. Aquotaisalimitationinvalueorin

13、physicalterms,imposedonimportandexportofcertaingoodsforacertainperiodoftime.配額是對(duì)某一商品在某一特定時(shí)期的進(jìn)出口加以?xún)r(jià)值或數(shù)量上的限定。7. 各種形式的貿(mào)易壁壘主要來(lái)源于政府干預(yù)(governmentintervention)oVariousformsoftradebarriersarelargelyderivedfromgovernmentintervention.8. 近年來(lái)中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)迅速增長(zhǎng)，貿(mào)易結(jié)構(gòu)也相應(yīng)改變很大。China'seconomicgrowthhasbeentremendousinrecen

14、tyearsanditstradestructurehascorrespondinglyundergoneconsiderabletransformation.9. 當(dāng)前國(guó)際貿(mào)易中最大的困難是非關(guān)稅壁壘，如進(jìn)口配額、出口管制等。Themajordifficultiesininternationaltradetodayarethenon-tariffbarrierslikequotasdttlandexportcontrols.10. 大多數(shù)貿(mào)易協(xié)定是多邊協(xié)定，而非雙邊協(xié)定。Mosttradeagreementstodayaremultilateralratherthanbilateral.Un

15、it2T1.Atermfordefiningoneparticulargradeofqualityinonecountrymayhavequiteadifferentmeaninginanothercountry.T2.Inthecaseofsalebybuyer'ssampleorsalebyseller;ssample,thequalityofthecommoditiesshouldbestrictlythesameaswhatofthesample.Otherwise,itshouldbestipulatedinthecontractclearly.F3.Thegradesoft

16、hesameproductarealwaysthesameindifferentcountries.F4.Ininternationaltrade,onlytheMetricSystemisallowedtoindicatethequantityofgoods.T5.Differentwaysofmeasurementsuchasbyweight,bylength,byarea,byvolumeandbycapacitymaybeusedfordifferentproducts.F6.Inreality,thequantityofgoodsshippedmustbeexactlythesame

17、withthatstipulatedinthecontract.T7.Packingshouldbedesignedaccordingtotheneedofthecargo.F8.Generallyspeaking,morepackingisrequiredforcontainerizedconsignments.T9.Markingofgoodscanfacilitateloading,unloading,transit,storage,inspectionandhelpavoidwrongshipment.1. Thesamplemadebytheselleraccordingtotheb

18、uyer's,andthensenttoandconfirmedbythebuyeriscalledd.countersample2. areusuallysoldbytrademarkorbrandname?a.Manufacturedgoodswithsteadyquality3. Themethodscommonlyusedtoexpressthequalityincludethefollowingsexceptfor.a.salebysampleb.salebymaterialsc.salebydescriptiond.salebytrademarkorbrandname4.

19、Ininternationaltrade,thegoodsthataredemandedonspecialshapeorthecharacteristicsofcolorandtasteshouldbesold.a.bysampleb.byspecificationc.bygraded.bynameoforigin5. QualitystandardofFAQisusuallyusedinthetradeof.a.agriculturalproductsb.woodc.aquaticproductsd.manufacturedgoods6. Ifthereisaqualitytolerance

20、clauseinacontract,withintherangeofthetolerance,thebuyer.a.mustacceptthegoodsb.canrefusethegoodsc.candemandthepricetobeadjusted7. Qualitylatitudecanbestipulatedinthecontractinthefollowingwaysexceptfor.a.tostipulateacertainscopeb.tostipulatemoreorlessclausec.tostipulate"max"or"min"

21、d.tostipulateatolerance8. Acompanyexports50tonsofwheat,buttheexporterdeliverstheextra2tons.IfthereisnootherregulationonquantityintheL/C,thentheimportershould.a.accept52tonsb.refusetotake52tonsc.acceptextra1tond.refusetoacceptextra2tons9. Themoreorlessclauseisnormallyusedfor.a.bulkgoodsb.packedunitsc

22、.individualitemsd.containerizedgoods10. Thefollowingsarethetypicalexamplesofindicativemarksexceptfor.a.Handlewithcareb.Inflammablec.Keepuprightd.Keepindryplace1 .商品描述descriptionofcommodity2 .對(duì)等樣品countersample3 .復(fù)樣duplicatesample4 .參考樣品originalsample/referencesample5 .憑規(guī)格買(mǎi)賣(mài)salebyspecifications6 .良好平均

23、品質(zhì)FAQ7 .上好適銷(xiāo)品質(zhì)GMQ8 .品牌brand9 .商標(biāo)trademark10 .品質(zhì)公差qualitytolerance11 .品質(zhì)機(jī)動(dòng)幅度qualitylatitude12 .數(shù)量quantity13 .計(jì)量單位unitofmeasurement14 .公噸metricton15 .溢短裝條款moreorlessclause16 .包裝packing17 .紙箱carton18 .裝運(yùn)標(biāo)志/嘍頭shippingmark19 .指示性標(biāo)志indicativemarks20 .警告性標(biāo)志warningmarks1. Inordertotaketheinitiative,theselle

24、rmayreproducethebuyer'ssample,andsenditbacktothebuyerasatypesample.Afterthebuyerconfirmsthissample,salebybuyer'ssampleischangedintosalebytheseller'scountersample.為了采取主動(dòng)，賣(mài)方可根據(jù)買(mǎi)方樣品加工出類(lèi)似樣品交買(mǎi)方確認(rèn)。買(mǎi)方確認(rèn)后，憑買(mǎi)方樣品買(mǎi)賣(mài)變?yōu)閼{賣(mài)方對(duì)等樣品買(mǎi)賣(mài)。2. FAQmeansaquantityofaproductthatisofferednotonaparticularqualityspecif

25、icationbutonthebasisthatisequaltotheaveragequalityofthecurrentgrouporrecentshipment.良好平均品質(zhì)是指不按特定商品規(guī)格，而以近期的一批貨物或裝船貨物的平均品質(zhì)為基礎(chǔ)提供的一批貨物。3. Tolerancemeansthepermissiblerangewithinwhichthequalitysuppliedbythesellermaybeeithersuperiororinferiortothequalitystipulatedinthecontract.公差指賣(mài)方交貨品質(zhì)優(yōu)于或劣于合同規(guī)定質(zhì)量的許可范圍。4.

26、 Itisverydifficulttomeasureaccuratelysomeagriculturalandmineralproductslikecorn,wheat,coal,etc.,thena“moreorlessclause”,alsocalled“plusorminusclause”,maybeusedtoallowsometoleranceinthequantity.有時(shí)難以保證裝運(yùn)商品的數(shù)量與合同規(guī)定完全相符，因此會(huì)使用溢短裝條款或稱(chēng)增減條款以允許數(shù)量差額。5. Unlessthereisastipulationthatthequantityofthegoodsmustnot

27、beexceededorreduced,orthegoodsaretobecalculatedbynumberofpackage,5%moreorlessofthegoodsinquantityshouldbeaccepted.如果未規(guī)定商品質(zhì)量不能增加或者減少，則可有5%的增減幅度。6. Packingshouldbedesignedaccordingtotheneedofthecargo.Bulkcargoesrequirelittlepacking.Generalmerchandisesrequireadequatepackingofvarioustypes.包裝應(yīng)按貨物的需要來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)。散

28、裝貨幾乎不用包裝，大路貨需要不同類(lèi)型的合適包裝。7 .我方對(duì)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量很滿(mǎn)意，想知道它們是怎么包裝的。Weappreciatethequalityofyourproductsbutwouldliketoknowhowtheyarepacked.8 .豆子是以散裝或尼龍袋供應(yīng)的。Thebeansaresuppliedinbulkoringunnybags.9 .我方采用紙箱而非木箱，因?yàn)榧埾渫瑯舆m用于海上運(yùn)輸，但成本更少，重量更輕。Wehavenowadoptedcartonpackinginsteadofwoodencasesastheformerisjustasseaworthyasthela

29、tterwhilethecostislessandtheweightlighter.10 .每罐裝330毫升零度可口可樂(lè)，每24罐裝一紙箱。PacktheCocoColaZerointinsof330mleach,24tinstoacarton.Unit3T1.Aunitpriceconsistsoffourparts:currencyunit,unitpricefigure,measuringunitandpriceterms.F2.Bothmoneyofaccountandmoneyofpaymentmustbestipulatedinthecontractclearly.T3.Thefl

30、uctuationsofexchangeratesmayinfluencetheinterestsoftradersT.4.Generally,thepriceofaforeignexchangeisexpressedinanothercurrency.T5.Generallyspeaking,theexporterlikestousehardcurrencyaspaymentcurrency.T6.Commissionreferstoservicefees,whilediscountisacertainpercentofpricereduction.F7.Commissionanddisco

31、untmustbestipulatedinthepriceclauseinacontract.T8.Accordingtowhetherthepriceincludescommissionornot,thepricecanbedividedintonetpriceandcommission-includedprice.T9.Discountisusuallyusedasameansofpromotingandexpandingsales.T10.“USD200.00perM/TCIFC2%London”meansthatthesellerwillreceive200.00USdollarsfo

32、rpermetricton.1. Tductioncost,allchargeandtaxesbeforeexporting2. Whichoneisthebestexpressionofunitpriceininternationaltrade?a.CIFLONDONUS$1010/MTb.USD1,010.00/MTc.CIFLONDONUSD1,010.00/MTd.CIFLONDO

33、N$1,010.003. Thesellerreducesthepricebyacertainpercentageoftheoriginalpriceforthebuyer,that'stosay,thesellerdoesproperfavorinpriceforthebuyer.Tmissionb.discountc.advancepaymentd.deposit4. Whilechoosingthemoneyforthepaymentininternationaltrade,oneshould.a.choosehardmoneyb.choosesoftmoneyc.chooses

34、oftmoneyforexportandhardmoneyforimportd.choosehardmoneyforexportandsoftmoneywhenimport5. Ininternationaltrade,mission-pricedividedby(oneminuscommissionrate)mission-includedpricedividedby(oneminuscommissionrate)6. Ininternationaltrade,thecommissionisusuallycollectedby.a.theexporterb.theimporterc.thei

35、nsurancecompanyd.theintermediary7. Whichoneisthepriceincludingcommission?a.FOBSb.FOBTc.FOBSTd.FOBC8. Whichoneofthefollowingquotationisimproper?a.FOBQINGDAOUSD10.00/PCb.CIFLIVERPOOLGBP125.00/MTc.FOBSHANGHAI$15.25/PCd.FOBJINANUSD2.00/KG9. ThefollowingsareincludedinCFRandCPTduction

36、fit10. Iftheunitpriceclauseisstipulatedas"USD200.00permetrictonCIFLondonless3%discount”,thesellerwillreceiveUSdollarsforonemetricton.a.200.00b.194.00c.206.00d.196.001 .單價(jià)unitprice2 .總值totalamount3 .歐元EUR/Euro4 .英鎊GBP5 .價(jià)格術(shù)語(yǔ)priceterm6 .計(jì)價(jià)貨幣money/currencyofacco

37、unt7 .支付貨幣money/currencyofpayment8 .本幣homecurrency9 .硬（通）貨幣hardcurrency10 .軟（通）貨幣softcurrency11 .匯率exchangerate12 .外匯保值條款exchangeprovisoclause13 .中間商intermediary14 .明傭plaincommission15 .現(xiàn)金折扣cashdiscount16 .數(shù)量折扣quantitydiscount1. Aunitpriceconsistsoffourparts:currencyunit,unitpricefigure,measuringuni

38、tandpriceterms.單價(jià)由四部分組成：計(jì)價(jià)貨幣、單位價(jià)格金額、計(jì)量單位和價(jià)格術(shù)語(yǔ)。大連理工大學(xué)出版社2. InISO4217CurrencyCodeList,thecurrencycodeiscomposedofthecountry'stwocharacterInternetcountrycodeplusanextracharactertodenotethecurrencyunit.在國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織4217貨幣代碼表中，貨幣代碼由國(guó)家網(wǎng)絡(luò)代碼的兩個(gè)字母和代表計(jì)價(jià)單位的另一個(gè)字母組成。3. Totalamountequalstotheunitpricemultipliedbyt

39、hequantityofthegoods.ItisoftenshowninthecontractnotonlyinArabicnumbersbutalsoinEnglishwords.總值等于單價(jià)乘以商品的數(shù)量。合同中的總值不止用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字表示，還用英大連理工大學(xué)出版社文字表示。4. Theoretically,useofhardcurrencyaspaymentcurrencyismorefavorabletotheexporter,whiletheimporterpreferstopayinsoftcurrency.理論上來(lái)說(shuō)，以硬通貨幣作為支付貨幣對(duì)出口商來(lái)說(shuō)更有利，而進(jìn)口商更愿意用軟貨

40、幣。5. Foreignexchangerateisthepricerelationshipbetweenthecurrenciesoftwocountriesorthepriceofonecurrencyintermsoftheother.匯率就是兩國(guó)貨幣間的價(jià)格關(guān)系或一種貨幣相對(duì)于另一種貨幣的價(jià)格。大連理工大學(xué)出版社6. Plaincommissionisoftenrepresentedbyacapitalletter"C"followedapercentageofcommissionrate,whichisinsertedintothepriceterm,forexa

41、mple,“USD200.00perM/TCIFC2%London.明傭通常用大寫(xiě)字母“C”加上傭金的百分率，嵌入價(jià)格術(shù)語(yǔ)中來(lái)表示，如“CIF倫敦價(jià)每公噸200美元含2%傭金。”7. 該報(bào)盤(pán)以我方最終確認(rèn)為準(zhǔn)。Theofferissubjecttoourfinalconfirmation.8. 你方如果不把價(jià)格降到市場(chǎng)價(jià)格水平就沒(méi)有希望做成買(mǎi)賣(mài)。Itwillbehopelesstogetthebusinessifyoudon'tbringyourpriceintolinewiththeworldmarket.9. 請(qǐng)報(bào)最優(yōu)惠的CIF倫敦價(jià)，包才3%傭金在內(nèi)。10. We'dli

42、ketohaveyourmostfavorableCIFLondonprice,including3%commission.11. 價(jià)格是上海工廠(chǎng)交貨價(jià)每公噸300英鎊。ThepriceisGBP300permetrictonEXWShanghai.Unit4(F)1.AllinternationalbusinesstransactionsaredoneunderIncoterms2010.(T)2.Tradetermscanbecalledpricetermsbecausetheystandforthepricecomponent.(T)3.EXWinIncoterms2010isthetr

43、adetermunderwhichtheobligationsandcostsbornebyandrisksofthesellerareminimum.(F)4.UnderFCAinIncoterms2010,theriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsistransferredfromthesellertothebuyeratthetimethebuyeracceptsthegoods.(T)5.Generallyspeaking,underFOBinIncoterms2010,itistheseller'sresponsibilitytoapplyforthe

44、exportlicenseandpaytheexportduty.(F)6.UnderFOBSanFrancisco,SanFranciscoistheportofdestination.(F)7.DATandDAPrequirethesellertoclearthegoodsforexport.(T)8.Thebuyerhasmoreresponsibilities,costsandriskswhenusingFOBthanusingCIF.(T)9.UnderCPTTokyo,Tokyoistheplaceofdelivery.(T)10.TheDDPshouldnotbeusedifth

45、esellerisunabletoobtainimportlicensedirectlyorindirectly.1 .Thetradetermsdefinetheresponsibilitiesandexpensesof.a.boththesellerandthebuyerc.boththeshipperandcarrierb.boththeconsigneeandtheconsignord.boththesellerandtheoperator2 .meansthatthesellerdeliverswhenthegoodsareplacedatthedisposalofthebuyero

46、nthearrivingmeansoftransportreadyforunloadingatthenamedplaceofdestination.a.CPTc.DATb.DDPd.DAP3. Under,theriskoflossofordamagetothegoodspasseswhenthegoodsarealongsidetheship,andthebuyerbearsallcostsfromthatmomentonwards.a.DATc.FOBb.FASd.CIF4. meansthatthesellerdeliversthegoodsonboardthevesselorprocu

47、resthegoodsalreadysodelivered,andhemustcontractfortransportandinsurance.a.FASc.CFRb.FOBd.CIF5. Insuchcircumstanceswheregoodsarehandedovertothecarrierbeforetheyareonboardthevessel,forexamplegoodsincontainers,whicharetypicallydeliveredataterminal,shouldbeused.a.FCAc.CPTb.FOBd.DAT6. Thebuyershouldnotet

48、hatunderthesellerisrequiredtoobtaininsuranceonlyonminimumcover.a.EXWc.CIPb.FOBd.DDP7. maybeusedforanymodeormodesoftransport.a.FCACPTDAPc.FCAFASCIFb.FCAFOBEXWd.FCACFRDAT8. canonlybeusedforwaterwaytransport.a.CIFCIPDATc.CPTCIFFOBb.CFRCPTDAPd.CIFCFRFOB9. Under,thesellerfulfilsitsobligationtodeliverwhen

49、ithandsthegoodsovertothecarrierandnotwhenthegoodsreachtheplaceofdestination.a.CFRCIFDATc.CPTCIPFCAb.FCAFASFOBd.DATDAPDDP10. requiresthesellertoclearthegoodsforexportandimport,whereapplicable.a.EXWc.DAPb.DDPd.CPT1. Tradeterms,alsocalledpricetermsordeliveryterms,areanimportantpartofaunitpriceininterna

50、tionaltrade,standingforspecificresponsibilitiesandobligationsofboththebuyerandtheseller.貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)，又稱(chēng)價(jià)格術(shù)語(yǔ)或交貨術(shù)語(yǔ)，是國(guó)際貿(mào)易中單價(jià)條款的重要組成部分，代表買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方各自特定的責(zé)任和義務(wù)。2. FCArequiresthesellertoclearthegoodsforexport,whereapplicable.FCA要求賣(mài)方在需要時(shí)辦理出口清關(guān)手續(xù)。3. UnderCPT,thesellermustcontractforandpaythecostsofcarriagenecessarytobring

51、thegoodstothenamedplaceofdestination.CPT下，賣(mài)方必須訂立運(yùn)輸合同，自付費(fèi)用將貨物運(yùn)至指定的目的地。4. UnderCIP,theselleralsocontractsforinsurancecoveragainstthebuyer'sriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsduringthecarriage.CIP下，賣(mài)方還必須訂立保險(xiǎn)合同以防買(mǎi)方貨物在運(yùn)輸途中滅失或損壞風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。5. WhenCPT,CIP,CFRorCIFareused,thesellerfulfilsitsobligationtodeliverwhenith

52、andsthegoodsovertothecarrierandnotwhenthegoodsreachtheplaceofdestination.在CPT,CIP,CFR或CIF適用的情形下，賣(mài)方的交貨義務(wù)在將貨物交付承運(yùn)人，而非貨物到達(dá)指定目的地時(shí)，即告完全履行。6. 賣(mài)方必須支付在需要辦理海關(guān)手續(xù)時(shí)，貨物出口應(yīng)交納的一切關(guān)稅、稅款和其他費(fèi)用。Thesellermustpay,whereapplicable,thecostsofcustomsformalitiesnecessaryforexport,aswellasallduties,taxesandotherchargespayableu

53、ponexport.7. CFR適用于海洋運(yùn)輸和內(nèi)河沿運(yùn)，而CPT則適于任何運(yùn)輸方式。CFRisonlyappliedtoseaandinlandwaterwaytransportwhileCPTmaybeusedforanymodeoftransport.8. 賣(mài)方必須按照銷(xiāo)售合同提供貨物和商業(yè)發(fā)票。Thesellermustprovidethegoodsandthecommercialinvoiceinconformitywiththecontractofsale.9. 自賣(mài)方交貨之時(shí)起，買(mǎi)方必須承擔(dān)貨物滅失或損壞的一切風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Thebuyerbearsallrisksoflossoford

54、amagetothegoodsfromthetimethegoodshavebeendelivered.10. FOB是指賣(mài)方在指定的裝運(yùn)港，將貨物交至買(mǎi)方指定的船只上，或者指（中間銷(xiāo)售商）設(shè)法獲取按該種交付方式交付的貨物。FOBmeansthatthesellerdeliversthegoodsonboardthevesselnominatedbythebuyeratthenamedportofshipmentorprocuresthegoodsalreadysodelivered.Unit5T1.Seatransportisthemostimportantmodeoftransportin

55、internationaltradenow.T2.Thefreightoflinersisrelativelyfixed,whilethefreightoftrampsismainlydeterminedbythemarket.F3.Multimodaltransportmeansthegoodsarecarriedbyatleasttwomodesoftransportunderatleasttwomultimodaltransportoperators.F4.Timeofshipmentinacontractcanonlybeafixedperiodoftime.F5.Ifoptional

56、placesofdestinationarestipulatedinthecontract,theextrafreightduetoselectingplaceofdestinationmustbepaidbytheimporter.T6.Partialshipmentmeansthatthegoodsunderonecontractareshippedindifferenttermsorbydifferentlots.T7.Incaseitwasstipulatedinthecontractthat“shipmentisma（AaidusingJulyandonelotofthegoodsm

57、ustbeshippedinJulywhileanotherinAugust.F8.Ifthereisnodirectsailtothedestination,atransshipmentclauseshallbestipulatedinthecontract.T9.Transshipmentmayincreasethecostofshipmentandthepossibilityofdelayindelivery.T10.ThenoticeofshipmentunderCFRisveryimportant,becausethebuyerwilltakeoutinsuranceuponrece

58、iptofthenotice.1. Thecharacteristicsoflinertransportarethat.a.theline,theport,thetimeandthefreightratearefixedb.itsfreightisdeterminedbythemarketc.thevarietyandquantityofgoodsshippedaremoreflexibled.theobligationsandrightsofboththesellerandthebuyerarestipulatedintheB/L2. transportisamajormodeoftransportintermsofcapacity,o