高中英語語法(時態(tài)和語態(tài)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上高中英語語法(時態(tài)和語態(tài))一 動詞的時態(tài)時態(tài)是謂語動詞所表示的動作或情況發(fā)生時間的各種形式。英語動詞有16種時態(tài)，但是常見的只有九種：一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時、一般將來時、現(xiàn)在進行時、過去進行時、現(xiàn)在完成時、過去完成時、過去將來時、現(xiàn)在完成進行時。(一） 一般現(xiàn)在時（do / does）1具體用法1) 表示經(jīng)常性或習慣性動作We always care for each other and help each other. 我們總是互相關(guān)心互相幫助。He goes to school every day.2) 表示現(xiàn)在的特征或狀態(tài)He is very happy.Do

2、you sing? -A little.3) 表示普遍真理Light travels faster than sound. 光速比聲速快。Actions speak louder than words. 行動勝過言語。* 常與一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)連用的詞或短語主要有：often, usually, sometimes, every day, every morning/afternoon, on Sundays/weekends等等。 I often go to the cinema on Sundays. 我經(jīng)常星期天去看電影。 He goes to work early every day. 他每

3、天上班很早。 （二）一般過去時( did )（1）表示過去某一特定時間所發(fā)生的、可完成的動作或狀態(tài)，常與表示確切過去時間的詞、短語或從句連用。例如： We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film. （2）表示過去習慣性動作。例如： He always went to class last. I used to do my homework in the library. （三）一般將來時 ( will / shall do)1）表示將來打算進行或期待發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)。例如： I shall graduate

4、 next year. 2）一般將來時有時可以表示一種傾向或習慣性動作。如Crops will die without water.You wont succeed without their support.3) 幾種替代形式： *be going to +v在中廣泛使用，表示準備做或?qū)l(fā)生的事情。例如： I'm going to buy a house when we've saved enough money. *be to +v表示計劃安排要做的事，具有"必要"的強制性意義。例如： I am to play tennis this afternoon

5、. *be about to +v表示即將發(fā)生的事情。例如： He was about to start. *be due to +v表示預先確定了的事， 必定發(fā)生的事。例如： The train is due to depart in ten minutes. 5）少數(shù)動詞如：begin, come, leave, go, arrive, start, stop, return, open, close等的一般現(xiàn)在時可用來表示將來的動作。（多用來表示按計劃事先安排好即將發(fā)生的動作，句中通常還有一個表示將來的時間狀語）。例如：The meeting begins at seven.The tr

6、ain starts at nine in the morning.（四）現(xiàn)在進行時 ( is / are doing)1） 表示現(xiàn)在某時或某段時間內(nèi)正在進行的動作。常與現(xiàn)在進行時連用的詞組是now， right now，at the mother，for the time being，for the present, 或某個具體的時間（幾點鐘）。He is writing a letter now.She is visiting Beijing this week.2） 有時用來代替一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)，表示一個經(jīng)常性動作或狀態(tài)，這時是為了表示一種感情（如贊嘆，厭煩，滿意，不滿等）He is alw

7、ays thinking of his work. (表示贊許)The boy is always talking in class. （表示不滿） 3) 有時用來表示一個在最近按計劃或安排要進行的動作（這時多有一個表示未來的時間的狀語）We are leaving on Friday. 我們星期五動身。 How many of you are coming to the party?（五）現(xiàn)在完成時（have / has done） （1）現(xiàn)在完成時用來表示對目前狀況仍有影響的，剛剛完成的動作（常與yet，already，just連用），或者過去某一時刻發(fā)生的，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的情況（常與for，

8、since連用）。例如： I have just finished my homework. Mary has been ill for three days. （2）常與現(xiàn)在完成時連用的時間狀語有：since, for, during, over等引導出的短語；副詞already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等；狀語詞組this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等。例如： So far, sh

9、e hasn't enjoyed the summer vacation. There have been a lot of changes since 1978. （3）完成時態(tài)可用在下列結(jié)構(gòu)中： *This (That, It) is (was) the first (second.) time +定語從句；*This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定語從句；*This (That, It) is (was) +形容詞最高級+ n +定語從句。如果主句的謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時，從句的謂語動詞通常用現(xiàn)在完成時；如果主句謂語動詞是一般過

10、去時，從句謂語動詞通常用過去完成時。例如： （1）This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting. （2）There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening. （六）過去進行時 (was / were doing)過去進行時表示一個過去的動作發(fā)生時或發(fā)生后，另一個過去的動作正在進行，或表示過去反復的習慣，常與always，continually，c

11、onstantly等動詞連用。例如： 1）We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered. 2）Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk.（七）過去完成時 ( had done)（1）表示過去某時間前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作或情況，這個過去的時間可以用by，before等介詞短語或一個時間狀語從句來表示；或者表示一個動作在另一個過去動作之前已經(jīng)完成。例如： 1）We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in. 2）By

12、 the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles. （2）動詞expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用過去完成時，表示過去的希望、預期、意圖或愿望等沒有實現(xiàn)。例如： I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn't able to get away. 另外兩種表示"過去想做而未做的事"的表達方式是： 1）was / were + to have do

13、ne sth, 例如： We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn't. 2）intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth, 如： I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so. （3）過去完成時常用于以下固定句型： 1）hardly, scarcely, barely + 過去完成時+ when + 過去時。例如： Hardl

14、y had I got on the bus when it started to move. 2）no sooner +過去完成時+ than +過去時。例如： No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me. 3）by (the end of ) +過去時間，主句中謂語動詞用過去完成時。例如： The experiment had been finished by 4 o'clock yesterday afternoon. (八)一般過去將來時1. 一般過去將來時的形式Should / would+ 動詞原形was / were +

15、 動詞-ing形式2. 一般過去將來時常用于賓語從句中，其主語的謂語動詞為過去時態(tài)，可表示從過去某時看來將要發(fā)生的事情，如：He said that he would speak at the meeting.He was sixty-eight. In two years he would be seventy.（九）現(xiàn)在完成進行時 ( has / have been doing)現(xiàn)在完成進行時表示過去某一時刻之前開始的動作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到過去某一時刻。例如： I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still h

16、aven't found it. 運用動詞時態(tài)要注意的幾個問題（一）在時間和條件等狀語從句中不要用將來時態(tài)，如Well give him the book if he wants it.He decided to fight back if he was hit again. Ill call you as soon as Ive finished my work. (二) 時態(tài)的一致（時態(tài)的呼應），如We saw that the smoke was coming from a window.I didnt know if she would come.He admitted tha

17、t he had been on the march.*不進行時態(tài)調(diào)整的情況：1）從句說的是一種普遍真理，如：Long ago, people didnt know the earth moves round the sun.2）當從句的謂語改成過去時可能造成誤會，如Did he say that the train leaves at 5:30?（三）瞬間動詞在完成時態(tài)中的使用，如：誤：I have received her letter for three months.正：I received her letter three months ago.正：It is three month

18、s since I received her letter.（四）注意某些要求一定時態(tài)的句型* was/ were doing sth. when did sth.I was reading a book when the bell rang* was/were about to do sth. when did sth.We were about to leave when the telephone rang.She was about to go out when it started to rain* 表示做事做了第幾次或共幾次，要用完成時態(tài)，如：Its the first time

19、Ive seen her.We have been there three times.* It is / has been sinceIt is (has been) two weeks since I came here.She said it was five hours since she had finished her work.* hardlywhenWe had hardly got in the crops when it began to rain.Hardly had we got in the crops when it began to rain.* no soone

20、rthanI had no sooner come into the room than the door was closed.No sooner had I come into the room than the door was closed.二動詞的語態(tài)語態(tài)也是動詞的一種形式，英語有兩種語態(tài)：主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，而被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者。 1）We use electricity to run machines.（主動語態(tài)） 2）Electricity is used to run machines.（被動語態(tài)） 1 不能用于被動語態(tài)的動詞和短語

21、 （1）在英語中，不及物動詞不能用于被動語態(tài)，但有些不及物動詞（包括短語）容易引起誤用。如：appear, belong, belong, die, escape, fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, occur, come true, take place, consist of。 （2）某些表示狀態(tài)或特征的及物動詞，如：become, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit也沒有被動語態(tài)。 2 被動語態(tài)的時態(tài)形式 常用的被動語態(tài)有下表所列的幾種時態(tài)形式。 時間一般時 進行時完成時 現(xiàn)在 am askedam b

22、eing asked is askedis being asked are asked are being asked 過去 was be askedwas being asked were be asked were being asked 將來 shall be asked shall have been asked will be asked will have been asked 過去 should be asked should have been asked 將來 would be asked would have been asked 3 短語動詞的被動語態(tài) 短語動詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動

23、語態(tài)時，通常被看作是一個動詞，后面的介詞或副詞不能拆開或省略。例如： 1）So far no correct conclusion has arrived at. 2）All the rubbish should be got rid of. 4"get + -ed分詞"的被動語態(tài) "get + -ed分詞"結(jié)構(gòu)強調(diào)動作的結(jié)果，而非動作本身，常用來表示突發(fā)性的，出乎意料的偶然事件。例如： The boy got hurt on his way home from work. 另外，"get + -ed分詞"還可用于談論為自己做的事，是

24、主動的行為而不是被動的行為。例如： get dressed（穿衣服） get divorced（離婚） get engaged（訂婚）get confused（迷惑不解） get lost（迷路）get washed（洗臉） get married（結(jié)婚） 5 被動語態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別 （1）The novel was well written.（系表結(jié)構(gòu)） （2）The novel was written by Diskens.（被動語態(tài)） 6 不能用于被動語態(tài)的及物動詞，如：have, fit, hold, lack, costI have a computer.The hall can

25、hold 200 people.7. 主動性式表被動意義當feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容詞時；當cut、read、sell、wear、write等詞帶狀語修飾語時；當動詞表示“開始、結(jié)束、關(guān)、停、轉(zhuǎn)、啟動”等意義時。This kind of cloth washes easily.這種布易洗。These novels wont sell well.這些小說不暢銷。My pen writes smoothly.我的鋼筆寫起來很流暢。The door wont lock.門鎖不上。The fish smells good.魚聞起來香。當break out、tak

26、e place、shut off、turn off、work out等動詞表示“發(fā)生、關(guān)閉、制定”等意思時。The plan worked out successfully.The lamps on the wall turn off.want, require, need后面的動名詞用主動表示被動含義。be worth doing用主動形式表示被動含義。在“be + 形容詞 + to do”中，不定式的邏輯賓語是句子的主語，用主動代被動。This kind of water isnt fit to drink.The girl isnt easy to get along with.另外：b

27、e to blame(受譴責)，be to rent（出租）也用主動形式表被動。Choose the right answer1. They _ friends since they met in Shanghai. A. have made B. have become C. have been D. have had2. The secretary is going to report to the manager as soon as he _. A. will arrive B. arrives C. is going to arrive D. is arriving3. We all

28、 know that ice _. A. feel cold B. is felt sold C. is feeling cold D. feels cold4. -This cloth _ well and _ long. - OK. Ill take it. A. washes ; lasts B. is washed; lasted C. washes, is lasted D. is washing, lasting5. Helen _ her key in the office so she had to wait until her husband _ home. A. has l

29、eft; comes B. left; had come C. had left; came D. had left; would come6. It _ every day so far this week. A. is raining B. rained C. rains D. has been raining7. - Are you going to the movies tonight? - Yes, I _ my work by that time. A. will finish B. finish C. am going to finish D. will have finishe

30、d8. - Was the driving pleasant when you vacationed in Mexico last summer? - No, it _ for four days when we arrived, so the roads were very muddy. A. was raining B. would be raining C. had been raining D. has rained9. You wont know if the coat fits you until you _ it on. A. will try B. are trying C.

31、tried D. have tried10. My dictionary _, I have looked for it everywhere but still _.A. has lost; dont find B. is missing; dont findC. has lost; havent found D. is missing; havent found11. - How long _ each other before they _ married? - For about a year.A. have they known; get B. did they know; were

32、 going to getC. do they know; are going to get D. had they known; got12. - Come in, Peter, I want to show you something.- Oh, how nice of you. I _ you _ to bring me a gift.A. never think; are going B. never thought; were goingC. didnt think; are going D. hadnt thought; were going13. When Jack arrive

33、d he learned Mary _ for almost an hour.A. had gone B. had set off C. had left D. had been away14 - Im sorry to keep you waiting. - Oh, not at all. I _ here only a few minutes. A. have been B. had been C. was D. will15. The police found that the house _ and s lot of things _.A. has broken into; has b

34、een stolen B. had broken into; had been stolenC. has been broken into; stolen D. had been broken into; stolen16. - Have you moved into the house? - Not yet. The rooms _.A. are being painted B. are painting C. are painted D. are being painting17. If the city noises _ from increasing, people _ shout t

35、o be heard at the dinner table 20 years from now.A. are not kept ; will have to B. are not kept; have to C. do not keep; will have to D. do not keep, have to18. - _ the sports meet might be put off.- Yes, it all depends on the weather. A. Ive been told B. Ive told C. Im told D. I was told19. I dont

36、think Jim saw me; he _ into space.A. just stared (凝視) B. was just staring C. has just stared D. had just stared20. - _ my glasses? - Yes, I _ them on your bed a minute ago. A. Do you see; saw B. Had you seen; have seen C. Have you seen; saw D. Would you see; saw 21. - We could have walked to the sta

37、tion; it was so near. - Yes. A taxi _ at all necessary. A. wasnt B. hadnt been C. wouldnt be D. wont be22. - Who is Jerry Cooper?- _? I saw you shake hands with him at the meeting.A. Dont you meet him yet B. Hadnt you met him yetC. Didnt you meet him yet D. Havent you met him yet23. - Nancy is not c

38、oming tonight. - But she _! A. promises B. promised C. will promise D. had promised24. _ it with me and Ill see what I can do.A. When left B. Leaving C. If you leave D. Leave25. It is clear that his poor education _ him back. A. has been held B. is holding C. will be held D. had held26. - How are yo

39、u planning to travel to Shanghai? - I _ yet, but I _ taking a train.A. havent decided; am considering B. havent decided, considerC. didnt decided; am considering D. hadnt decided; have considered27. The pen I _ I _ is on my desk, right under my nose. A. think, lose B. thought , had lost C. think , h

40、ad lost D. thought, have lost 28. - Have you heard about the new school? - No, when and where to build the new one _ yet. A. is not decided B. are not decided C. hasnt decided D. havent decided29. - Sorry, Im late. - Thats OK. I _ long. A. havent waited B. dont wait C. havent been waiting D. didnt w

41、ait30. - Nancy sat in the front seat on the left side of the classroom. - Oh! I thought she _ in the back. A. will sit B. had sat C. is sitting D. has sat31. I _ my face when suddenly someone _ at the door. A. washed, knocked B. washed, was knocking C. was washing, was knocking D. was washing, knock

42、ed32. I _ at the station half an hour ago, but the train _ yet. A. arrived, hadnt come B. was arriving, hadnt come C. arrived, hasnt come D. had arrived, didnt come33. - Why did you come by taxi? - My car broke down last week and I still _ it repaired. A. havent had B. didnt have C. dont have D. won

43、t have34. Im surprised to find you here looking well and playing tennis, Jim. Ann said that you _ sick. A. are B. were C. would be D. had been 35. The price _, but I doubt whether it will remain so. A. went down B. will go down C. has gone done D. was going down36. - Did you go to Qingdao for vacati

44、on last August? - I _ to go, but I got sick at the last minute. A. was planning B. had been planning C. planned D. have planned37. I finally got the job I dreamed about. Never in my life _ so happy. A. did I feel B. I felt C. I had felt D. had I felt38. - How are you today? - Oh, I _ as ill as I do

45、now for a very long time. A. didnt feel B. wasnt feeling C. dont feel D. havent felt39. The reporter said the UFO _ east to west when he saw it. A. was travelling B. travelled C. had been travelling D. was to travel40. - I think that you need _ practice on playing the violin. - _ violin lessons every two weeks, but I think Ill make it every week from now on. A. less; I have B. less;